Cent Of Body Weight Research Articles

Lead-induced adverse effects on the reproductive system of rats with particular reference to histopathological changes in uterus.

Objectives:This study was undertaken to elucidate the adverse effect of lead on female reproductive system following in vivo exposure in rats.Materials and Methods:Animals of Group II, III and IV received lead acetate in drinking water (30, 100 and 300 ppm, respectively) for 28 days whereas Group I served as control. Lead levels in digested blood and bone samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results:Marked and a significant decrease in per cent body weight gain was observed in rats of Group IV and III, respectively, compared to that in the control group. Relative uterine weights were found to decrease by 27% in Group III and IV compared to control and low dose lead treated (30 ppm) rats. Lead levels were found to increase in a linear manner in blood along with a marked increase in bone levels in 100 ppm exposure group while there was a decrease in both the blood and bones levels at 300 ppm exposure. Compared to plasma progesterone levels in rats of the control group, a nonsignificant (12.46–21.13%) reduction in plasma progesterone were observed in different lead-treated groups. No apparent gross pathological lesions were observed in any of the vital organs, including uterus. However, histopathological examination of uteri of different groups revealed lead-induced dose-dependent inflammatory changes, which were characterized by thickening of the endometrium, narrowing of uterine lumen, damage to endometrial glands and vacuolar degeneration in endometrial epithelial cells.Conclusion:Findings of this study suggest lead-induced pathophysiological alterations in myometrium, which in turn may affect the reproductive efficiency of animals.

Schoolbag weight carriage by primary school pupils

School children usually use a backpack to carry their school materials. Carrying heavy schoolbags exceeding the recommended limit may have negative health implications. To investigate the weight of schoolbags carried by primary school pupils (aged 7-9 years) in Grades 1-3 and determine how many pupils carry backpacks in excess of the recommended limit of 10 per cent of body weight (%BW). A comparison of the schoolbag weight carried by male and female pupils will also be performed. One hundred and eight healthy pupils chosen at random from two participating schools from south-west Poland; 54 male and 54 female. The personal body weight scale was used for measuring the weight. The height and weight of each participating pupil was measured, and the schoolbag weight of every participant checked over five consecutive days, from Monday to Friday. The mean schoolbag weight of Grade 1 pupils was 3.23 kg, (i.e.13.1%BW); of Grade 2 pupils, 3.61 kg (i.e.12.9%BW) and of Grade 3 pupils 3.37 kg (i.e. 11.1%BW). 78.3% of Grade 1 pupils, 43.3% of Grade 2 pupils and 40.0% of Grade 3 pupils carried backpacks exceeding 10%BW. There were no statistically significant differences between the mean schoolbag weight of males and females in particular school grades.

Clinical and biochemical consequences of soybean meal intoxication in cattle

Veterinary RecordVolume 172, Issue 20 p. 529-529 Research Clinical and biochemical consequences of soybean meal intoxication in cattle D. Raboisson DVM, PhD, Dip ECBHM, Corresponding Author D. Raboisson DVM, PhD,...

Effect of feeding maize silage supplemented with concentrate and legume hay on growth in Nellore ram lambs

Aim: The main intension of this research work is to develop a feeding system for growing Nellore ram lambs by feeding maize silage based rations supplemented with concentrate and or legume hay at certain levels to investigate the growth rate. Materials and Methods: Experimental animals (Nellore ram lambs) were purchased from local sandy and maize silage was prepared at village by using silos (9''L X 9''W X 8''D) and concentrate mixture was prepared at feed mill located at department by using locally available ingredients. Animals were housed in well ventilated sheds and were dewormed and vaccinated against diseases. Fortnightly body weights were taken by using spring balance and calculated the total weight gain and ADG. The experimental animals were divided into seven groups based on their body weight to contain six in each and were fed intensively for five months with sole maize silage (R-I), silage + concentrate at 0.5 per cent body weight (R-II), silage + concentrate at 1.0 per cent body weight (R-III), silage + concentrate at 1.5 per cent body weight (R-IV), silage + lucerne hay (R-V) and silage + GN haulms (R-VI) and sweet sorghum bagasse based complete diet (R-VII) to study the growth rate. Results: Significantly (P<0.01) increase in ADG was observed in ram lambs fed R-IV ration was 16.58, 20.49, 24.10, 29.74, 38.28 and 62.01 per cent, respectively in comparison to those fed R-VII, R-V, R-III, R-VI, R-II and R-I rations. Almost similar ADG was noticed in lambs fed R-III, R-V and R-VII rations and the supplementation of concentrate at 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of body weight plus maize silage ad lib has increased the growth/gain in ram lambs by 62.48, 99.81 and 163.25 per cent, respectively in comparison to sole silage feeding. Similarly, supplementation of lucerne hay and groundnut haulms with maize silage has increased the weight gain by 109.31 and 84.97 per cent, respectively in comparison to sole maize silage fed animals. Sole sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) based complete ration (50:50) fed lambs (R-VII ration) showed the ADG almost similar to those animals fed lucerne hay plus maize silage ad lib. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that, maize silage can be supplemented either with lucerne hay, groundnut haulms (to meet 25% of DM requirement) or concentrate mixture at 1.5% of body weight for obtaining optimum growth rate in Nellore ram lambs.

