Central Russia Research Articles

Human Remains from a Neolithic Burial at Krokhalevka-5 on the Upper Ob: Physical Type and Origin

We describe the skeletal remains of a male, aged 25–30, from the Neolithic burial 33 at Krokhalevka-5 in the Upper Ob basin, 21 km northwest of Novosibirsk, dating to the mid-5th millennium BC. Craniometric, dental metric, and nonmetric traits are analyzed. Cranial measurements are evaluated in the context of their variation in 58 individuals representing 11 local populations of the Paleolithic and Neolithic of Northern Eurasia. Data were processed using the principal component analysis in the STATISTICA 10 software. The first PC differentiates crania in terms of general size. The structure of loadings on PC2 indicates the presence of western and eastern trait combinations. The position of individuals on PC1 and PC2 reveals heterogeneity apparently caused by the conservatism of the underlying substratal populations. The Krokhalevka-5 individual is closest to those from Firsovo XI (Barnaul stretch of the Ob) and Zarechnoye-1 (Salair region). They are rather similar to the Volosovo individual from Sakhtysh-2A in Central Russia and a Kitoy individual from Fofanovo in the Trans-Baikal area. These findings point to a complex origin of the Upper Ob population on the basis of one of the evolutionarily conservative Mesolithic or Neolithic substratal components, possibly admixed with more consolidated eastern and western ones introduced by migration. Neolithic crania from Baraba contrast with those from the Upper Ob, suggesting that different substrates were involved in the population history of those regions.

Efficacy of alpelisib with rational use of metformin in HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer patients with PIK3CA mutations (m): retrospective analysis in routine practice of several Russian centers

Background. Hyperglycemia (HG) is an on-target effect of ALP, and prophylactic with metformin was shown to decrease the rate and severity of HG. Here we present efficacy and safety of ALP in a large cohort of patients with rational approach to metformin usage based on risk factors of HG. Material and Methods. Patients (pts) with HR+/HeR2- PIK3CAmut ABC were treated with ALP 300 mg orally and FUL 500 mg IM until disease progression or intolerance. the primary endpoints were progression free survival (PFS) and rate of grade 3/4 HG in different risk groups. Pts were stratified to risk groups of HG based on the algorithm before starting ALP and received MET for prevention of HG. Results. a cohort comprised 139 pts. the median PFs (mPFS) on ALP – was 7.0 (CI 95 %: 5.0–8.9). the risk of HG was assessed in 138 pts: low (47), moderate (46), and high (42) risk, and 3 pts with type 2 diabetes mellitus. any grade HG was reported in 62 % pts, no cases HG G4 were detected. HG G3 was reported in 13 % pts; 10 % pts required ALP dose reduction to 250 mg due to HG G3; 3 pts (2 %) discontinued ALP due to HG. the mPFS in our analysis was longer than in BYlieve trial in cohort C: 7.0 vs 5.6 mo. We suggest that prophylactic of HG allowed maintenance of full dose of ALP in most patients and thus increased the efficacy of ALP. Furthermore, in contrast to the METALLICA trial we distinguished a low risk group (33 %) of pts who do not need the prophylactic use of MET. Conclusion. Rational use of MET in pts with moderate and high risk of HG reduces the frequency and severity of HG, decreases the rate of ALP dose reductions and as a result may increase the efficacy of ALP. Pts with low risk of HG don’t need MET for HG prevention.

Evaluaiton of productivity and adaptability of medium- and late-maturing potato varieties to the conditions of Moscow oblast

