Cent Reduction Research Articles

Growth, yield and economic analysis of eucalypts-barley based agroforestry system in semi-arid region of India

The present investigation was carried out in the research area of Department of Forestry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2017-18 to evaluate the effect of 2.8 years old already established eucalypts plantation at 7×3 m on growth, yield attributes and yield of barley. The maximum growth increment in plant height (14.1 m) and diameter at breast height (10.3 cm) of eucalypts was recorded under agroforestry than sole eucalypts (without crop). The maximum plant height (98.5 cm), dry matter accumulation (1098.3 g/m2), tillers/ m2 (360.5), grain yield (3.28 t/ha), straw yield (4.32 t/ha) and biological yield (7.60 t/ha) were observed at harvesting of barley in control (devoid of eucalypts trees) than barley intercropped with eucalypts. However, maximum number of days taken for spike emergence (50 %) (97.4 days) and days to maturity (139.4 days) of barley were recorded under eucalypts plantation. The average per cent reduction of 11.33 % in effective tillers/ m2, 15.15 % in spike length and 16.62 % in number of grains per spike in barley was recorded under eucalypts plantation over control. Maximum net return (Rs. 93347.1 ha-1) was observed under eucalypts + barley cropping system than control. The overall B:C ratio was calculated higher in eucalypts based agroforestry system (1.73) over control (1.15).

India's tryst with salt: Dandi march to low sodium salts.

Salt plays a critical role in India's past as well as its present, from Dandi March to its role as a vehicle for micronutrient fortification. However, excess salt intake is a risk factor for high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Indians consume double the World Health Organization recommended daily salt (<5 g). India has committed to a 30 per cent reduction in sodium intake by 2025. Evidence based strategies for population sodium intake reduction require a moderate reduction in salt in - home cooked foods, packaged foods and outside-home foods. Reducing the sodium content in packaged food includes policy driven interventions such as front-of-package warning labels, food reformulation, marketing restrictions and taxation on high sodium foods. For foods outside of the home, setting standards for foods purchased and served by schemes like mid-day meals can have a moderate impact. For home cooked foods (the major source of sodium), strategies include advocacy for reducing salt intake. In addition to mass media campaigns for awareness generation, substituting regular salt with low sodium salt (LSS) has the potential to reduce salt intake even in the absence of a major shift in consumer behaviour. LSS substitution effectively lowers blood pressure and thus reduces the risk of CVDs. Further research is required on the effect of LSS substitutes on patients with chronic kidney disease. India needs an integrated approach to sodium reduction that uses evidence based strategies and can be implemented sustainably at scale. This will be possible only through scientific research, governmental leadership and a responsive evidence-to-action approach through a multi-stakeholder coalition.

Assessment of Biopotency of Fipronil 80 WG against Stem Borer and Leaf Folder in Paddy Ecosystem

Two field experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of fipronil 80 WG against stem borer and leaf folder in the paddy ecosystem at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The results revealed that, the per cent reduction of leaf folder damage was recorded maximum in the plots treated with fipronil 80 WG at 100, 80 and 50 g a.i. ha-1 (77.96, 77.31 &amp; 76.83 %, respectively over untreated control) and on par with standard check fipronil 5 SC @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 (76.37 %). Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 200 g a.i. ha-1 recorded 63.69 per cent reduction of leaf folder damage over untreated control. The stem borer damage was recorded minimum in fipronil 80 WG @ 100, 80 and 50 g a.i.ha-1 (3.43, 3.50 and 3.63 %, respectively over untreated check) followed by fipronil 5 SC @ 50 g a.i.ha-1 (3.76 %) and 40 g a.i.ha-1 (3.91 %) after two rounds of spraying. Whereas in untreated control stem borer damage recorded as 17.69 per cent. The grain yield was maximum in the plots treated with fipronil 80 WG @ 100 g a.i.ha-1 (4040 kg ha-1) which was on par with fipronil 80 WG @ 80 g a.i.ha-1 (4028 kg ha-1) and @ 50 g a.i.ha-1 (4017 kg ha-1). Fipronil 80 WG @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 recorded the highest percent reduction of leaf folder and stem borer damage in paddy with significantly increased yield and registered on par with treatments of its higher dose. Hence, fipronil 80 WG @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 is recommended for the management of leaf folder and stem borer in paddy ecosystem