Association of lameness with per cent body weight distribution and shifting to individual limbs of static Karan Fries crossbred cows

Lameness in crossbred cows causes considerable economic loss hence efforts were made to develop effective automated technique to diagnose it at an earlier stage. Lactating Karan Fries crossbred cows (148) were assigned the appropriate lameness score (VLS). Total body weight and body weight distributed to individual limbs were recorded. Data were analyzed to access the effect of pregnancy, stage of lactation and parity on body weight distribution. Stage of pregnancy had significant effect on total body weight as well body weight distributed to right hind and left hind limbs. Total body weight and body weight distributed to all the 4 limbs was the highest during third trimester of pregnancy. Stage of lactation significantly affected total body weight which was highest during late lactation. Total body weight and weight distributed to right front and right hind legs were significantly higher for cows in fourth or above parity. Per cent distribution of body weight to individual limbs of cows suffering from various categories of lameness was significantly different from one another. Percentage distribution of total body weight on front and rear half of no lame cows was observed in a ratio of 26:21 while for right and left half it was 53:43. The pattern of front to rear and right to left distribution of per cent body weight of cows under various categories of lameness was similar. Shifting of per cent body weight to right and left hind limbs was significant. Lame cows reflected both contra lateral as well as diagonal weight shifting; moreover cows lame with hind limbs shifted their weight to their front limbs also.

Shoulder joint abduction motion test bench: A new shoulder test bench for in vitroexperiments with active muscle force simulation

In our society the average age is increasing, as are the number of proximal humeral head fractures. For fixation of these fractures, an increasing number of implants are available. New fixation devices should be compared biomechanically with established methods in a standardized fashion. The test bench that was designed was intended to simulate abduction motion of the humerus actively induced by muscle forces. We used three pneumatic muscles to apply forces to the tendons of the musculus supraspinatus and the bifid musculus deltoideus. Thus, it was possible to create an active abduction in the scapular plane. Two different fracture models (with and without medial support) were stabilised with an angular stable plate in sawbone models to reproduce a known clinical outcome with the newly designed test setup. The resultant force acting on the proximal humerus reached approximately 47% BW (per cent body weight), which amounted to 329.0 N (SD: 21.76). The supraspinatus reached maximum forces of 254.7 N (SD: 20.1) and the deltoid muscle 258.9 N (SD: 16.5). Fracture gap instrumentation with medial support resulted in a significantly reduced per-cycle fracture gap motion. The performance evaluation showed that the simulator produced predicable, reproducible movements with physiological muscle force magnitudes.

Evaluation of the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis in sheep

To determine the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis (adonis) in sheep, adult Suffolk ewes were administered 1 per cent bodyweight adonis via surgically placed rumen cannulas in an acute, high-dose toxicity...

161 - The relationship between per cent body weight lost and measures of physical function and quality of life

161 - The relationship between per cent body weight lost and measures of physical function and quality of life

Efficacy of licofelone in dogs with clinical osteoarthritis

To evaluate the effect of licofelone, an arachidonic acid substrate with combined inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled study was conducted in...

A model for the prediction of the forces at the glenohumeral joint

The design, validation, and application of a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the upper limb is presented here, for the study of joint, muscle, and ligament forces during selected tasks of daily living. Much of the model was constructed using data gathered from real cadavers, including the extensive 'visible human' data set, together with information gathered from published post mortem studies on cadavers. Validation was carried out through comparison of model outcomes with available data in the literature. The model was then used to examine the glenohumeral joint loading during ten previously selected activities of daily living. The predicted glenohumeral joint contact forces during everyday activities were found to range from 23 to 75 per cent body weight. A linear regression method for estimating the joint load from externally measured kinetics was developed, giving a 95 per cent confidence interval in predicted joint forces of 8 per cent body weight. The model presented here, namely the Newcastle shoulder model, provides a basis for future studies into biomechanical problems relating to the understanding of musculoskeletal pathology and implant design and performance.

