Cent Of Dry Matter Research Articles

The Effects of Papaya Leaf Extract and Turmeric Extract Inclusion on Total Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Methane Gas Production in Bali Cattle

This research evaluated the effects of papaya leaf and turmeric extract supplementation on the total apparent digestibility of nutrients and methane gas production in Bali cattle. The livestock used were 18 Bali cattle that were distributed into treatment without papaya leaf and turmeric extract supplementation (P0), Supplementation of 0.0075% turmeric extract g/kg live weight/day (P1), and supplementation of 0.00375% turmeric extract per kg live weight per day + 0.00375% papaya leaf extract per kg live weight per day (P2). The basal diets were 60% elephant grass cv. Taiwan (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan) and 40% concentrate. The ration provision was three per cent dry matter of body weight. The observed parameters included feed consumption, feces production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility, crude fat digestibility, crude fibre digestibility, nitrogen-free extract digestibility, and methane gas production. The research results indicated that the treatment did not significantly affect feed consumption (P>0.05) but did affect crude protein digestibility, crude fibre digestibility, nitrogen-free extract digestibility, and methane gas production. This study concludes that the feeding of elephant grass cv. Taiwan (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan), with the addition of papaya leaf extract and turmeric extract, does not have a positive effect on feed consumption and feed digestibility; thus, it cannot suppress methane gas production in livestock.

Relationship of weather parameters and date of showing on vector-borne disease, stem necrosis of potato

Stem necrosis is a hot spot disease caused by Tospovirus, a groundnut bud necrosis virus strain for Rajasthan. The minimum per cent incidence (5.56%) of stem necrosis was recorded with the variety Kufri Sindhuri and Kufri Pushkar (7.69%), while the maximum per cent incidence (24.87%) in Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Bahar (23.75%). Out of three sowing dates, minimum disease incidence was recorded on 3rd planting date. The maximum and minimum temperature was highly significant, with a positive correlation against stem necrosis on the first planting date. A highly significant positive correlation between stem necrosis and the thrips population was detected. The maximum area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) value was found on 1st date of sowing. The 3rd date of sowing produced the maximum number of tubers per plot, marketable yield and total tuber yield (q/ha). However, the maximum per cent dry matter was recorded in K. Sindhuri (22.27%) and K. Pushkar (21.01%). Thus, the experiment results suggested that the variety of Kufri Sindhuri and Kufri Pushkar with planting in the last week of October caused a significant reduction in stem necrosis disease leading to a corresponding increase in tuber yield of potato.

Body condition metrics explain fish movement in experimental streams

AbstractBody condition refers to an array of physiological or nutritious states in animals, but body condition is typically measured using a single metric in animal behavior studies. In this paper, we conducted a three‐day laboratory study to evaluate whether metrics of body condition affected movement of wild‐caught creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) at 16 and 22°C. Movement was counted between two circular tanks connected by a straight corridor, which was equipped with a pair of passive integrated transponder antennas. Fish movement was most frequent during periods of darkness in a simulated photoperiod, and more mobile individuals consistently moved more frequently across the 3 days. In general, individuals in better body condition were more mobile than those in poorer condition, and different metrics of body condition affected movement to different degrees. Specifically, per cent weight loss and dry matter content (ratio of wet versus dehydrated weight) were better predictors of movement than weight‐at‐length, which is most typically used as a surrogate of body condition in animals. In addition, body condition and length interacted to affect fish movement, where body condition affected movement of smaller individuals more significantly than that of larger individuals. Body condition effects on activity were similar at 16 and 22°C. This study demonstrates that body condition metrics may not always affect certain behavior in a similar way. Body condition metrics need to be carefully selected when used in the context of animal behavior, and more than a single metric should be tested when feasible.

Nutrient uptake and Accumulation Patterns in Banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) with respect to Dry Matter Production at Critical Growth Stages

ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to assess the nutrients uptake pattern and partitioning of nutrient in banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) at critical growth stages like 10-leaf stage, 20-leaf stage, shooting stage and harvesting stage. From 10-leaf stage to harvesting, the per cent dry matter (DM) accumulation decreased from 43 to 22 in underground segment and increased from 57 to 78 in above ground segment. The sample was partitioned into root, corm, pseudostem, leaf lamina, petiole, peduncle, bunch and male bud, processed and analyzed for macro and micronutrients at different growth stages. The nutrient accumulation pattern with respect to dry matter production was worked out. To produce 38.8 ton banana per hectare, about 396 kg N, 69 kg P, 1044 kg K, 2.2 kg Cu, 5.3 kg Mn, 4.0 kg Zn and 6.5 kg Fe were taken up by banana cv. Rasthali. About 8 to 51% removal occurred through bunch harvest from the total nutrient uptake from the soil and remaining nutrients accumulated in the residual tissues were quantified and given.