A situation analysis on malnutrition by food-intake practices: link to maternal and child mortality in India

Inadequate food and nutrition security affect malnutrition among women and children. This significant global public health issue increases the proportion especially towards maternal and child mortality. Malnutrition poses a grave danger to India’s socio-economic progress and maternal and child health improvement. The aim of the study was to understand the linkages between inadequate food-intake practices and their contribution to maternal and child mortality in India. A situation analysis was done using relevant secondary data from National Family Health Survey reports for assessing nutritional status, sample registration system compendium for evaluating mortality reduction, and National sample survey report was used for assessing per-capita consumption of calories intake. Published and unpublished literature, documents were used to identify linkages of food-intake practices, which increase the proportion of malnutrition and mortality. Findings depict a scarce improvement i. e.; only 109 reductions in maternal mortality (SRS 2007-09 to 2017-19), 5.8 per cent and 8.1 per cent reduction in infant and under-five mortality (NFHS-4 and NFHS-5). They are also increasing consumption of low-nutritive-value food items both in rural and urban India pulling into micronutrient deficiencies, resulting in maximising maternal and child mortality. Policies to intervene in the nutrition issues, agri-organic growth, food accessibility and quality utility, and gender equality would play a vital role in changing the food-intake behaviour among women with a significant impact on maternal and child health in India.

Glycolaldehyde formation mediated by interstellar amorphous ice: a computational study

ABSTRACT Glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO) is the most straightforward sugar detected in the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and participates in the formation pathways of molecules fundamental to life, red such as ribose and derivatives. Although detected in several regions of the ISM, its formation route is still debated and its abundance cannot be explained only by reactions in the gas phase. This work explores a new gas-phase formation mechanism for glycolaldehyde and compares the energy barrier reduction when the same route happens on the surface of amorphous ices. The first step of the mechanism involves the formation of a carbon–carbon bond between formaldehyde (H2CO) and the formyl radical (HCO), with an energy barrier of 27 kJ mol−1 (gas-phase). The second step consists of barrierless hydrogen addition. Density functional calculations under periodic boundary conditions were applied to study this reaction path on 10 different amorphous ice surfaces through an Eley–Rideal type mechanism. It was found that the energy barrier is reduced on average by 49 per cent, leading in some cases to a 100 per cent reduction. The calculated adsorption energy of glycolaldehyde suggests that it can be promptly desorbed to the gas phase after its formation. This work, thus contributes to explaining the detected relative abundances of glycolaldehyde and opens a new methodological framework for studying the formation routes for Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) in interstellar icy grains.

Review on Prospects and Constraints of Organic Production in India: A New Paradigm in Agricultural Production

This studies explored the cost-benefit analysis, future demand, health impact and constraints of organic production in India. A reviewed was collected using secondary data from some published and unpublished sources. As per a review of the literature, India is the largest producer of organic produce, with an area of 4.33 million ha and a production of 3.49 million MT in 2021. The majority of Indian farmers were marginal and small; large-scale conversion to organic agriculture may result in a shortage of food with present technology and knowledge because there was a 25 per cent reduction in the yield of an organic system compared to conventional agriculture. A combination of lower input costs and favourable price premiums can balance the reduced yields and make organic farms more profitable than conventional farms. Government played a crucial role in encouraging farmers to practice organic farming nationwide.

