Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Research Articles

Depression is Associated with the Increase Risk of Multimorbidity Among the General Population in Indonesia

PurposeDepression is common among patients with chronic disease. However, little is known about the association between depression and the risk of developing multimorbidity. This study aims to identify the association between depression and the incidence of multimorbidity among the general population in Indonesia.Patients and MethodsThe national cross-sectional population-based survey used publicly available data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) for 2014 among respondents aged ≥15 years. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. The number of chronic diseases and amount of sociodemographic information were obtained from self-reported data. A logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between depression and multimorbidity, adjusting for confounders. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.ResultsThe study recruited 2222 respondents; the majority of them were male (68.0%) and aged 55–64 years (34.7%). Of the total number of respondents, 69.6% have depression and 36.5% have multimorbidity. The prevalence of depression in respondents increases with age. Depressive symptoms were more likely to report multimorbidity (OR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.66–2.52).ConclusionDepression is associated with the increased risk of multimorbidity among the general population in Indonesia. Therefore, screening for and treatment of depression for those at risk of developing multimorbidity are urgently needed.

Long-term wellbeing and neurocognitive functioning of diffuse low-grade glioma patients and their caregivers: A longitudinal study spanning two decades.

While patients with diffuse low-grade glioma (LGG) often survive for years, there is a risk of tumor progression which may impact patients' long-term health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and neurocognitive functioning (NCF). We present a follow-up of LGG patients and their informal caregivers (T3) who took part in our previous HRQOL investigations (T1, M = 7 and T2 M = 13 years after diagnosis). Participants completed HRQOL (short form-36 health survey [SF-36]; EORTC-BN20), fatigue (Checklist Individual Strength [CIS]), and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression [CES-D]) questionnaires and underwent NCF assessments. T3 scores were compared with matched controls. Changes over time (T1-T2-T3) on group and participant level were assessed. Where available, histology of the initial tumor was revised and immunohistochemical staining for IDH1 R132H mutant protein was performed. Thirty patients and nineteen caregivers participated. Of N = 11 with tissue available, 3 patients had confirmed diffuse LGG. At T3, patients (M = 26 years after diagnosis) had HRQOL and NCF similar to, or better than controls, yet 23.3% and 53.3% scored above the cut-off for depression (≥16 CES-D) and fatigue (≥35 CIS), respectively. Caregivers' HRQOL was similar to controls but reported high rates of fatigue (63.2%). Over time, patients' mental health improved (P < .05). Minimal detectable change in HRQOL over time was observed in individual patients (30% improvement; 23.3% decline; 20% both improvement and decline) with 23.3% remaining stable. NCF remained stable or improved in 82.8% of patients. While HRQOL and NCF do not appear greatly impacted during long-term survivorship in LGG, depressive symptoms and fatigue are persistent.

Development of shortened HIV-related stigma scales for young people living with HIV and young people affected by HIV in India

BackgroundHIV-related stigma is associated with poor quality of life and poor healthcare-seeking behaviours in young people living with HIV (YPLHIV) and young people affected by HIV (YPAHIV). India has an estimated 120,000 YPLHIV and 4 million YPAHIV, but efforts to measure HIV-related stigma in them are sparse, impeded by the lack of measuring instruments. Here, we describe the development of the Pune HIV-Stigma Scale (PHSS) and modified-PHSS to measure HIV-related stigma among YPLHIV and YPAHIV, respectively, in India.MethodsWe used data from a mental health study for YPLHIV and YPAHIV aged 15–25 years, conducted at Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College & Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, India, between August 2018 and June 2021. Findings from multiple confirmatory factor analyses and cognitive interviews guided the development of the 12-item PHSS. The modified-PHSS was developed by confirming the structure of the PHSS for YPAHIV. Convergent validity with Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) and UCLA Loneliness scales was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients.ResultsModel fit indices were good for both the PHSS (χ2 = 65.0, df = 48, p value: 0.052; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA): 0.054; comparative fit index (CLI): 0.980; Tucker–Lewis index (TLI): 0.972; and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR): 0.067), and the modified-PHSS (χ2 = 56.9, df = 48, p value: 0.176; RMSEA: 0.045; CLI: 0.983; TFI: 0.976, and SRMR: 0.078). Spearman’s correlation coefficients indicated low to moderate convergent validity (ρ: 0.03–0.52) across different subscales of the PHSS and modified-PHSS. Cronbach’s alpha for the PHSS was 0.82 and for the modified-PHSS 0.81.ConclusionWe developed the first scales to measure HIV-related stigma among YPLHIV and YPAHIV in India. These concise scales can facilitate measurement of HIV-related stigma more frequently in research studies. We recommend that they be tested in different Indian languages.