In this study, 22 medium- and late maturing potato varieties from the collection of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) were subjected to a three-year experiment with a view to identifying high-productivity sources for further breeding and cultivation in Central Russia. The study was carried out in the Moscow Oblast in 2020-2022. The Golubizna variety was used as a standard. The total and average weight of tubers per bush (total and marketable), number of tubers in the bush (total and marketable), and the marketability (share of marketable tubers in the total weight) of the varieties under study were evaluated. The total and marketable productivity was evaluated by the parameters of adaptability (Kad), varietal stability (PUSS), ecological plasticity (bi), and stability (s2d). On average, over the period of three years, seven varieties exceeded the standard in terms of total and marketable productivity. These included Pamyati Ligaj, Gui Valley, Vympel N, Kazsip, Grand N, Gusar N, and Arlekin. The selected varieties were characterized by high values of the adaptability coeffi cient (Kad ranged from 1.4 to 2.0) and marketable productivity (PUSS ranged from 150 to 480 %). Among these varieties, Pamyati Ligaj, Gui Valley, Kazsip, Arlekin, and Vympel N demonstrated high plasticity (bi ranging from 1.2 to 2.7). Grand N showed the highest stability (s2d=0.00) of marketable productivity. The Gusar N and Arlekin varieties were selected for use in agricultural production. They demonstrated the maximum values of tuber weight per bush on average over the period of three years (total 1.01-1.06; marketable 0.73-0.75 kg), adaptability coeffi cient (Kad ranging from 1.7 to 2.0), and PUSS (239-480 %). On average, both varieties exceeded the standard in tuber size, number of tubers in the bush, and marketability. Gusar N was characterized by a relatively high stability of marketability parameters (s2d=0.05); Arlekin showed high ecological plasticity (bi=2.2). The sources of valuable traits for breeding were selected, which annually exceeded the standard variety Golubizna in the size of marketable tubers (Pamyati Ligaj) and the number of marketable tubers in the bush (Bora Velley and Arlekin).

Stages of Improving the Apple Tree Assortment in Russia

The article shows the history of the creation and improvement of apple assortment in Russia. The article also provides a brief biographical information of famous domestic apple breeders born before 1910. The breeding achievements of modern institutions in Central Russia and the North Caucasus are shown. The results of apple breeding over the past 70 years at VNIISPK are summarized. A brief economic and biological characteristic of apple cultivars of different origin is given: cultivars from repeated and geographically remote crosses – 18 cultivars; columnar cultivars – 5; scab immune cultivars – 9; triploids – 12; triploids having immunity to scab – 7. The tolerance for the introduction of apple cultivars in a number of regions is shown. Apple cultivars of VNIISPK breeding approved for cultivation in 4 regions of Russia: Veniaminovskoye, Veteran, Orlik, Orlovskoye Polosatoye, Rozhdestvenskoye and Sinap Orlovsky. The cultivars Candil Orlovsky, Kulikovskoye and Orlovskoye Polosatoye are approved for cultivation in three regions; while the cultivars Afrodita, Bolotovskoye, Imrus, Kurnakovskoye, Morozovskoye, Orlovskoye Polesye, Svezhest, Solnyshko, Stroevskoye and Yablochny Spas are approved for cultivation in two regions. The remaining apple cultivars can still be cultivated only in one region of Russia.

STUDY OF THE COMMON WORMWOOD ALLERGOID

Background. The common wormwood pollen (lat. Artemisia absinthium) is one of the strongest allergens in central Russia, Europe and a number of other regions. It is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, which easily adapts to various conditions, displacing other species. Allergen-specific therapy (ASIT) is currently considered the only effective method of treating allergies, since it directly affects the different phases of the disease, correcting the body's response to the allergen. The effectiveness of this therapy reaches 80-90% and shows a decrease in clinical manifestations and a decrease in the need for medications. Allergoids differ from allergens in that they retain their immunogenicity, while significantly reducing the likelihood of allergic reactions, which makes them safer for use in allergen-specific therapy. Allergoids produced in Russia by Microgen are created by polymerization using 1% formaldehyde. The use of glutaraldehyde speeds up this process to 24 hours, compared to 30 days when using formaldehyde alone. This method eliminates a highly toxic element from the production process. Aim. Preparation of an allergoid from wormwood pollen (lat. Artemisia absinthium) by treatment with glutaraldehyde. Materials and Methods. The purified allergen, isolated from pollen by degreasing and water-salt extraction, was dissolved in PBS pH 7.5 and polymerized in a 0.1% glutaraldehyde solution. Stabilization was carried out with a solution of sodium borohydride. Intraperitoneal immunization of CBA × C57Bl/6 (F1) mice with the obtained allergoid was carried out. Results. After assessing specific activity using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), it was shown that the allergoid from wormwood pollen was significantly reduced in allergenicity compared to the parent allergen. In addition, the immunogenic activity of the resulting allergoid was confirmed in mice. Conclusions. During the work, the allergen of wormwood was obtained. The resulting allergen contains major and minor antigens of wormwood. An allergoid was obtained on its basis by polymerization with glutaraldehyde. The resulting allergoid has a large molecular weight and also has low allergenic activity in comparison with the original allergen, and also retains immunogenicity. In this regard, this allergoid can become the basis for obtaining new ASIT drugs.