Dissipation kinetics, decontamination and dietary risk assessment of imidacloprid residue in bitter gourd and soil

Imidacloprid is a broad-spectrum neonicotinoid class insecticide with systemic action, widely used on vegetables in India for the management of sucking insect pests. The overall pesticide usage profile in gourds growing districts of Tamil Nadu showed that imidacloprid as the most commonly used insecticide. The present study aimed to develop and validate an analytical approach for detecting imidacloprid and 6-chloronicotinic acid residues in bitter gourd fruit, juice and soil using LC-EI-MS (liquid chromatography coupled with electron ionization mass spectrometry) was undertaken. The persistence pattern, effect of household processing and risk assessment of imidacloprid on bitter gourd was studied by conducting field trials at single and double doses of 20 and 40 g a.i ha-1. Calibration curves showed a good linear relationship (r2&gt;0.99) with the concentrations (0.0025–0.5 µg mL-1) of imidacloprid and 6-chloronicotinic acid. The limit of detection and quantification of the method were 0.008 and 0.025 mg kg-1, respectively. Accuracy of imidacloprid and 6-chloronicotinic acid residue recovery was in the range of 88–101 per cent with RSD of less than six per cent in all the matrices of bitter gourd. Initial deposits of imidacloprid at 20 and 40 g a.i ha-1 were 0.68 and 1.25 mg kg-1 and the residues persisted up to 10 and 15 days with their respective half-lives of 2.51 and 3.13 days. Simple decontamination techniques showed 33 to 80 per cent reduction of residues in samples collected up to 10 days after treatment. The estimated RQ was less than one indicating the level of risk to the consumer is negligible.

It’s time for the perioperative community to recommit to the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist

For over a decade, the World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has been recognised as an essential perioperative safety tool. The first landmark multi-national study demonstrated a remarkable 47 per cent reduction in mortality and a 36 per cent reduction in surgical complications, which was confirmed in subsequent studies. Although effective in a research environment, the checklist has been challenging to implement. Today, hospitals worldwide still struggle to use the checklist as designed and maintain enthusiasm for its sustained use. Is it time for the perioperative health care community to revisit the checklist and recommit to safer surgery?

Risk of non-hormonal cancer after bariatric surgery: meta-analysis of retrospective observational studies.

Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of at least 13 types of cancer. Although bariatric surgery has been associated with a reduced risk of hormonal cancers, data for non-hormonal cancers are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery on the incidence of non-hormonal cancers. Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles between 1984 and 2018, following the PRISMA system. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effect model with subgroup analysis by procedure and cancer type. From 2526 studies screened, 15 were included. There were a total of 18 583 477 patients, 947 787 in the bariatric group and 17 635 690 in the control group. In comparison to the non-surgical group, the bariatric group had a lower incidence of cancer (OR .65 (95 per cent c.i. 0.53 to 0.80); P < 0.002). In the subgroup analysis, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy were associated with decreased risk of developing cancer, while no difference was observed with adjustable gastric banding. When evaluated by cancer type, liver (OR 0.417 (95 per cent c.i. 0.323 to 0.538)), colorectal (OR 0.64 (95 per cent c.i. 0.49 to 0.84)), kidney and urinary tract cancer (OR 0.77 (95 per cent c.i. 0.72 to 0.83)), oesophageal (OR 0.60 (95 per cent c.i. 0.43 to 0.85)), and lung cancer (OR 0.796 (95 per cent c.i. 0.45 to 0.80)) also presented a lower cancer incidence in the bariatric group. Bariatric surgery is related to an almost 50 per cent reduction in the risk of non-hormonal cancers.

Disposable versus reusable fibre-optic nasendoscopes: a national survey of UK ENT surgical trainees and a single-centre cost-analysis.

This study primarily assessed ENT surgical trainees' preferences for the qualities of disposable and reusable fibre-optic nasendoscopes. Secondary aims included eliciting trainees' views on ENT surgery and climate change, and creating a single-centre per-use cost analysis for disposable and reusable fibre-optic nasendoscopes. A cross-sectional study was formulated. An online survey consisting of multiple-choice and Likert-scale questions was distributed nationally. Cost analysis was performed using 2021-2022 data from the host institution. Twenty-four trainees responded. Data on disposable fibre-optic nasendoscopes showed no difference in overall satisfaction (p = 0.244). Reusable fibre-optic nasendoscopes had a lower cost per use compared with disposable nasendoscopes at 5 years (4.7 per cent reduction) and 10 years (7.1 per cent reduction). Of the trainees, 79.2 per cent were supportive of climate-friendly initiatives within ENT surgery, and 25 per cent felt supported by their departments. Trainees' satisfaction with disposable and reusable fibre-optic nasendoscopes is similar. Cost analysis favours reusable fibre-optic nasendoscopes in the long term at the host institution. Empowering departments and trainees to pursue climate-friendly initiatives should be encouraged.