The prevalence of depression and its association with sociodemographic factors in menopausal women in South Korea

This study examined factors that may be associated with depression among middle-aged women in South Korea using data from the 2018 (7th) wave of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. A sample of 6,399 women aged 35–64 years was included. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms, as measured by the CES-D-10 scale (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression), in pre- and post-menopausal women. Results indicated that being single, having poorer self-rated health, and having a lower economic background were associated with an increased risk of depression in both groups. Being unemployed also increased the risk of depressed mood in pre-menopausal women, while factors significantly associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in post-menopausal women included having a lower level of education, musculoskeletal pain, and having pain or discomfort. Thus, these factors should be considered when developing interventions to improve the mood and quality of life of middle-aged women. Interventions in the local community may include health services (hormone therapy), educational learning programs, counselling, and improved access to leisure activities.

Démanteler l’islamophobie genrée en médecine

OBJECTIVE: Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) may develop psychological problems in addition to physiologic symptoms. We investigated whether demographic and clinical factors are associated with comorbid depression. METHODS: From a university hospital9s rheumatology clinic, 72 SSc patients who completed 3 questionnaires [Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, an abbreviated version of a functional status instrument, the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (SHAQ), and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI)] during an examination were recruited into the study. Correlations among scores on the 3 questionnaires [including upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract subscales of the GIQLI] were calculated, and associations between CES-D scores and a variety of demographic and clinical characteristics were examined using stepwise linear regression. RESULTS: Higher CES-D scores (i.e., more depression symptoms) were significantly correlated with upper (r = -0.48, p &lt; 0.0001) and lower (r = -0.41, p &lt; 0.001) GI tract dysfunction and worse overall functional status (r = 0.51, p &lt; 0.0001). Stepwise regression indicated that higher levels of depression were independently associated with lower levels of education (p &lt; 0.01), worse upper GI tract functioning (p = 0.019), worse functional status (p = 0.34), current corticosteroid use (p = 0.061), and cardiac involvement (p = 0.086). CONCLUSION: Decreased functional status and abnormal GI functioning are significantly correlated with depression among patients with SSc. Other demographic and clinical indicators are also associated with depression.

Association of Proinflammatory Diet With Frailty Onset Among Adults With and Without Depressive Symptoms: Results From the Framingham Offspring Study.

Dietary inflammation is associated with increased risk of frailty. Those with depressive symptoms may be at higher risk of frailty onset because they typically have higher levels of inflammation. The study objective was to determine the association between a proinflammatory diet and frailty onset in those with and without clinically relevant depressive symptoms. This prospective study included 1 701 nonfrail individuals with self-reported baseline (1998-2001) data available for the evaluation of energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DIITM; calculated from food frequency questionnaires), depressive symptoms (from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; CES-D), and follow-up frailty measurements (2011-2014). Frailty was defined as fulfilling ≥3 Fried frailty criteria (i.e., slow gait, weak grip strength, unintentional weightloss, low physical activity, and self-reported exhaustion). Results are presented by baseline CES-D scores <16 or ≥16 points, which denotes the absence or presence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms, respectively. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) between E-DII and frailty onset, adjusting for confounders. In all study participants, mean (SD) age was 58(8) years and E-DII was -1.95 (2.20; range: -6.71 to +5.40, higher scores denote a more proinflammatory diet), and 45% were male. In those without clinically relevant depressive symptoms, 1-unit higher E-DII score was associated with 14% increased odds (95% CI: 1.05-1.24) of frailty. In those with depressive symptoms, 1-unit higher E-DII score was associated with 55% increased odds of frailty (95% CI: 1.13-2.13). The association between inflammatory diet and increased odds of frailty appeared somewhat stronger among those with depressive symptoms. This preliminary finding warrants further investigation.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in older adults: A panel data analysis

