Cent Of Females Research Articles

Spontaneous Apoptosis of the Lymphocytes in Cord Blood of Late Preterm Newborns

Background/Aims: Apoptosis plays an important role in shaping the repertoire of lymphocytes and in regulating the size of the mature lymphocyte pool. The best-defined regulators of apoptosis in T cells are members of the Fas and Bcl families. Fas/FasL pathway is critically involved in the elimination of mature, self-reactive lymphocytes. Bcl-2 protein is important for lymphocyte survival in response to growth factors and various activating stimuli. We have compared the role of CD4+, CD8+, Fas, FasL and Bcl-2 in spontaneous apoptosis of T lymphocytes from cord blood and tested there is or not relation to gender.Patients and Methods: We have introduced 28 late preterm newborns to our studies, 15 females and 13 males. Blood was collected from umbilical artery immediately after cutting cord. We have determined the following parameters: the per cent of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, the Fas and FasL phenotype and Bcl-2 using flow cytometer Coulter PC 500, Krefeld, Germany.Results: We have found the increase per cent of CD4+ in females 56.10 %, in relation to males 38.15 %. The same per cent was found for CD8+ in both gender: 19.60 % females, 17.35 % males.The antigen Fas (CD95) was more expressed in females: on CD4+ 12.80 %, CD8+ 8.15 %, in comparison to males: CD4+ 9.89 %, CD8+ 6.06 %. FasL (CD95L) was lower per cent in females: both on CD4+ 6.92 %, CD8+ 5.68 %, in relation to males: CD4+ 8.94 %, CD8+ 7.04 %. Bcl-2 was a little lower in females on CD4+ 96.9 % and evidently lower on CD8+ 79.14%. In males we noted on CD4+ 97.40% and on CD8+ 93.01 %. Summarizing our findings we can underline T lymphocytes in females are more activated, what indicate Fas. Inhibitor of apoptosis Bcl-2 is less expressed in females, in comparison to males lymphocytes.Conclusion: Our preliminary results seems to indicate spontaneous apoptosis of T lymphocytes is more expressed in female newborns.Table ISpontaneous apoptosis of the T lymphocytes in cord blood of late preterm newborns.NGenderLymphocyte T%Fas %FasL %Bcl-2 %15 FemaleCD4+56.1012.806.9296.9013 Male38.15 9.898.9497.4015 FemaleCD8+19.60 8.155.6879.1413 Male17.35 6.067.0493.01 DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Study on menstrual and fertility related problems among hypothyroid women

Thyroid is an endocrine gland located below the larynx. The principal thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T 4 ) and tri-iodothyroxine (T 3 ). The current study was carried out to investigate the menstrual and fertility problems among hypothyroid women. Out of 28 hypothyroid women (22.22%) subjects had suffered from complications related to pregnancy like miscarriages, 3.57 per cent hypothyroid females suffered from infertility and 44.44 per cent hypothyroid subjects complained irregular and painful menstruation. While among normal female subjects 28.57 per cent females reported irregular and painful menstrual cycle. Significant positive correlation of menstrual and fertility related problems was found with hypothyroidism.

Cold Storage of Pupae of Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its Effect on Key Biological Characters

Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a solitary nymphal endoparasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), an important pest of cotton in Haryana. The present study on the effect of cold storage on some biological characteristics of A. bambawalei was carried out by storing one-day-old mummies of P. solenopsis (i.e. parasitoid in pupal stage) for 1 to 8 weeks at four storage temperatures viz., 5, 10, 15 and 20°C at 75 per cent relative humidity. Emergence of the parasitoid adults from mummies occurred within first week during storage at 20°C, hence, this temperature was judged unsuitable for cold storage. The parasitoid A. bambawalei could be stored for one week at 5°C and for two weeks each at 10 and 15°C, without any significant effect on emergence, longevity, fecundity and per cent females emerging in F 1 progeny. At the above mentioned temperatures and durations these biological parameters of the parasitoid were comparable with the emergence (100%), longevity (19.60 and 33.20 days for males and females, respectively), fecundity (24.60 mealybugs parasitized per female in five days) and per cent females emerging in F1 progeny (63.12%) recorded in the control (27°C).