Effects of boron and sulphur application on growth and yield of summer onion

A field experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Farm of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the effects of boron and sulphur on growth and yield of summer onion during the period from February to June, 2017. The experiment consisted of two-factors, Factor A: four levels of boron viz., (i) B0 = 0 kg B ha-1 , (ii) B1 = 0.5 kg B ha-1 , (iii) B2 = 1.0 kg B ha-1 , (iv) B3 = 1.5 kg B ha-1 ; and Factor B: four levels of sulphur, viz., (i) S0 = 0 kg S ha-1 , (ii) S1 = 15 kg S ha-1 , (iii) S2 = 30 kg S ha-1 , (iv) S3 = 45 kg S ha-1 . The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. BARI Piaz-3, a summer onion variety was used as planting material for this experiment. Results of the experiment revealed that B and S alone or in combination significantly influenced all the parameters studied. The highest plant height (28.74 cm at 75 DAT), bulb diameter (2.87 cm), individual weight of bulb (23.06 g), per cent dry matter (8.64) and yield of bulb (11.54 ton ha-1 ) were obtained when B applied at the rate of 1 kg ha-1 and the lowest for these parameters were obtained from the control treatment i.e. 0 kg B ha-1 . On the other hand, the highest plant height (26.84 cm at 75 DAT), bulb diameter (2.84 cm), individual weight of bulb (21.73 g), per cent dry matter (8.28) and yield of bulb (10.88 ton ha-1 ) were obtained when S applied at the rate of 30 kg/ha and the lowest for these parameters were recorded from 0 kg S/ha. Among the treatment combinations, 1.0 kg B ha-1 and 30 kg S ha-1 produced the maximum values for plant height (29.74 cm at 75 DAT), bulb diameter (3.06 cm), individual weight of bulb (25.83 g), per cent dry matter (9.03) and yield of bulb (12.93 ton ha-1 ) while the lowest for these parameters were obtained from the control treatment i.e. without boron and sulphur fertilizers.

Assessing nutrient uptake pattern with respect to dry matter accumulation in Ney Poovan (AB) banana at critical growth stages

A field experiment was conducted to assess the nutrient uptake pattern and partitioning of nutrients in Ney Poovan banana (AB) at critical growth stages like 10-leaf stage, 20-leaf stage, shooting stage and harvesting stage. From 10-leaf stage to harvesting, the per cent dry matter (DM) accumulation decreased from 42 to 16 in underground segment and increased from 58 to 84 in above ground segment. The sample was partitioned into root, corm, pseudostem, leaf lamina, petiole, peduncle, bunch and male bud, processed and analysed for macro and micronutrients at different critical growth stages. The nutrient accumulation pattern, with respect to dry matter production was worked out. To produce 37.5 t banana ha−1, about 444 kg N, 69 kg P, 933 kg K, 2.4 kg Cu, 7.3 kg Mn, 3.4 kg Fe and 5.9 kg Zn were taken up by Ney Poovan banana. About 10 to 52% removal occurred through bunch harvest from the total nutrient uptake from the soil and remaining nutrients accumulated in the residual tissues were available for in situ recycling. The data provided opportunity for proper fertiliser scheduling to achieve optimum yield with higher nutrient use efficiency and nutrient budgeting in banana ecosystem was also done.

Estimation of nutritive value of ghee residue procured from western districts of Tamil Nadu, India

An experiment was conducted to analyse the chemical composition and nutritive value of ghee residue collected from various regions of Tamil Nadu. The per cent dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and Nitrogen Free Extract in ghee residue was 90.61, 24.32, 0.26, 40.69, 4.71 and 30.02, respectively. The calcium, phosphorus and magnesium of ghee residue were 0.58, 0.58 and 0.58 per cent, respectively. The copper, manganese and iron levels in ghee residue were 7.06, 350.57 and 413.62 ppm, respectively. Essential amino acids like lysine and methionine were at lower levels in ghee residue. Fatty acid profile in ghee residue including myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, ecosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and other fatty acids were 12.76, 38.13, 1.73, 12.45, 28.20, 3.81, 0.83, 0.16, 0.63, 0.50, 0.18, and 0.56 per cent, respectively. Oleic acid levels were observed to be higher in ghee residue. Thus, it could be concluded that ghee residue is a rich source of fat and protein and also a rich source of unsaturated fatty acid and oleic acid. Further in vivo trials are needed to find the digestibility and inclusion levels in mongastrics.