BackgroundThis paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in the older population, an especially vulnerable group for which to date there is limited empirical research. MethodsWe employ a panel data consisting of seven waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2010–2020). The breadth and depth of the data considered enabled us to control for individual fixed effects, to adjust for pre-pandemic trends in depression levels and to perform a heterogeneity analysis, depending on the intensity of the lockdown measures implemented and relevant socioeconomic characteristics. ResultsWe find that, following the COVID-19 pandemic, study participants reported a statistically significant increase in the depressive symptoms by around 0.7 over 8 points as measured by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) index. The estimated coefficients were larger in November than in July, for individuals who lost their job, retired and women. Interestingly, we observed that mental health has worsened substantially relative to the pre-pandemic period across all income groups of the older population, suggesting a limited role of income as a protective mechanism for mental health. ConclusionsOur findings provide compelling evidence that depression levels amongst older adults have worsened considerably following the COVID-19 pandemic, and that factors other than income, such as social interactions, may be highly relevant for well-being in later life.

Wealth and psychosocial factors among middle-aged and older adults. Findings based on nationally representative data

AimThere is very limited knowledge regarding the association between wealth and psychosocial factors among middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, our aim was to clarify the association between wealth and psychosocial outcomes in this age bracket (in terms of satisfaction with life, depressive symptoms, loneliness and perceived social isolation). MethodsNationally representative cross-sectional data were taken from the German Ageing Survey (wave 6 with n = 4,774 aged ≥ 43 years in the analytical sample). The Satisfaction with Life Scale was used to quantify life satisfaction, the De Jong Gierveld tool was used to assess loneliness, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression was used to measure depressive symptoms and the Bude and Lantermann tool was used to assess perceived social isolation. Multiple linear regressions were conducted. ResultsRegressions showed significant differences between individuals in the lowest wealth decile and individuals in the second to ninth wealth decile in all psychosocial outcomes – with the expected signs. Contrarily, only significant differences were determined between individuals in the second to ninth wealth decile and individuals in the highest wealth decile regarding life satisfaction (also with the expected signs). These aforementioned differences were mainly driven by individuals aged 43 to 64 years (and not by individuals aged 65 years and above). ConclusionsA relatively low wealth was associated with adverse psychosocial factors, particularly among individuals 43 to 64 years. Such knowledge may assist in addressing middle-aged individuals at risk for more depressive symptoms, higher loneliness and perceived social isolation levels as well as lower life satisfaction scores.

Identification of a Novel Functional Non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Frizzled Class Receptor 6 Gene for Involvement in Depressive Symptoms.

Although numerous susceptibility loci for depression have been identified in recent years, their biological function and molecular mechanism remain largely unknown. By using an exome-wide association study for depressive symptoms assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) score, we discovered a novel missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs61753730 (Q152E), located in the fourth exon of the frizzled class receptor 6 gene (FZD6), which is a potential causal variant and is significantly associated with the CES-D score. Computer-based in silico analysis revealed that the protein configuration and stability, as well as the secondary structure of FZD6 differed greatly between the wild-type (WT) and Q152E mutant. We further found that rs61753730 significantly affected the luciferase activity and expression of FZD6 in an allele-specific way. Finally, we generated Fzd6-knockin (Fzd6-KI) mice with rs61753730 mutation using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system and found that these mice presented greater immobility in the forced swimming test, less preference for sucrose in the sucrose preference test, as well as decreased center entries, center time, and distance traveled in the open filed test compared with WT mice after exposed to chronic social defeat stress. These results indicate the involvement of rs61753730 in depression. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that SNP rs61753730 is a novel functional variant and plays an important role in depressive symptoms.