Burnout and engagement, and its predictors in young veterinary professionals: the influence of gender

With the aim to assess levels of burnout and work engagement in junior veterinarians and identify predictors of burnout and work engagement in male and female veterinarians, 1760 veterinarians who...

Measuring potential predictors of burnout and engagement among young veterinary professionals; construction of a customised questionnaire (the Vet-DRQ)

The Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R model) was used as the theoretical basis of a tailormade questionnaire to measure the psychosocial work environment and personal resources of recently graduated veterinary professionals....

The prevalence and distribution of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in Kasese district, Uganda : cardiovascular topics

To date there has been no population-based survey of the major risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Uganda. Hospital-based data from urban centres report an increasing burden of NCDs in Uganda. This population-based survey aimed to describe the prevalence of risk factors for NCDs in a rural Ugandan district. The survey was conducted using the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of non-communicable diseases (STEPS) methodology. Participants (n = 611) were residents of the Kasese district selected in a one-step, complete survey of a rural district. Standardised international protocols were used to record history of disease, and measure behavioural risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity), physical characteristics [weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure (BP)], fasting blood glucose (BG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels. Data were analysed using simple descriptive analysis. In this sample, the prevalence of hypertension (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) was 22.1% for men and 20.5% for women. Fifteen per cent of men and 16.8% of women were overweight [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m(2)] and 4.9% of men and 9.0% of women were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)). Nine per cent of participants were diabetic, 7.2% ate five or more combined servings of fruit per day while only 1.2% ate five or more combined servings of vegetables per day. Fifty-one per cent of the population were physically inactive and 9.6% were daily smokers. Thirty-one per cent of females had fasting blood sugar levels (FBS) ≥ 6.1 mmol/l while 10% of males had FBS > 6.1 mmol/l. This study presents evidence on the magnitude of NCDs, their risk factors and gender distribution in a rural population in Uganda, a poor country in east-central Africa. These data, when combined with urban population data, could be useful in the formulation and advocacy of NCD policy and plans of action in Uganda.

Pulmonic ingressive speech in Shetland English

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a study of pulmonic ingressive speech, a severely understudied phenomenon within varieties of English. While ingressive speech has been reported for several parts of the British Isles, New England, and eastern Canada, thus far Newfoundland appears to be the only locality where researchers have managed to provide substantial evidence from audio recordings. The present investigation is based on a digital speech corpus consisting of over 40 hours of interviews, recorded between 1980 and 1985 throughout the entire Shetland archipelago, including the most remote isles; speech samples from 49 men and 47 women are included in the corpus. Ingressive speech was found throughout the Shetland Isles, and occurred on discourse particles representing ‘yes’ and ‘no’ responses, such as ‘yeah’, ‘aye’, ‘no’, and ‘mmm’. It was attested for 27 per cent of males and 32 per cent of females, although significantly more tokens were contributed by females. Both voiced and voiceless ingressives were encountered, which revealed further clues to potential gender marking: 72 per cent of all tokens from males were voiceless, and 65 per cent of tokens from females were voiced. While the paper provides firm evidence for ingressive speech in Shetland, it also discusses recent observations indicative of a decline in ingressive speech within the isles.