Effect of salinity on germination and seedling growth of green gram varieties

Salinity tolerance is one of the important abiotic stresses that damages crop growth. In order to study the effect of saline on germination and seedling attributes, four cultivated varieties of greengram were subjected with five levels of salinity viz., 0, 4, 8 and 12 ds/m. Genotypic variation was observed for germination and seedling characters among the varieties. The experimental results revealed that with increase in salinity levels, greater reduction was observed for all the parameters. Germination per cent, seedling length, shoot, root and total dry matter production, seed vigour and salt tolerance index were found reduced in all the varieties studied with more reduction at higher salinity (12 ds/m) level rather than other lower salinity levels and shoot root ratio was found increased with increase in salinity.

Relative efficacy of different herbicides on Echinochloa accessions

The experiment was conducted in pots to study the effect of five herbicides on different Echinochloa accessions during the year 2014. Six ecotypes viz., E. glabrescens (HAU Farm), E. colona/crusgalli (Ahrewan, Fatehabad), E. crusgalli (Majden, Sirsa), E. colona/crusgalli (Beri Akbarpur, Uklana), E. colona/crusgalli (Chamarkhera, Uklana) and E.glabrescens (Mundhal, Hansi) were sprayed at different days after sowing. Butachlor (1500 g/ha) and pretilachlor (1000 g/ha) were sprayed at three days after sowing (DAS). Recommended doses of herbicides i. e. bispyribac sodium (25 g/ha), penoxsulam (22.5 g/ha) and cyhalofop-butyl (120 g/ha) were sprayed at 25 DAS. Sampling was made after 30 DAS. Hebicides butachlor (1500 g/ha) and pretilachlor (1000 g/ha) were used as preemergence and no germination was observed 30 DAS except control. Mortality increased with increasing doses of different herbicides. Except E. glabrescens (HAU Farm-79.5%) and E. colona/crusgalli (Ahrewan, Fatehabad-80.9%), 100% mortality was noticed in all the accessions at RD of penoxulum, whereas 45–95% mortality was seen in all the ecotypes at RD of bispyribac sodium but 100% mortality was observed in all the accessions of Echinochloa at RD of cyhalofop butyl. Reversibly, dry matter decreased with increasing doses of herbicides (RD of penoxsulam-22.5 g/ha, bispyribac sodium-25 g/ha and cyhalofop butyl-120 g/ha) in all the accessions. Maximum per cent decline was noticed in E.colona/crusgalli (15.1%) (Ahrewan, Fatehabad), E. colona/crusgalli (6.1%) (Ahrewan, Fatehabad) and E. colona/crusgalli (Beri Akbarpur, Uklana) at recommended doses of penoxsulam, bispyribac sodium and cyhalofop butyl, respectively, over their respective control. Conclusively, maximum efficacy was shown by cyhalofob butyl on the basis of per cent mortality and dry matter accumulation in different accessions.

Impact of water-soaking on the nutrient composition of UK hays

EQUINE metabolic syndrome (EMS), defined as obesity, insulin resistance and an increased risk of laminitis, is becoming increasingly recognised as an important condition with serious welfare implications (Frank and others...

Can summer-active perennial species improve pasture nutritive value and sward stability?

Although generally well adapted and productive, the summer-dormant perennial pastures of southern Australia do not provide a year-round, high nutritive value feed base, they fail to respond to summer rainfall, and they are inefficient in using stored soil water, which can contribute to dryland salinity. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that deep-rooted, summer-active perennial pasture species, matched to soil type, can be grown successfully in southern Australia to increase pasture and animal productivity and to provide high quality feed in summer–autumn. Specifically, the experiment compared a traditional perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pasture system with two systems based on summer-active species: the triple system with lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh), and the novel system with chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov). The experiment incorporated three livestock systems (two sheep and one cattle) and took into account the three main soil types occurring on the DPI Hamilton research farm. After 4 years the perennial ryegrass, lucerne, and tall fescue components were all persisting well and providing feed with high nutritive value (all with frequency scores >70% in the last year of the experiment). The chicory and kikuyu pastures declined over the life of the experiment and were contributing little at the end (frequency scores <15% in the final year). Lucerne, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass cv. Banquet were able to respond to summer rainfall events to provide valuable, high-quality feed at a time when the quality of perennial ryegrass pasture is normally at its lowest; April 2007 crude protein per cent dry matter values were Avalon perennial ryegrass 16.6, Fitzroy perennial ryegrass 15.6, kikuyu 24.2, lucerne 25.8, and tall fescue 20.3 following a 98 mm rainfall event in late January 2007. This study has shown that the triple and ryegrass systems were persistent and of high nutritive value, with the sown perennial species contributing the majority of the sward dry matter during the growing season.