Relationship between handgrip strength, depression and cognitive functioning among older adults: Evidence from longitudinal ageing study in India

Handgrip strength (HGS) is a frequent and general indicator of muscle strength and it may affect several aspects of mental health among older people. This study explored the association of HGS with depression and cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults in resource-constrained setting of India. Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), and the analysis was conducted on 27,707 older adults aged 60years and above. Outcome measures included depression (assessed by the Short Form Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-SF) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scales) and cognitive impairment. Descriptive statistics and mean scores of HGS were reported and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to test the research hypotheses of the study. Mean score of HGS was 24.33 (SD: 7.22) for males and 15.94 (SD: 5.14) for females. Mean age was 68.86 (SD: 7.19) and 68.40 (SD: 7.31) years among males and females respectively. Older participants who had weak HGS were significantly more likely to be depressed in CIDI-SF scale (B: 0.06, CI: 0.01-0.13) and CES-D scale (B: 0.02, CI: 0.01-0.03) in comparison to those who had strong HGS after adjusting for a large number of confounders. Older participants who had weak HGS were significantly more likely (B: 0.92, CI: 0.76-1.07) to have cognitive impairment compared to those who had strong HGS. The findings highlight the independent association of HGS with major depression, depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment that have implications on promoting resistance-training programs among aged population.

A Comparison of Two Scales to Determine Prevalence of Mood Disorders in Omani Patients Recently Diagnosed with Cancer.

Studies on the prevalence rate of mood disorders in patients recently diagnosed with cancer from Middle East are scare in the literature. Therefore, this study assesses the prevalence rates of anxiety and depression, and their associations with socio-demographic factors, in recently diagnosed patients with cancer living in the Sultanate of Oman. In this prospective study, adult patients were interviewed within the first three months of diagnosis of cancer using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Associations were studied among symptoms of anxiety and depression, and the socio-demographic factors, along with levels of agreement between the two scales. Eighty-nine patients were interviewed, and 65% were females. Using the HADS tool, 41.6% of patients had anxiety, 28% had depression, whereas 5.6% displayed severe depression. Using the CES-D tool, 41.6% of patients had depression, and 11.2% had severe depression. A fair correlation between the CES-D and HADS tools was evidenced with a Cohen's Kappa coefficient value of 0.37 (P<0.001). The socio-demographic factors were not significantly associated with the presence of anxiety and depression (P >0.05). Collectively, these findings indicate high prevalence rates of anxiety and depression in Omani patients recently diagnosed with cancer along with a significant correlation between the two scales. These results support the implementation of screening tools early in the trajectory of cancer illness to improve the overall healthcare of these patients.

Longitudinal Measurement Invariance of the Korean Version of the CES-D-11 Scale

The present study examined the longitudinal measurement invariance of the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. For this purpose, two datasets from the Korean Welfare Panel Study were analyzed. Study 1 examined the data from the first four waves to determine the scale’s short-term longitudinal invariance. Study 2 extracted data every 3 years up to the 10th year, beginning with the first wave (waves 1, 4, 7, and 10) to examine the scale’s long-term longitudinal invariance. We analyzed 10,098 cases in Study 1 and 7,077 cases in Study 2. The results of Study 1 revealed that the scale had strict or residual measurement invariance, whereas the results of Study 2 indicated that the scale had strong or scalar measurement invariance. Overall, the Korean version of the CES-D-11 scale was shown to be a valid measure of depression that can be used to evaluate symptom changes over time.