In patients with metastatic cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to cervical lymph nodes, the extent of neck dissection does not influence outcome

This study aimed to compare recurrence and survival in patients undergoing either selective neck dissection or modified radical neck dissection to treat metastatic cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to the cervical lymph nodes (levels I-V) only. Twenty-eight year, retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database from a tertiary referral hospital, with a minimum follow up of two years. There were 122 eligible patients: 96 males (79 per cent) and 26 (21 per cent) females (median age, 66 years). Sixty-six patients (54 per cent) underwent selective neck dissection and 56 (46 per cent) modified radical neck dissection. The former patients had a lower rate of regional recurrence compared with the latter (17 vs 23 per cent, respectively). There was no significant difference in five-year overall survival (61 vs 57 per cent, respectively) or five-year disease-free survival (74 vs 60 per cent, respectively), comparing the two groups. Overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly improved by the addition of adjuvant radiotherapy. We found no difference in outcome in patients undergoing selective versus modified radical neck dissection. Adjuvant radiotherapy significantly improved outcome.

Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences in a University Population: Associations with Use of Social Services

This paper is part of a series published by the Multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences research group based at Queen's University Belfast. First-year undergraduates took part in an online survey, self-reporting on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and measures of social service contact. The ten-item ACE questionnaire measures abuse, neglect and household dysfunction (current sample α = 0.711). The study achieved a response rate of 18.6 per cent (N = 765; 552 (72.7 per cent) females and 212 (27.2 per cent) males, 21.8 per cent reporting having been educated at a 'Protestant' school, 42 per cent reporting having been educated at a 'Catholic' school and 20.4 per cent reporting previous school religious affiliation as 'other'). Despite obvious non-response bias, ACE scores for this student population are comparable with college-educated populations in the USA. Current respondents with previous social service contact are over twenty-three times more likely than peers to have experienced multiple adversities. FINDINGS support the hypothesis that social service contact, alone, acts as a proxy indicator for the presence of multiple adverse childhood experiences, with no significant elevation in ACE scores for those going through court proceedings or subject to child protection registration. This study supports current concerns by policy makers to target those children experiencing multiple adversities. Language: en

Hazardous drinking.

The World Health Organization Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2011 suggests that, in the UK, 6.42 per cent of males and 1.52 per cent of females over the age of 15 experience alcohol-related injuries, most of which are accidental.

COITAL EXPERIENCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN THREE SOCIAL-EDUCATIONAL GROUPS IN URBAN CHIANG MAI, THAILAND

This article compares coital experience of Chiang Mai 17–20-year-olds who were: (1) out-of-school; (2) studying at vocational schools; and (3) studying at general schools or university. Four-fifths, two-thirds and one-third, respectively, of males in these groups had had intercourse, compared to 53, 62 and 15 per cent of females. The gender difference for general school/university students, but not vocational school students, probably reflects HIV/AIDS refocusing male sexual initiation away from commercial sex workers. Vocational school females may have been disproportionately affected. Loss of virginity was associated, for both sexes, with social-educational background and lifestyle, and was less likely in certain minority ethnic groups. Among males, it was also associated with age and parental marital dissolution, and among females, with independent living and parental disharmony. Within social-educational groups, lifestyle variables dominated, but among general school/university students, parental marital dissolution (for males) and disharmony (for females) were also important, and Chinese ethnicity deterred male sexual experimentation.

Turtle mating patterns buffer against disruptive effects of climate change.

For organisms with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), skewed offspring sex ratios are common. However, climate warming poses the unique threat of producing extreme sex ratio biases that could ultimately lead to population extinctions. In marine turtles, highly female-skewed hatchling sex ratios already occur and predicted increases in global temperatures are expected to exacerbate this trend, unless species can adapt. However, it is not known whether offspring sex ratios persist into adulthood, or whether variation in male mating success intensifies the impact of a shortage of males on effective population size. Here, we use parentage analysis to show that in a rookery of the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas), despite an offspring sex ratio of 95 per cent females, there were at least 1.4 reproductive males to every breeding female. Our results suggest that male reproductive intervals may be shorter than the 2-4 years typical for females, and/or that males move between aggregations of receptive females, an inference supported by our satellite tracking, which shows that male turtles may visit multiple rookeries. We suggest that male mating patterns have the potential to buffer the disruptive effects of climate change on marine turtle populations, many of which are already seriously threatened.