Water-Extractable Organic Matter of Soils with Different Degree of Degradation from Erosion and Sedimentation in a Small Catchment in the Central Forest-Steppe Part of the Central Russian Upland (Tillage Soils)

Water-Extractable Organic Matter of Soils with Different Degree of Degradation from Erosion and Sedimentation in a Small Catchment in the Central Forest-Steppe Part of the Central Russian Upland (Tillage Soils)

Материалы к распространению гребенчатого тритона Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) в Тульской области

Over the entire observation history (up to and including 2023), the great crested newt Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) was found in 39 localities within 12 out of 23 administrative districts of the Tula region, with 23 locations (59%) discovered in the last 4 years (2020–2023). The vast majority of the find points (92.3%) belong to the zones of coniferous-broadleaved and broadleaved forests. The species is less common in the forest-steppe zone, although in general its distribution here is insufficiently studied. In the Tula region, the great crested newt spends its aquatic phase of life predominantly in artificial water bodies (71.4% of 28 cases), which is associated with a shortage of natural stagnant and semi-flowing water bodies due to the region's location on the Central Russian Upland. The abundance of T. cristatus in the populations identified in recent years is extremely low (the number of adult individuals counted in a specific water body has never exceeded several dozen). The article discusses species-specific limiting factors, among which, in recent decades, the colonization of small water bodies in the Tula region by the amur sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877, has had a particularly strong influence on the distribution and abundance of the great crested newt.

SEISMICITY of the RUSSIAN PART of EAST EUROPEAN PLATFORM and ADJACENT TERRITORIES in 2020

On the Russian territory of the East European Platform, seismic observations were carried out by 47 stationary seismic stations. In 2020, 36 seismic events of tectonic and technogenic-tectonic nature were registered. As before, weak natural and man-made seismicity was recorded on the territory of the Voronezh crystalline massif and the Baltic Shield: in Karelia, border areas with Finland, near the Kandalaksha Bay, within the Khibiny, Kovdor massifs and in the Vite-Guba area of Imandra lake on the Kola Peninsula. A feature of seismicity in 2020 is the occurrence of earthquakes in the paleorift structures of the northeast of the East European Platform: in the Kirov Kazhim and Central Russian aulacogens. The total volume of seismic energy released in 2020 is Е=7.16·109 J, which is 2 times lower than in 2019, but 2 times more than the energy released in 2018.

The Finnic Peoples of Russia: Genetic Structure Inferred from Genome-Wide and Y-Chromosome Data.