Tidal tracks and artificial disruption of cold dark matter haloes

ABSTRACT We describe a simple extension to existing models for the tidal heating of dark matter subhaloes which takes into account second-order terms in the impulse approximation for tidal heating. We show that this revised model can accurately match the tidal tracks along which subhaloes evolve as measured in high-resolution N-body simulations. We further demonstrate that, when a constant density core is introduced into a subhalo, this model is able to quantitatively reproduce the evolution and artificial disruption of N-body subhaloes arising from finite resolution effects. Combining these results we confirm prior work indicating that artificial disruption in N-body simulations can result in a factor two underestimate of the subhalo mass function in the inner regions of host haloes, and a 10–20 per cent reduction over the entire virial volume.

Effect of nutrients omission on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of rabi sorghum in vertisols under rainfed and irrigated conditions

A field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of nutrient omission on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of rabi sorghum in vertisols under rainfed and irrigated conditions” at AICRP on sorghum, MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during rabi 2020. The experiment consisted of two main plots (M1: Rainfed and M2: Irrigated) and nine nutrient omission treatments. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The results indicated that, significantly higher grain yield (44.87 q ha-1), stover yield (8.52 t ha-1), total nutrient uptake (93.86 kg N ha-1, 28.51 kgP2O5 ha-1 , 94.04 kg K2O ha-1, and 226.24 g Zn ha-1) , higher gross returns ( ₹ 115786), net returns (₹ 77085) and BC ratio (2.99) were recorded under irrigated condition (M2). Among nutrient omission treatments, application of 50:25 kg NP ha-1 + FYM @ 3 t ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 (S1) exhibited&nbsp; significantly higher grain yield (49.56 q ha-1) , stover yield (9.55 t ha-1), total nutrient uptake (109.97 kg N ha-1, 32.63 kg P2O5 ha-1, 109.33 kg K2O ha-1 and 283.63 g Zn ha-1) and higher gross returns (₹ 128146) .While, application of 50:25 kg NP ha-1+ ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 (S2) recorded significantly higher net returns (₹ 88057) and BC ratio (3.41). The per cent reduction in grain and stover yield was to the tune of 31.88 and 34.86 respectively due omission of both nitrogen and phosphorous

Female Labour Force Participation and the Reduction in Son Preference in China

ABSTRACT The preference for sons transcends many cultures, making it an issue with local and global dimensions. This article explores if and how married women’s preferences in relation to their children are influenced by a shift in their economic status. Our results show that female employment had a significant effect on son preference. Specifically, women’s participation in the labour market reduces son preference by 15.7 per cent, and a 10 per cent increase in wages leads to a further 0.05 per cent reduction in the preference for having sons rather than daughters. The results also support the view that economic factors are sufficient to change deeply entrenched norms regarding gender preferences. We attribute the positive effect of labour participation on female bargaining power to shifts in the allocation of intrahousehold resources. The article conducts a cross-regional test to illustrate that the developmental gap between rural and urban communities partly explains China’s increasing sex imbalance. It thereby shows why the phenomenon of ‘missing women’ has played out so differently worldwide.