Effects of variable protein and lipid proportion in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) diets on fillet structure and quality

Juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were fed with seven experimental diets containing different proportions of protein and lipid (P/L): 38/29, 41/26, 44/25, 47/23, 50/22, 54/21 and 57/20 per cent of dry matter, respectively. After 12 weeks, fish fed on diet 38/29 (P/L) showed the lowest food efficiency and final weight. A correlation between the hepatosomatic index and fat content in the diets was observed, together with a decrease in muscle glycogen in animals fed with a 38/29 (P/L) diet. Whilst no statistical differences were found in flesh texture, a clear relationship was observed between elasticity and fibre density. Fillet Chroma was altered in the animals fed with the 38/29 (P/L) diet. The same group showed a decrease in hepatic growth factor receptor (c-met) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in white muscle. Protein content in the diets correlated with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in muscle. In conclusion, we have shown that the substitution of protein by lipid in sea bream diets can be performed up to a certain percentage without affecting fish growth, and we have demonstrated that several molecules such as MyoD, mTOR, PCNA and c-met are affected by the dietary ratio of protein to lipid and could be potential flesh quality markers.

Growth response of six weed species and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) to increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus

SummaryA glasshouse experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth of six common weed species growing alone or in competition with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Chenopodium album, Papaver rhoeas, Sinapis arvensis, Spergula arvensis, Viola arvensis and spring barley were grown in pots with different levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha−1) or phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 kg P ha−1). The aboveground parts of the plants were harvested after 7 weeks and the dry weight of shoots, percentage N and P content of the shoot and uptake of N and P were determined. A linear or a polynomial model was used to describe the data. Growing alone, Spergula arvensis was the only weed species that increased its dry weight at the same rate as barley. Weed species with low dry weight increase had larger increases in percentage N or P content than barley, indicating a luxury accumulation of nutrients. The uptake of N and P per pot did not differ much between weeds and barley. V. arvensis and P. rhoeas accumulated least nutrients (per cent of dry matter) and Spergula arvensis accumulated most. Weeds grew poorly in competition with barley. The percentage N and P content in barley did not change when they grew in competition with weeds.

Varietal Differences in Development of Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings on Compacted Soils

Differences among open‐pollinated tropical maize (Zea mays L.) varieties in seedling development and establishment on compacted soils were studied. Soil dry density was used as an index of compaction. Three soil compaction levels and 12 traits associated with development and establishment of maize seedlings were investigated. A control (without compaction) was also included. Varietal differences were observed for most traits measured. Genetic differences for seedling development on compacted soil were detected. Varietal differences contributed about three times the contribution of compaction to total variability in the traits. Better seedling development and performance were obtained in moderately compacted soil than in the control. Shoot length, shoot dry weight and per cent dry matter in roots were good indicators of the tolerance of maize seedlings to compaction. A physiological strategy for maize seedling establishment on compacted soil was proposed. The implications of the results for seed testing were also highlighted. It was concluded that consideration should be given to the genotype of maize destined for use in ecologies prone to high soil densities. All varieties of maize grown in an agroecological zone could be screened to identify genotypes tolerant of higher soil densities. The seeds could then be multiplied and distributed to farmers.

Factor for Estimating Nitrogen Contribution of Cowpea as a Cover Crop

The nitrogen contribution of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] above‐ground biomass was estimated using the per cent nitrogen and per cent dry matter of 24 cowpea entries. Cowpea growth stage was assigned a maturity index, and an ‘N factor’ was calculated. Results for this species‐specific ‘N factor’ ranged from 12.5 at the vegetative stage to 13.5 at the reproductive stage. Using the ‘rule of 16’ as developed for sampling the fresh biomass of other legume cover crops, the amount of nitrogen contributed by cowpeas can be estimated by using an average ‘N factor’ of 13.

Influence of wilting time on silage compositional quality and microbiology

Wilting grass before ensiling has become a firmly established practice, since it provides economic advantages due to the increment of the dry matter content of the forage before ensiling. Most forage crops contain less than 20 per cent of dry matter when they are cut thus reduction of the weight of crop to be transported provides advantages (Gordon et al., 1999). Also, research has shown that such practices yield improved and reduced effluent loss from the silo and higher feeding value of the silage. Wilting of grass prior to ensiling has been widely adopted as a means of reducing effluents produced and improving the fermentation quality of silage. The aim of this research was to assess the effect of differing wilting periods and silage moisture levels of silage quality and microbial growth levels.