Background: Eastern Finnic populations, including Karelians, Veps, Votes, Ingrians, and Ingrian Finns, are a significant component of the history of Finnic populations, which have developed over ~3 kya. Yet, these groups remain understudied from a genetic point of view. Methods: In this work, we explore the gene pools of Karelians (Northern, Tver, Ludic, and Livvi), Veps, Ingrians, Votes, and Ingrian Finns using Y-chromosome markers (N = 357) and genome-wide autosomes (N = 67) and in comparison with selected Russians populations of the area (N = 763). The data are analyzed using statistical, bioinformatic, and cartographic methods. Results: The autosomal gene pool of Eastern Finnic populations can be divided into two large categories based on the results of the PCA and ADMIXTURE modeling: (a) "Karelia": Veps, Northern, Ludic, Livvi, and Tver Karelians; (b) "Ingria": Ingrians, Votes, Ingrian Finns. The Y-chromosomal gene pool of Baltic Finns is more diverse and is composed of four genetic components. The "Northern" component prevails in Northern Karelians and Ingrian Finns, the "Karelian" in Livvi, Ludic, and Tver Karelians, the "Ingrian-Veps" in Ingrians and Veps (a heterogeneous cluster occupying an intermediate position between the "Northern" and the "Karelian" ones), and the "Southern" in Votes. Moreover, our phylogeographic analysis has found that the Y-haplogroup N3a4-Z1927 carriers are frequent among most Eastern Finnic populations, as well as among some Northern Russian and Central Russian populations. Conclusions: The autosomal clustering reflects the major areal groupings of the populations in question, while the Y-chromosomal gene pool correlates with the known history of these groups. The overlap of the four Y-chromosomal patterns may reflect the eastern part of the homeland of the Proto-Finnic gene pool. The carriers of the Y-haplogroup N3a4-Z1927, frequent in the sample, had a common ancestor at ~2.4 kya, but the active spread of N3a4-Z1927 happened only at ~1.7-2 kya, during the "golden" age of the Proto-Finnic culture (the archaeological period of the "typical" Tarand graves). A heterogeneous Y-chromosomal cluster containing Ingrians, Veps, and Northern Russian populations, should be further studied.

Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of cytomegalovirus (Orthoherpesviridae: <i>Cytomegalovirus: Cytomegalovirus humanbeta5</i>) genetic variants from children and immunocompromised patients in central Russia

Introduction. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a DNA-containing virus that is widespread worldwide and is of great importance in infectious pathology of children and adults. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of CMV among children and immunocompromised patients in the Nizhny Novgorod region (central Russia) and to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the identified strains. Materials and methods. DNA samples of CMV detected in frequently ill children and adult recipients of solid organs were studied. The genetic diversity of CMV was assessed for two variable genes: UL55(gB) and UL73(gN), using NGS technology on the Illumina platform. Phylogenetic trees were constructed in the MEGA X program, the reliability of the cluster topology on the trees was confirmed using the rapid bootstrap method based on the generation of 500 pseudo-replicas. Results. Circulation of 5 CMV genotypes by gene UL55(gB) and 5 genotypes by gene UL73(gN) was established in the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region. While genotypes gB1 and gB2 dominated both in children and in adults, genotype gB5 was detected only in children. The spectrum of gN genotypes was more diverse: genotypes gN4a and gN3b prevailed in children, and gN1 and gN4b genotypes were predominant in adults. The obtained results allowed us to establish the similarity of the landscape of CMV genotypes circulating in Russia (Nizhny Novgorod region), Brazil, China and the USA. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate the similarity of the landscape of CMV genotypes circulating in Russia (Nizhny Novgorod region), Brazil, China and the USA: in children, the predominant genotypes are gB1 (40.0%), gB2 (33.3%), gN4a (42.8%), and gN3b (28.6%), while in adults (recipients of solid organs) genotypes gB1 (37.5%), gB2 (37.5%), gN1 (26.3%), and gN4b (26.3%) are prevailed.

Anangula before and after: to the 50th anniversary of Soviet-American archaeological expedi-tion on the Aleutian Islands