A method for measuring vertical forces applied to the upper limb during sit-to-stand

The aim of this study was to develop a basic measurement system to estimate the vertical loading of the upper limb during the sit-to-stand activity, with a view to increasing the understanding of the loading of the wrist in daily living activities. A chair was adapted and instrumented with strain gauges and position sensors so that the force applied through the upper limbs to the arms of the chair could be calculated. Four aspects of the chair's geometry could be varied. A force plate was positioned on the floor between the legs of the chair to record the corresponding foot loading. Twenty normal subjects (22-56 years, mean 32.7 years) participated in a pilot study in which loading through the upper and lower limbs was recorded for a range of chair geometries. The vertical force transmitted through each upper limb was typically 20-30 per cent of bodyweight. The vertical upper limb load averaged across all subjects showed a small reduction when either the seat height or the height of the chair arms was increased.

Increased plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and endocrine markers of volume depletion in patients with obstructive jaundice.

Hypovolaemia may cause renal dysfunction in obstructive jaundice. This study investigated whether, in patients with obstructive jaundice: (1) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is increased; (2) fluid-regulating hormones are altered; and (3) biliary drainage improves fluid homoeostasis. Forty-three patients with obstructive jaundice were investigated. A renal profile was obtained and levels of ANP, renin, aldosterone and vasopressin were determined. In a subset of 18 patients, studies were repeated 3 days after endoscopic biliary drainage and changes in extracellular volume were measured. Creatinine clearance was impaired in ten of 30 patients. Patients with obstructive jaundice had higher mean levels of ANP (118 versus 40 pg/ml, P = 0.0001) and aldosterone (156 versus 43 pg/ml, P = 0.0001) than matched controls. Increased renin levels were observed in ten of the 43 patients and were associated with impaired creatinine clearance. After biliary drainage ANP concentration decreased (110 versus 67 pg/ml, P = 0.004) as well as aldosterone level (182 versus 85 pg/ml, P = 0.0002) and the mean extracellular volume increased (20.5 versus 23.1 per cent of body-weight, P = 0.001). Plasma ANP concentration is increased in obstructive jaundice. Endocrine markers of hypovolaemia are activated in obstructive jaundice. After biliary drainage there is an improvement of endocrine and fluid derangements.

Voluntary intake of diets with varying digestible energy contents and energy sources, by juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, using self-feeders

SUMMARY: A feeding trial using self-feeders was conducted to examine the ability of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to voluntarily control their dietary intake of energy. A low-energy (LE) diet and three high-energy (HE) diets containing additional amounts of either protein (fish meal and casein, HP), fat (fish oil, HF) or digestible carbohydrate (dextrin, HC) to the LE diet, were prepared. Each diet was fed by self-feeders to four groups of 10 fish (initial weight: 85 g/fish) stocked in 60 L tanks under the following conditions for 8 weeks: photoperiod 14L:10D, water temperature 16°C, and reward level 0.25 g/activation. Percentage weight gain of the LE diet group was not different (P >0.05) from the three HE diet groups, but that of the HF diet group was significantly lower (P <0.05) than the HP and the HC diet groups. Feed efficiency of the HP and the HC groups was significantly higher than the LE group. Voluntary dry feed intake (per cent body weight per day,% BW/day) and gross energy intake (kJ/kg BW/day) tended to be high in the LE group and low in the HF group; however, digestible energy (DE) intake was not different among treatments. These findings indicate that rainbow trout voluntarily control DE intake per unit body weight irrespective of dietary energy content and energy source.

Effects of handling, discrete meals ανδ body weight on the individual variation of gastric emptying parameters

Individual feeding and gastric emptying was estimated for two salmonid species, brown trout (bt), Salmo trutta (L.), and rainbow trout (rt), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fed extruded feed with glass beads, and exposed to repetitive handling, anaesthetizing and X-raying. No significant effect was found to be caused by the handling and experimental procedures. Huge inter-individual (bt: CVg= 52-104%; rt: CVg= 19-33%) differences in discrete meal size were caused by interspecific differences in feeding behavior. An exponential model was fitted to the X-ray time series data for each individual for a computation of the initial (Ri) and fractional (R) gastric emptying rates. The individual variations in meal size had no significant effect on the rates. The meal frequency [two meals per day versus postprandial starvation (PS)] significantly affected the fractional gastric emptying rate. The rate decreased significantly for the PS groups while the inter-individual variation increased. Body weight (10-2500 g) significantly affected the fractional gastric emptying rates, which increased by up to 600 g and then decreased. The coefficient of variation for R increased with body weight. An equation for calculation of weight specific food processing rate (FP) is proposed. The FP decreased significantly with body weight. A maximum estimate of FPi= 2.3 mg g−1 h−1 at 12°C for an individual was obtained with a 13.7-g trout. An increased weight-specific consumption (per cent body weight) for the smallest fish demonstrated that FPg was 5.4 times higher than for the biggest fish, but after normalization with a body weight exponent of 0.75, an estimate of 1.7-2.3 was obtained.