Caregiving-related experiences associated with depression severity and its symptomatology among caregivers of individuals with a severe mental disorder: an online cross-sectional study

Caring for a relative with a severe mental disorder puts family caregivers to a great risk of depression. While overall caregiving burden is a strong predictor of depression, the contribution of the various dimensions of burden to caregivers’ depression as well as their relationships with depressive symptoms has received little attention. 384 family caregivers completed a cross-sectional online survey including the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Brief Experience of Caregiving Inventory (BECI), measuring caregiving burden and experience. We estimated the structure of the relationships between caregiving experiences (i.e., ZBI and BECI subscales) and CES-D symptoms using a network approach. Negative Emotion/Consequences, (lack of) Positive Personal Experience, and Stigma/Effects on Family were the most connected caregiving dimensions to depression. To untangle the role of the Negative Emotion/Consequences component (by far the most central node in estimated networks), a secondary analysis incorporating its composing items was estimated. Losing control over life, feeling strained around the relative and impaired self-perceived health emerged as central nodes. Interestingly, these caregiving-related dimensions or experiences were differentially connected to depressive symptoms. We discuss how these findings might help future research and inform tailored psychoeducational interventions for family caregivers of people with a severe mental disorder.

Long-term Effects of a Social Media-Based Intervention (Run4Love) on Depressive Symptoms of People Living With HIV: 3-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundEmerging studies have shown the effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) interventions in reducing depressive symptoms among people living with HIV. Most of these studies included only short-term follow-up, with limited data on long-term effects.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to assess the long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial called Run4Love on depressive symptoms among people living with HIV at 1-year and 3-year follow-ups.MethodsA total of 300 people living with HIV with depressive symptoms were recruited and randomized to an intervention or a control group in Guangzhou, China, from September 2017 to January 2018. The intervention group received a 3-month Run4Love program, including adapted evidence-based cognitive behavioral stress management courses and exercise promotion via WeChat (Tencent), a popular social media app. The control group received usual care and a brochure on nutrition. The primary outcome was reduction in depressive symptoms, measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale. Data used in this study were collected at baseline and at the 1-year and 3-year follow-ups. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the group differences at 1-year and 3-year follow-ups.ResultsApproximately half of the participants completed the assessment at 1-year (149/300, 49.7%) and 3-year (177/300, 59%) follow-ups. At 1-year follow-up, participants in the intervention group reported significant reduction in depressive symptoms compared with the control group (CES-D: from 23.9 to 18.1 in the intervention group vs from 24.3 to 23.3 in the control group; mean −4.79, SD 13.56; 95% CI −7.78 to −1.81; P=.002). At 3-year follow-up, between-group difference in CES-D remained statistically significant (from 23.9 to 20.5 in the intervention group vs from 24.3 to 24.4 in the control group; mean −3.63, SD 13.35; 95% CI −6.71 to −0.54; P=.02). No adverse events were reported during the 3-year follow-up period.ConclusionsThe mHealth intervention, Run4Love, significantly reduced depressive symptoms among people living with HIV, and the intervention effects were sustained at 1-year and 3-year follow-ups. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of the long-term effects of mHealth interventions such as Run4Love and to implement these effective interventions among people living with HIV.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-IPR-17012606; https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IPR-17012606International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.2196/10274

A Telehealth-Delivered Tai Chi Intervention (TaiChi4Joint) for Managing Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Arthralgia in Patients With Breast Cancer During COVID-19: Longitudinal Pilot Study.