The purpose of this work is to analyze the events in scientific life that preceded and followed the first Soviet-American archaeological expedition to the Aleutian Islands 50 years ago (1974) and the excavations of the Anangula Site, the materials of which date back to ca. 9,000 years ago. The used sources include various publications by Rus-sian and foreign authors, highlighting the key episodes of international dialogue and the stages of the formation of American studies in the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg), the Institute of Ethnography (Moscow), and the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy (Novosibirsk), as well as the information on the participation of Russian scientists, with reports, at major international forums, periodicals, and scientific chronicles, freely available archival data, and also records from family collections. The dynamics and forms of academic cooperation between Russian and North American archaeologists and ethnographers (exchanges of visits, conferences, exhibitions, joint projects, publications) are traced during different stages — in the 1900s–1930s, 1950s–1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. The initial period featured the interest of the American side in the study of materials from Siberia and Northeast Asia in the person of such specialists as A. Hrdlicka, F. Rainey, and W. Laughlin, and the late 1960s period — the institutional, structural, and thematic development of American studies in several scientific centers in Russia. The specifics of changes in the structure of financing, and the role of the grant system (Russian and foreign scientific foundations) since the 1990s are noted. As a result, a number of conclusions have been drawn about the regularity of the ap-pearance and implementation of the project on the Aleutian Islands, the role of Siberian researchers (A.P. Okladnikov, A.P. Derevianko, R.S. Vasilievsky) in the development of such areas as American studies and Pacific archaeology in science and education, the long-term effect of the “Anangula legacy” for the next generations of Russian and North American archaeologists, as well as about the current state of the research in the area.

Intraspecific variabilityof the norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Russia according to D-loop mtDNA data

For the first time in Russia, a study of the intraspecific structure of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) was carried out using the mitochondrial marker of the control region (D-loop) of mtDNA. MtDNA sequences of brown rats from 8 regions of the European and Asian parts of Russia were analyzed. Three clades of rats have been identified: in the European part of Russia –1, in the Asian part – 2. Synanthropic subspecies – R. n. norvegicus is represented by european and asian lineages. The european lineage included haplotypes from the regions of central and southern Russia, and the Asian lineage included haplotypes from Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The previously described free living subspecies, R. n. caraco from the Russian Far East was represented as separate genetic lineage.

Escalated Risk of Concurrent Eurasian Heatwaves Under Recurrent Rossby Wave Patterns

AbstractConcurrent heatwaves, featured by simultaneous occurrences of extreme heat in separate regions, pose significant risks to natural ecosystems and human society. In August 2022, unprecedented heatwaves struck central China and west Russia concurrently, resulting in severe energy crisis, numerous financial losses, and fatalities. Through synoptic‐scale analysis, we identify a pivotal role of recurrent Rossby wave packets (RRWPs) in shaping the event by repeatedly forming ridges and troughs over the same key areas. In this study, we further extend the investigation of the influence of RRWPs on heatwave occurrences in these two targeted regions over the past 44 years. Using a self‐organizing map to identify the RRWP patterns, we find that RRWPs with ridges over central China are closely associated with a marked increase in heatwave probabilities in both central China and western Russia. Specifically, the regional‐mean likelihood of heatwaves increases by factors of 3.0 and 2.6, respectively, relative to the climatology. Notably, the effect of RRWPs on the occurrence of concurrent heatwaves across both regions is more pronounced than on regional events alone. For example, during RRWPs, the likelihood of concurrent heatwaves affecting at least 20% of both target regions exceeds 10 times the climatological average. Our findings underscore the significant role of RRWPs in triggering concurrent Eurasian heatwaves and suggest promising synoptic predictability for such extreme events.

Unique Nucleotide Polymorphism of African Swine Fever Virus Circulating in East Asia and Central Russia.

The lack of data on the whole-genome analysis of genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolates significantly hinders our understanding of its molecular evolution, and as a result, the range of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) necessary to describe a more accurate and complete scheme of its circulation. In this regard, this study aimed to identify unique SNPs, conduct phylogenetic analysis, and determine the level of homology of isolates obtained in the period from 2019 to 2022 in the central and eastern regions of Russia. Twenty-one whole-genome sequences of genotype II ASFV isolates were assembled, analyzed, and submitted to GenBank. The isolates in eastern Russia form two clades, "Amur 2022" and "Asia". Within the latter clade, five subclusters can be distinguished, each characterized by a unique set of SNPs and indels. The isolates from the central regions of Russia (2019; 2021) form the "Center of Russia" clade, with two subclusters, "Bryansk 2021" and "Center of Russia 2021" (bootstrap confidence index = 99). The presence of the previously unique genetic variant ASFV for the Kaliningrad region in the wild boar population of the Khabarovsk region (eastern Russia; 2021) has also been confirmed.