Estimating adult mortality in Zambia usinginformation on survival of parents from surveys

The aim of this study is to derive estimates of level of and trend in adult mortality in Zambia. To do this the study applies the standard orphanhood method to the data on survivorship of parents from various Zambia Demographic and Health and Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys to estimate 10q25 and 15q25 for females; and 10q35 for males, and hence, the probability of a 15 year old dying before age 60 (45q15). The study finds that the orphanhood method captures some of the trend but fails to provide definitive estimates of mortality. The levels of female adult mortality between ages 25 and 35 years have remained constant at about 15 per cent from the mid-1990s. The female mortality rate between ages 25 and 40 years has also remained constant, at between 20 per cent and 25 per cent since 2000. Adult male mortality between ages 35 and 45 years increased in the mid-1990s and has remained between 20 per cent and 25 per cent from the late 1990s to late 2000s. Adult mortality, 45q15, for both males and females, has increased over time and has stabilised at about 60 per cent for males and 50 per cent for females. These adult mortality rates are comparable to estimates from other sources.

Osteoporosis assessment tool for Sunderland city hospitals

Abstract Focal points

Concurrent sexual partnerships among youth in urban Kenya: Prevalence and partnership effects

Research on concurrent sexual partnerships is hindered by lack of accurate partnership data. Using unique life-history calendar data from a population-based sample of youths aged 18–24 in urban Kenya, we estimated the prevalence and correlates of concurrency. In the sixth month before the survey, 3.5 per cent of females and 4.0 per cent of males were engaged in concurrent sexual partnerships. In the previous 9.5 years, males experienced more concurrent partnerships than females and they were of shorter duration. Using survival analysis, we find that the characteristics of initial partnerships affect entry into a second (concurrent) relationship. For females, geographic separation from a partner increases the risk of concurrency, while concurrency is positively associated with the duration of the initial relationship for males. For both sexes, the perception of partner infidelity increases the risk, suggesting that concurrency expands individuals' sexual networks and bridges additional networks involving partners’ other sexual partners.

An audit of sexual health awareness in cystic fibrosis patients: Abstract G120 Table 1

Aim The authors’ aim is to improve the sexual health education given to paediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. As part of this, the authors assessed the effectiveness of the current service by questioning the adult CF patients to establish their level of understanding of sexual health issues in relation to CF. They were also asked at what age they felt it appropriate to discuss sexual health and family planning, who should be involved in this discussion and whether it should become part of their routine care. Method All adult patients attending a regional CF centre were asked to complete a confidential questionnaire in the presence of the auditor or by post. The questionnaire contained 30 questions covering issues related to sexual health. Results 31 patients completed questionnaires, 15 females and 16 males. When asked at what age sexual health should be introduced the females answered 10 to 16 years and the males answered puberty to 18 years. Seventy three percent of females and 75% of males thought that it was the responsibility of the CF team to educate patients on these issues. Eighty per cent of females thought sexual health should become part of routine care compared to 38% of males. Conclusion This audit has highlighted a general lack of understanding of the impact of CF on reproductive health. The CF team needs to take responsibility in the education of patients and their parents about sexual health and family planning. It should become part of routine care and start at an age appropriate for the patient. The discussions should involve a member of the CF team with whom the patient has a trusting relationship.

Parasitising Efficiency of the Pupal Parasitoid, Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) at Different Exposure Periods

Pupae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) were exposed to one-day-old mated females of Tetrastichus howard (OlIifO) for different periods to determine optimum period of exposure for laboratory production. The percentage parasitism varied significantly from 20 to 80 with different exposure periods. The number of parasitoids obtained per pupa (138.0) and females (71 %) were significantly higher when pupae were exposure for 12 hours and it decreased significantly on increasing exposure period. Though the per cent parasitism was vlry low when the pupae were exposed for 12 hours, the number of parasitoids obtained/ 100 pupae was highest (2760). However, considering progeny production and per cent females obtained, 12 hours exposure period is most suitable for avoiding superparasitism in the lahoratory production of the parasitoid.