The influence of sugar-beet fibre, guar gum and inulin on nutrient digestibility, water consumption and plasma metabolites in healthy Beagle dogs

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of three fibres (sugar-beet fibre, guar gum and inulin) incorporated in the basal diet of healthy dogs at 7 per cent of dry matter ( dm). Parameters examined included stool output, water consumption, nutrient digestibility and fasting and postprandial plasma metabolites. All fibres increased wet faecal output; an increase in faecal DM output being observed with sugar-beet fibre only. Sugar-beet fibre and inulin increased daily water consumption. Sugar-beet fibre and guar gum decreased DM digestibility. The three fibres diminished organic matter and crude protein digestibility while ether extract digestibility was decreased by guar gum and inulin. Guar gum induced lower postprandial insulin, α-amino-nitrogen and urea plasma concentrations. Guar gum also lowered fasting cholesterolaemia. Sugar-beet fibre and inulin showed no metabolic effects. These physiological properties suggest that guar gum would be a suitable ingredient for dietary therapy of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidaemia in the dog.

Tissue indicators of element status in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ) post-smolts: effect of fasting

Two groups of Atlantic salmon post-smolts previously fed diets either unsupplemented or supplemented with Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn were fasted for 6 weeks in order to study the reliability of tissue indicators of element status during fasting. The fish were weighed at 2-week intervals and samples of whole fish liver, vertebrae, serum and eyes were taken for analyses of elements by atomic absorption spectrometry. Body weight, per cent dry matter, condition factor and haematocrit values decreased during the fasting period. The concentration of elements in whole body remained constant, indicating that whole body is a stable indicator of element status during fasting. Other tissues seemed to be more sensitive (i.e. hepatic Fe concentration and vertebrae Zn and Mn concentrations). The serum concentrations of the elements generally decreased during fasting, especially for P and Zn. Element concentrations in whole body and most tissues during fasting were generally more dependent upon initial element status than on the fasting itself. Care should be taken in drawing conclusions about the element status of fish based solely upon the examination of serum concentrations, and more than one tissue indicator should be used in the establishment of the element status of fish.

Effects of plant products and edible oils against rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Stainton in stored groundnuts

A range of plant products was tested for efficacy in protecting stored groundnuts against the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. They were evaluated on the basis of per cent dry matter loss, per cent damaged kernels and pods, and the number of adults emerging from samples infested with larvae or exposed to oviposition. All the plant products and edible oils afforded some protection. However, nochi leaf powder, neem leaf powder and neem oil were most effective followed by neem kernel powder.

Avoidance of degradation of alpine pasture through grazing management: Investigations of change in vegetation nutrition characteristics as a consequence of sheep grazing at different periods of the growing season

AbstractThe maintenance of animal husbandry in mountain areas can prevent the general degradation of the landscape due to the disuse of pastures and meadows. This study investigated the changes over the productive season of the nutritional characteristics of an Alpine pasture with the objective of maintaining grazing sheep fed only on the available herbage.Four homogeneous areas of an Alpine pasture located in northeast Italy were cut at the end of June, July, August, and September, simulating different grazing periods by the animals. the herbage was sampled to estimate the botanical and chemical composition and fed to four Lamon breed wethers (76‐5 kg average bodyweight) measuring voluntary intake, digestibility and energy value. the botanical composition of the pasture changed as the vegetative season advanced, with a progressive increase in grass species. the protein content decreased from 16‐3 per cent dry matter in the first grazing period, to 9‐6, 9‐9 and 7‐9 per cent, respectively, in the following, while the neutral detergent fibre increased from 62‐1 per cent in the first period to 78‐4, 77‐7 and 79‐4 per cent in July, August, and September, respectively.The nutritional evaluation of the forage material was carried out using four Lamon wethers housed in single metabolic cages. the voluntary intake of herbage was 1151 g d−1 at the end of June, decreasing significantly to values below the recommended requirement for maintenance in the subsequent periods of the study. No selectivity was observed for specific botanical species. the in vivo digestibility of the herbage was lowered by the delay in the use of the pasture and the resulting energy intake met the recommended maintenance requirements for grazing only in the earlier period of pasture consumption. the late use of the pasture and the corresponding underfeeding of the animals would necessitate a feed supplementation to limit excessive loss of bodyweight. the conclusion is that the objective of maintaining grazing animals in mountain areas without any supplementation can be carried out exclusively by adopting an efficient grazing management able to provide good quality pasture throughout the vegetative season.