HSP90 Family Members, Their Regulators and Ischemic Stroke Risk: A Comprehensive Molecular-Genetics and Bioinformatics Analysis.

Disruptions in proteostasis are recognized as key drivers in cerebro- and cardiovascular disease progression. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), essential for maintaining protein stability and cellular homeostasis, are pivotal in neuroperotection. Consequently, deepening the understanding the role of HSPs in ischemic stroke (IS) risk is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets and advancing neuroprotective strategies. Our objective was to examine the potential correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that encode members of the Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), small heat shock proteins (HSPB), and heat shock factors (HSF) families, and the risk and clinical characteristics of IS. 953 IS patients and 1265 controls from Central Russia were genotyped for nine SNPs in genes encoding HSP90AA1, HSFs, and HSPBs using the MassArray-4 system and probe-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In smokers, SNP rs1133026 HSPB8 increased the risk of IS (risk allele A, odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.02-2.02, p = 0.035), and rs556439 HSF2 increased the brain infarct size (risk allele A, p = 0.02). In non-smokers, SNPs rs4279640 HSF1 (protective allele T, OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.92, p = 0.02) and rs4264324 HSP90AA1 (protective allele C, OR = 0.11, 95% CI 0.01-0.78, p = 0.001) lowered the risk of recurrent stroke; SNP rs7303637 HSPB8 increased the age of onset of IS (protective allele T, p = 0.04). In patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥25, SNPs rs556439 HSF2 (risk allele A, OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.69, p = 0.02) and rs549302 HSF2 (risk allele G, OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.02-1.75, p = 0.03) were linked to a higher risk of IS. The primary molecular mechanisms through which the studied SNPs contribute to IS pathogenesis were found to be the regulation of cell death, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses.

Поражение паршой (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) яблони (Malus domestica Borkh.) некоторых сортов с геном Vf (Rvi 6) на территории Орловской области

Abstract. Research was carried out in 2022-2023 to monitor scab lesion on apple varieties in the conditions of the Oryol region, in the breeding gardens of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, VNIISPK. The purpose of the study is to evaluate degree of scab lesion and to determine the possibility of the appearance of 6 race of scab. Methods. We assessed 16 apple cultivars with the Vf gene previously known to be immune to scab and Malus Floribunda 821. The assessment was carried out under a natural infection. Scientific novelty. This paper reports scab infestation of a number of varieties with the Vf gene in the conditions of Central Russia (Oryol region). Results. Scab lesion was observed on such varieties with the Vf gene as ‘Bolotovskoye’, ‘Venyaminovskoye’, ‘Vostorg’, ‘Poeziya’, ‘Priokskoe’, ‘Pristsilla’, ‘Svezhest’’, ‘Solnyshko’, ‘Yubiley Moskvy’. At the same time, no scab damage was detected on the varieties with the Vf gene ‘Aleksandr Boyko’, ‘Vavilovskoe’, ‘Valyuta’, ‘Girlyanda’, ‘Ivanovskoe’, ‘Imrus’, and ‘Rozhdestvenskoe’. It is concluded that 6th scab race has appeared, that capable to overcome Vf gene. At the same time, there is currently no scab infection on the M. floribunda 821, which indicates the absence of the 7th scab race. It is important to note that at the moment, not all varieties with the Vf gene are affected by scab. Perhaps this is due to the presence of other resistance factors or the new scab race is not yet widespread enough. Possible strategies for breeding apple trees for long-term resistance are discussed, including other donors of resistance genes, gene pyramiding, as well as orchard management preventing the evolution of the pathogen.