Peri-operative use of dexmedetomidine in airway reconstruction surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea

To evaluate the peri-operative usefulness of dexmedetomidine in obstructive sleep apnoea surgery. In a clinical audit, patients were divided into a study group (dexmedetomidine used; n = 125; 82.9 per cent males, 17.1 per cent females; mean age 48.1 years) and a control group (dexmedetomidine not used; n = 143; 85.5 per cent males, 14.5 per cent females; mean age 47.4 years). The selected outcome measures were mean arterial pressure, use of anti-hypertensives and use of opioids. Mean arterial pressure was stable (i.e. below 100 mmHg) in 93.3 per cent of the study group and 72.0 per cent of the control group (relative risk 1.30, 95 per cent confidence interval 1.14-1.47). The use of glyceryl trinitrate and hydralazine was significantly less in the study group, compared with controls (p = 0.005 and <0.001, respectively). Study group patients underwent more procedures than control patients (p < 0.001) and were more likely to require morphine. No difference was noted in the median dose of opioids. Dexmedetomidine improves haemodynamic stability in patients undergoing surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea. It is reliable and reduces the need for polypharmacy. Its opioid-sparing action has been established in the literature; however, this was not demonstrated in our study.

Prevalence of hypodontia in orthodontic patients in Brasilia, Brazil

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of hypodontia and associated dental anomalies in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in Brasília, Brazil, over a 2 year period (1998-2000). The records of 1049 orthodontic patients between 10 and 15.7 years of age (507 males and 542 females) from 16 orthodontic clinics were analysed. Descriptive statistics were performed for the study variables. A chi-square test was used to determine the difference in the prevalence of hypodontia between genders. The prevalence of hypodontia was 6.3 per cent (39.4 per cent males and 60.6 per cent females) with no statistically significant difference between the genders. One case of oligodontia was observed. The maxillary lateral incisor was the most frequently missing tooth, followed by the mandibular second premolar. All cases of hypodontia, except one, were associated with at least one other dental anomaly. These associated dental anomalies were retained primary teeth (30.3 per cent), ectopic canine eruption (25.8 per cent), taurodontism (21.2 per cent), and peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors (16.7 per cent).

Normality of colour vision in a compound heterozygous female carrying protan and deutan defects

Background: Inherited red‐green colour vision defects are quite common, affecting one in 12 males, but are less common in women, affecting about one in 250. Because red‐green defects are X‐linked, nearly 15 per cent of females are heterozygous carriers of red‐green colour deficiency. In addition, about one in 150 females are ‘double carriers’, where both of their X chromosomes have L/M gene arrays encoding a red‐green defect. If a woman carries the same type of colour vision defect on each X‐chromosome, she will be red‐green colour deficient, whereas if she carries opposing defects (protan versus deutan) on each X chromosome, she will have normal colour vision, owing to the process of X‐inactivation. These women are referred to as compound heterozygotes, though very few have been reported. Questions remain about whether the colour vision capacity of these women is comparable to that of ‘normal’ trichromats.Methods: We examined a compound heterozygote carrier of both protanopia and deuteranomaly. We also examined male members of her family representing both forms of red‐green defect carried by the female proband. Complete colour vision testing was done, including Rayleigh matches, pseudoisochromatic plates, unique hue measurements and 100‐Hue tests. Flicker‐photometric ERG estimates of L : M cone ratio were obtained, as were Medmont C100 settings.Results: Genetic analyses provided direct confirmation of compound heterozygosity. The compound heterozygote showed Schmidt's sign, consistent with an extreme skew in her L : M cone ratio and usually associated with protan carrier status.Conclusion: Apart from Schmidt's sign, we found the colour vision of the compound heterozygote to be indistinguishable from that of a normal trichromat.