BackgroundEstrogen receptor–positive breast cancer is the most common type of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the endocrine therapy of choice recommended for these patients. Up to 50% of those treated with an AI develop arthralgia, often resulting in poor adherence and decreased quality of life.ObjectiveThe study is a single-arm longitudinal pilot study aiming to evaluate the safety, feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of TaiChi4Joint, a remotely delivered 12-week tai chi intervention designed to relieve AI-induced joint pain.MethodsWomen diagnosed with stage 0-III breast cancer who received an AI for at least 2 months and reported arthralgia with a ≥4 score on a 0 to 10 scale for joint pain were eligible for study enrollment. Participants were encouraged to join tai chi classes delivered over Zoom three times a week for 12 weeks. Program engagement strategies included using a private Facebook study group and a Box cloud for archiving live class recordings. The program uses SMS text messaging and emails with periodic positive quotes and evidence-based information on tai chi for facilitating community bonding and class attendance. Participants were invited to complete the following assessments at baseline and at 1-, 2-, and 3-month intervals from study enrollment: Brief Pain Inventory, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), The Australian Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN), Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (CES-D).ResultsA total of 55 eligible patients were invited to participate, and 39 (71%) consented and completed the baseline assessments. Participants attended 61% (median) of the suggested classes, with no tai chi–related adverse events reported. Of the 39 participants, 22 completed the 3-month follow-up assessment with a 56% retention rate. Study participants reported improvement from baseline compared to 3 months as follows (paired t test): Brief Pain Inventory (P<.001), AUSCAN pain subscale (P=.007), AUSCAN function subscale (P=.004), Fatigue Symptom Inventory (P=.004) and PSQI (P<.001), and HFRDIS (P=.02) and CES-D (P<.001). In particular, for our primary end point of interest, improvements in hip and knee symptoms, measured by WOMAC’s three subscales, were clinically meaningful and statistically significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons from baseline to 3 months post intervention.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 global pandemic has resulted in the need to rethink how mind-body therapies can be delivered. This study demonstrated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a telehealth-based tai chi intervention for reducing AI-induced arthralgia. The intervention decreased patient-reported pain and stiffness, and improved sleep quality and depressive symptoms. Fully powered, large, telehealth-based tai chi trials for AI-associated arthralgia are needed considering our promising findings.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04716920; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04716920

Loneliness and coping skill mediate the association between child maltreatment and depression for rural males and females

BackgroundChild maltreatment is a prevalent and notable problem in rural China, and the prevalence and severity of depression in rural areas are higher than the national norm. Several studies have found that loneliness and coping skills respectively mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and depression. However, few studies have examined the roles of loneliness and coping skills in child maltreatment and depression based on gender differences.MethodsAll participants were from rural communities aged more than 18 years in Shandong province, and 879 valid samples (female:63.4%) ranging in age from 18 to 91 years old were analyzed. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D), the Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), and the Emotional and Social Loneliness Scale (ESLS) were used to evaluate child maltreatment, depression, coping skills and loneliness.ResultsChild maltreatment was more common and severe in males than females (F = 3.99; p < 0.05). Loneliness and coping skills partially mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and depression in males, but loneliness fully mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and depression in females.ConclusionIn this study, males were more likely to experience child maltreatment. Child maltreatment and depression were correlated. We also found a mediating role of loneliness and coping skills for males and a mediating role of loneliness in females.

Daily Life Patterns, Psychophysical Conditions, and Immunity of Adolescents in the COVID-19 Era: A Mixed Research with Qualitative Interviews by a Quasi-Experimental Retrospective Study.

Background: This study investigated the daily lifestyle changes, prevalence of psychological depression, physical health status, and immunity of adolescents in Korea resulting from increased isolation and social restriction due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: All subjects included 17-year-old male adolescents. A total of 117 subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to the degree of depression based on item #6 in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire as follows: no-depression group (NDG, n = 71; 61.0%), low-depression group (LDG, n = 23; 19.0%), moderate-depression group (MDG, n = 15; 13.0%), and high-depression group (HDG, n = 8; 7.0%). This study analyzed the data using quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affects adolescents’ daily lives, psychophysiological conditions, and immune function. Results: This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affects the daily lifestyle pattern, psychophysical condition, and immunocytes of adolescents. In terms of depression, 39.0% of adolescents felt depressed, and 7% of them felt depressed almost every day. Overall, HDG considered themselves unhealthy and felt prone to immune diseases, such as colds. HDG were prone to sleep late, eat more frequently, and work out less. Regarding physical fitness factors, the cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, and power of HDG were significantly lower than those of NDG, LDG, and MDG. Moreover, HDG had the worst body composition, including the lowest muscle mass. Finally, natural killer (NK) cells and T cells were significantly different among groups, with the levels in HDG being significantly lower than those of the other three groups. Conclusions: Since the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects the daily lives, psychophysical conditions, and immunocytes of adolescents, there is an urgent need to create and provide solutions to adolescents with depression though the number of subjects is few.