The Karelian language landscape in the dialectometric paradigm

Karelian dialectal speech has been studied by linguists of Finnic languages in Russia and elsewhere for a century and a half, but such issues in Karelian dialectology as the fuzzy distribution of dialectal units over the territory, selection of the fundamental principle for dialectal division, determination of the language status of specific varieties, etc., have so far remained unresolved. This article summarizes the results of a study of Karelian dialectal speech based on archival materials from the 1930s–1970s in the “Dialectological Atlas of Karelian” (1997) performed using the dialectometric method of cluster analysis: the main contrastive phenomena of phonological, morphonological, morphological and lexical linguistic levels are listed, the distribution ranges are described and a typology of their members is provided, the current three-level dialect classification and the periodization of the history of the Karelian language are presented. Three supra-dialects are outlined on the dialect map: Karelian Proper, Livvi, and Ludic. They are distinguished on the basis of isoglosses of the morphological and morphonological systems inherited from the early period in the development of the language. The Karelian Proper supra-dialect rests upon Balto-Finnic Protolanguage and pan-Karelian novel traits; Livvi shows Balto-Finnic archaisms, features coming from the Old Veps substrate, which has affected different language levels, Old Karelian innovations, and its own dialectal features; Ludic incorporates Old Karelian innovations and a pronounced Old Veps substrate. The Karelian Proper supra-dialect was subdivided into three dialects: northern, southern (variants spoken in Central Russia), and a transitional dialect occupying an intermediate position between supra-dialects. Ludic is differentiated into two dialects: the original Ludic and the Pryazha dialect (Ludic variants spoken in the Pryazha District of Karelia), which was heavily influenced in later periods by neighboring Livvi sub-dialects. Variants of the Livvi supra-dialect proved to be relatively uniform. The making of the dialects was shaped by late Old Karelian dialectal differences and intensive contacts in the border areas of the supra-dialects, whereas the twenty sub-dialectal groups became differentiated through relatively recent phonetic and lexical innovations and contact influence of the neighboring languages.

Суицидальный контингент в общей структуре отравлений в России

Individuals who commit deliberate self-poisoning for suicidal reasons make up at least a quarter of the contingent of toxicology centers in Russia, which indicates the scale of the problem. The suicidal contingent differs from unintentional victims in a number of key indicators. Women predominate among those who commit suicide (up to 73%), with the mean age of 32.5 years. There is a high proportion of unmarried – 31-45%, divorced – 6.3% people, a significant proportion are unemployed (39.5%). Upon admission to hospital, 70.2% are diagnosed with neurotic and stress-related disorders (F40-F48). Often, victims are examined by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist not on the first day, when the most complete picture is needed to make a correct diagnosis. It is assumed that many are not diagnosed with depression. Alcohol is detected in a third of suicide attempters. The motives are predominantly interpersonal conflicts, less often they report the loss of a loved one, somatic disease, in isolated cases productive psychopathological symptoms can be found. Often the motives cannot be established. In 80-87% of attempts, medication is used. Psychotropic drugs (21.6-55.4%), cardiotropic drugs (22.5%), analgesics and antispasmodics (up to 12.5%) predominate. At least a third of suicide victims (36%) use combined medication, which usually entails increased toxic effects. For a number of territories of the country, the use of acids and alkalis (mainly acetic acid) remains relevant – up to 6-7%, poisoning with which determines high mortality. Intentional poisonings with inhalants (carbon monoxide, helium, etc.) are isolated cases. Mortality is on average 1.7-3.1%. The diagnosis of poisoning, especially committed for suicidal reasons, is not always obvious and simple. At the time of the initial examination, 61.5% of patients do not have pronounced clinical manifestations of acute poisoning. Often, victims deny what they did, which requires a more thorough questioning, examination, involvement of other people and objective data. Therefore, when making a diagnosis, it is recommended to use the principle of the "toxicological diagnostic triad": 1) the presence of a toxicological anamnesis; 2) toxicological situation and 3) a characteristic clinical picture, in combination with the fourth (4) task – identifying suicidal history and motives. Conclusion. In order to reduce the number of poisonings for suicidal reasons, a comprehensive system of measures is needed with broader involvement of mental health specialists, social workers, teachers, improvement of the work of the media and Internet resources. Among the key tasks are training and broader educational work on preventive suicidology among medical personnel, psychologists, social workers, volunteers providing assistance in cases of deliberate self-poisoning, the formation of a multi-level system of suicidological alertness for the purpose of earlier identification of this category of people, providing them with assistance and preventing tragic consequences. Keywords: suicidal poisoning, deliberate poisoning, poisoning for suicidal reasons, drug poisoning, suicide attempt, diagnosis of suicidal poisoning, poisoning prevention, suicide prevention