High-Speed Adaptive MIMO-VLC System With Neural Network

Rooms are typically lit with multiple luminaires, which open the possibility of creating Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Visible Light Communications (VLC) systems. At its most complex, the luminaires in the system might transmit different data at different power levels to a terminal containing multiple receivers, allowing a substantial increase in data rates. However, crosstalk between the transmitted channels, dependent on the location and orientation of the receiver, may cause the best strategy to be to group transmitters together and transmit the same data stream. In this paper, we report a transmitter coordination algorithm determining how to use the transmitters optimally as the receiver location varies. The data rate using this approach is on average 41 per cent higher than the conventional spatial multiplexing approach. Neural networks are then employed in the coordination algorithm. It increases the speed of operation by a factor of four compared to the initial coordination algorithm while achieving the same level of performance. The neural network also gives good performance for room geometries and receiver orientations outside the scope of the training data. Finally, the neural network is benchmarked against a water-filling algorithm approach with maximum system capacity. The neural network shows a factor of three speed-up in computing time with only a 12 per cent reduction in the average data rate. These results show the potential of the approach to achieve a near-maximal data rate with a straightforward and efficient channel selection technique.

The judicial assessment of states’ action on climate change mitigation

AbstractThe Supreme Court of the Netherlands construed the state’s positive human rights obligations as requiring a 25 per cent reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared with 1990 levels. This article explores how judges can decide the level of state effort required to mitigate climate change. To date, judges have predominantly approached this issue by seeking to identify an elusive benchmark, either by deduction from global objectives or induction from state conduct. This article shows that the judicial assessment of a state’s requisite efforts inevitably relies on equity infra legem. Acknowledging this, judges could learn from the international courts’ experience with establishing clarity in the midst of vague legal rules.

Growth trends of lac production during XII plan vis-a-vis XI plan period in Chhattisgarh, India

The study is based on secondary data on lac production during the XI (2007-08 to 2011-12) and XII plans (2012-13 to 2016-17). Some econometric parameters, viz. Minimum, maximum, mean production, growth rate, percentage changes in mean during the XII plan over the XI plan period, and instability were rated. The state of Chhattisgarh, which contributed 30.21 per cent of national production during the XI plan period, decreased during the XII plan to 16.03%. During the XII plan, there is a 39.49 per cent reduction in the mean value. The negative growth rate recorded during the XI plan of 25.17 per cent decreased to 4.32 per cent during XII plan. The district-related percentage change in the mean from the XI to the XII plan showed that only the Bastar district recorded an increase of 39.18 per cent. The mean value decreased in the rest of the districts. Highest decline was recorded in Rajnandgaon (-72.23 %) followed by Raipur (-57.06%), Korba (-46.55%), Dhamtari (-41.97%), Bilaspur (-40.06%), Bastar (-39.18%), Durg (-34.05%), Kanker (-28.89 %), Janjgir- Champa (-22.44 %), Mahasamund (-17.61%), and Surguja district (-7.65%). In respect of instability in production during the XII plan, only Bastar and Janjgir districts recorded lower instability than states record of 14.85 per cent. Crop wise lac production data for different lac growing districts were also analyzed to assess major suffered districts during XI and XII plan periods in Chhattisgarh.

Efficacy and Economics of Certain Insecticides and Neem oil against Tomato Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Tomato

A field trail was carried out at P. Kothapalli village in Ananthpur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, in Randomised Block Design, each replicated thrice during the kharif season of 2021. Two applications were used against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and the results revealed that the highest incremental per cent reduction of larvae was recorded in the plot treated with T6 Indoxacarb 14.5% SC (48.47) which was at par with T4 Spinosad 45%SC (42.24), T2 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (33.7), T3 Chlorantranilprole 18.5%SC (33.17), T1 Flubendamide 480 %SC (30.89), T7 Fipronil 5%SC (29.42) and T5 Neem oil 4% (25.06) is found to be least affective than all other treatments. Cost benefit ratio were found highest in Indoxacarb 14.5% SC (1:12.6), followed by Spinosad (1:11.7), Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (1:9.85), Chlorantranilprole 18.5%SC (1:9.82) Flubendiamide 480 SC (1:8.7), Fipronil 5% SC (1:6.7), Neem oil 4℅ EC (1:7.9) as compared to control T0 (1:5.06).