Predictors of depressive symptoms before and after diagnostic procedures in women with abnormal Pap smear attending cervical cancer screening programme in Serbia.

Receipt of a positive Papanicolaou screening result and subsequent referral for diagnostic tests can cause psychological stress. Still, not enough is known about depression before and after the diagnostic test in these women. The aim of this study was to determine the burden and predictors of depressive symptoms prior to and after diagnostic investigations in women who had received a positive Papanicolaou screening result. This was a cross-sectional study. Study cohort comprised women who received an abnormal Papanicolaou screening result. Women completed the socio-demographic questionnaire and 'The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, CES-D' questionnaire before and after diagnostic tests (colposcopy/biopsy/endocervical curettage) to assess factors related to depression. No significant difference was noted in the frequency of depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥ 16) before and after diagnostic investigations, but the mean score on CES-D scale showed a significant difference before and after diagnostic investigations (13.98 ± 9.56 and 12.74 ± 9.15, respectively). A significant predictor of depression before diagnostic investigations was spontaneous abortion, whereas family history of other gynaecological cancers was a predictor of depression after diagnostic investigations. Our findings could contribute to improving the rates of cervical cancer screening, by identifying women at risk for depression before and after investigations.

Depression in Public Servants of Upper Egypt: Gender-specific Prevalence and Determining Factors.

Mental health disorders, including depression, cause more than half of worldwide disabilities. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression and determine its associated factors among Egyptian public servants. We collected data from 3134 subjects (1619 females and 1515 males) via a self-administered questionnaire, including the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, medical history, sociodemographic, familial, occupational, and behavioral characteristics of the recruited Egyptian Public servants. We used logistic and linear regression models to assess the determinants of depression. The prevalence of depression was 43.5% (52.9% in females and 33.4% in males) among public servants. The past history of depression was a significant determining factor of depression; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 95% confidence interval (CI) was 2.58 (1.87, 3.57) in females and 3.28 (2.20, 4.87) in males. Other determinants were daily working hours: aOR = 1.11 (1.02, 1.19) and high job demands: aOR = 2.19 (1.40–3.41) in males, and the high job control in females: aOR = 0.51 (0.36, 0.73). With the past history of depression, job demands, job control, family structure, education level, and working status of the spouse predicted 41% of the total variance in the CES-D score in females; R2 = 0.41; whereas job demands, family structure, job hours per day predicted 40% of in males; R2 = 0.40. In conclusion, the determinants of depression varied by gender. Governmental interventions aiming to improve the work environment (job demands, control, and working hours) and individual responsibilities to improve the living arrangement and education level could help to curb the emerging risk of depression.

Cross-Sectional Associations of Intakes of Starch and Sugars with Depressive Symptoms in Young and Middle-Aged Japanese Women: Three-Generation Study of Women on Diets and Health.

The relationship between the intakes of saccharide subtypes and depressive symptoms is unclear in Asian countries. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate this association among 3963 young (age of 18 years) and 3826 middle-aged (mean age of 47.8 years) Japanese women. The intakes of starch, total sugars, free sugars, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and total fructose were assessed using a validated diet history questionnaire. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.0% and 16.8% among young and middle-aged women, assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) score. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, higher starch intake was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in young women with an odds ratio (OR) of the fourth to the first quintiles of 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57, 0.99). Moreover, higher intakes of sugars (except for lactose) were associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in young women, with ORs (95% CI) of the fifth to the first quintiles ranging from 1.30 (0.995, 1.69) for glucose to 1.47 (1.12, 1.93) for sucrose. These associations were not observed in middle-aged women. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.