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ZINC, MOLYBDENUM, MANGANESE, CHROMIUMI CONTENT IN HAIR, BLOOD SERUM AND URINE OF STUDENTS FROM CENTRAL ASIA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL RUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF ADAPTATION TO STUDY

Introduction. The most popular education in Russian higher education institutions is among applicants from Central Asian countries, including Ka-zakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Students from this region make up more than half of all foreign citizens studying in Russian universities. Changed environmental conditions lead to the development of stressful situations, decreased learning ability and, in the future, the possible development of a number of diseases closely related to the presence of various elementoses. In this regard, in addition to the socio-cultural adaptation of students, it is very important to pay attention to the study of the elemental status of students in the process of their further adaptation to the changed living conditions. The aim of the study – a comparative analysis of the elemental status of first-year students from different climatic and geographical regions of the world who arrived to study in the Russian Federation and students living in the territory of the Russian Federation. Material and methods. From September 1, 2022 to January 1, 2023, a study of the elemental composition of hair was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 180 first-year students of RUDN University who had previously lived in the Middle East (60 people) and in the Moscow region (120 people). The age of the subjects was 18–26 years, the average age was 22.7 ± 4 years. Gender differences in the comparison groups were not taken into account. Differences in samples were determined using the Mann–Whitney test for independent samples (significance level p < 0.05). Results. The presented results of a comparative analysis of the content of Zn, Mo, Mn, Cr elements in the hair of students who arrived from the coun-tries of the Middle East, Central Asia and regions of Central Russia during the adaptation period to training in 2023 are characterized by reliable differ-ences in the content of essential microelements in various biosubstrates. Conclusion. The established features of the elemental profiles of students showed that the hair of the subjects reflects the territorial climatic and ge-ographical features of the region of residence of the examined persons.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IRON, COPPER AND COBALT CONTENT IN HAIR, BLOOD SERUM AND URINE OF STUDENTS FROM CENTRAL ASIA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL RUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF ADAPTATION TO STUDY

Introduction. The most popular education in Russian higher education institutions is enjoyed by immigrants from Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. They account for more than half of all foreign citizens studying in Russian universities. Changed environmental conditions lead to the development of stressful situations, decreased learning ability and, in the future, the possible development of a number of diseases closely associated with the presence of various elementoses. In this regard, in addition to the socio-cultural adaptation of students, it is very important to pay attention to the study of the elemental status of students in the process of their further adaptation to the changed living conditions. The purpose of the study – comparative analysis of iron, copper, cobalt content in hair, blood serum and urine of students from Central Asian countries, the Middle East and Central Russian regions during the adaptation period to study. Material and methods. In the period from September 1, 2022 to January 1, 2023, a study of the elemental composition of hair was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 180 first-year students of RUDN University, who previously lived in the countries of Central Asia (170 people), the Middle East (60 people) and in the regions of Central Russia (120 people) aged 18–26 years. The average age of the subjects was 22.7 ± 4 years. Gender differences in the comparison groups were not taken into account. Differences in samples were determined using the Mann–Whitney test for independent samples (significance level p < 0.05). Results. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the content of iron, copper, chromium in the hair, urine and blood serum of students who arrived from the countries of the Middle East, Central Asia and the regions of Central Russia during the adaptation period to study in 2023. Features of the elemental profiles of students were established. Conclusions. It is shown that the hair of the subjects reflects the territorial climatic and geographical features of the region of residence of the examined persons. Despite statistically significant differences in the content of iron, copper, chromium in the examined students of different regions, their elemental profile did not affect the objective medical indicators (heart rate, saturation level, hemoglobin index).