Evaluation of Synthetics and Eco-friendly Products against Tetranychus urticae Koch on Cucumber

Tetranychus urticae Koch, is known as a two-spotted spider mite and the most obtrusive polyphagous non-insect pest that causes havoc on horticultural crops. Cucumber cultivation is threatened by a variety of pest infestations, among which two-spotted spider mites cause the most damage to the crop. The efficiency of six different chemical acaricides against T. urticae in cucumber grown in polyhouse was examined. The results of the acaricide evaluation trial revealed that, the cumulative mean mite population recorded was the least 3.82 nos/ 2 cm2 leaf with 76.81 percent reduction in mite population observed in plot sprayed with spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.8 ml/lit followed by fenazaquin 10 EC @1.5 ml/lit. with 73.35 percent reduction in mite population (4.39 nos/2 cm2). However, the control plot recorded maximum mite population of 16.48 nos/2 cm2. The results of the eco-friendly management trial revealed that, the cumulative mean mite population was recorded was the least 5.24 nos/ 2 cm2 leaf with 69.97 percent reduction in mite population was observed in plot sprayed with spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.8 ml/lit followed by fenazaquin 10 EC @1.5 ml/lit. (6.09 nos/2 cm2) with 65.13 per cent reduction, azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 2 ml/ lit. with 66.82 percent reduction in mite population (6.14 nos/2 cm2).

Efficacy of talc-based formulation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (MZ749636) against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch

Tetranychus urticae is one of the most important and destructive mite species infesting the vegetable crops, which is very important to control because of its wide host range. The damage caused by the two spotted spider mite can be eliminated by using entomopathogenic fungi, as the acaricidal control causes various problems such as resistance, resurgence and residue problems. Therefore, the present study was carried out with a view to evaluate the efficacy of the talc-based formulation of Beauveria bassiana (MZ749636) under pot-culture conditions against two spotted spider mite (TSSM), T. urticae in potted bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus) plants, in comparison with fenazaquin 10 EC @ 1.5ml/l, azadirachtin 3000 ppm @ 2ml/l and crude formulation of B. bassiana, MZ749636 @ 1 x 108 conidia/ml. After two rounds of spraying at fortnight intervals, the talc- formulation of B. bassiana, MZ749636 resulted in 62.83 per cent cumulative reduction of TSSM over the control. However, fenazaquin 10 EC @1.5 ml/l recorded the maximum cumulative mortality of 80.07 per cent, followed by azadirachtin 3000 ppm @ 2ml/l, which recorded a cumulative mortality per cent of 71.06 per cent. Crude formulation of B. bassiana recorded 58.12 per cent reduction of TSSM over the control after two rounds of spraying. This was the first study that attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the talc formulation of the B. bassiana (MZ749636) isolate against TSSM.

Varicose veins treatment in England: population-based study of time trends and disparities related to demographic, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographical factors.

BackgroundVaricose vein (VV) treatments have changed significantly in recent years leading to potential disparities in service provision. The aim of this study was to examine the trends in VV treatment in England and to identify disparities in the provision of day-case and inpatient treatments related to deprivation, ethnicity, and other demographic, and geographical factors.MethodA population-based study using linked hospital episode statistics for England categorized VV procedures and compared population rates and procedure characteristics by ethnicity, deprivation quintile, and geographical area.ResultsA total of 311 936 people had 389 592 VV procedures between 2006/07 and 2017/18, with a further 63 276 procedures between 2018/19 and 2020/21. Procedure rates have reduced in all but the oldest age groups, whereas endovenous procedures have risen to more than 60 per cent of the total in recent years. In younger age groups there was a 20–30 per cent reduction in procedure rates for the least-deprived compared with the most-deprived quintiles. Non-white ethnicity was associated with lower procedure rates. Large regional and local differences were identified in standardized rates of VV procedures. In the most recent 5-year interval, the North-East region had a three-fold higher rate than the South-East region with evidence of greater variation between commissioners in overall rates, the proportion of endovenous procedures, and policies regarding bilateral treatments.ConclusionsThere are substantial geographical variations in the provision of treatment for VVs, which are not explained by demographic differences. These have persisted, despite the publication of guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and many commissioners, and providers would seem to implement policies that are contrary to this guidance. Lower rates of procedures in less-deprived areas may reflect treatments carried out in private practice, which are not included in these data.