Gait analysis of poultry

Lameness is a major problem in the UK poultry industry, however, relatively few objective studies have been undertaken into the biomechanics of normal walking in these birds. In this study, the use of a pedobarograph as a novel method of gait analysis in poultry was investigated. Unlike most systems, the pedobarograph has a recording surface with a high degree of spatial resolution, allowing pressure patterns to be established for various regions of the foot. The highest pressures were found to act on the medial toe (149·4–218 kN m −2) and back toe (146·1–195-· kN m −2). The metatarsal pad, a region often associated with lesions, was subject to lower pressures (16·3–131·2 kN m −2). Maximum net forces of 116–145 per cent of bodyweight were found during normal walking, an order of the same magnitude as human bipeds. Routine spatial parameters were also measured, allowing further characterisation of the gait patterns.

Effects of handling, discrete meals and body weight on the individual variation of gastric emptying parameters

Individual feeding and gastric emptying was estimated for two salmonid species, brown trout (bt), Salmo trutta (L.), and rainbow trout (rt), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fed extruded feed with glass beads, and exposed to repetitive handling, anaesthetizing and X-raying. No significant effect was found to be caused by the handling and experimental procedures. Huge inter-individual (bt: CVg= 52-104%; rt: CVg= 19-33%) differences in discrete meal size were caused by interspecific differences in feeding behavior. An exponential model was fitted to the X-ray time series data for each individual for a computation of the initial (Ri) and fractional (R) gastric emptying rates. The individual variations in meal size had no significant effect on the rates. The meal frequency [two meals per day versus postprandial starvation (PS)] significantly affected the fractional gastric emptying rate. The rate decreased significantly for the PS groups while the inter-individual variation increased. Body weight (10-2500 g) significantly affected the fractional gastric emptying rates, which increased by up to 600 g and then decreased. The coefficient of variation for R increased with body weight. An equation for calculation of weight specific food processing rate (FP) is proposed. The FP decreased significantly with body weight. A maximum estimate of FPi= 2.3 mg g−1 h−1 at 12°C for an individual was obtained with a 13.7-g trout. An increased weight-specific consumption (per cent body weight) for the smallest fish demonstrated that FPg was 5.4 times higher than for the biggest fish, but after normalization with a body weight exponent of 0.75, an estimate of 1.7-2.3 was obtained.

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate following intravenous administration to water deprived Nubian goats

The present study reports the effect of water deprivation in the Nubian goat on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate following intravenous administration at a dose rate of 10 mg kg -1. Water deprivation for two days, which resulted in about 7·5 per cent loss in bodyweight, produced no significant effects on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. In dehydrated goats that had lost an average of 9·8 per cent of their initial bodyweights, within three days of water deprivation, ampicillin showed significantly slower clearance values (P<0·001), without affecting significantly the pharmacokinetic parameters describing the distribution of the drug. After four days of water deprivation a dehydration level at which goats lost an average of 12·6 per cent bodyweight was reached, which resulted in significant alterations in the distribution and elimination pharmacokinetic parameters of ampicillin. The volume of the central compartment (Vc) and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) were significantly decreased (P<0·01) leading to significant elevation in plasma concentrations of the drug (P<0·01) compared with the normally hydrated animals. In water deprived goats, significantly slower clearance of the drug (P<0·001) and reduced elimination rate constant (P<0·01) with the subsequent increases in the half-life time were also observed. Dosage intervals between the usual doses of ampicillin can be increased in dehydrated goats and concentrations which were high enough to kill susceptible microorganisms could still be achieved.

Effects of weight gain and loss on metabolic rate, glucose tolerance, and serum lipids in domestic cats

Weight gain is a common problem in domestic cats, but little is known about its metabolic effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of diet-induced weight gain and subsequent weight loss on metabolic rate, body composition, and glucose tolerance. Gain of approximately 20 per cent body weight (divided approximately equally between fat and fat-free mass) over three months resulted in insulin resistance in females, indicated by increases in basal insulin concentration (68.2 ± 7·9 to 119 ± 16·5 pmol litre −1, P<0·05), insulin peak response to glucose (2411 ± 31·6 to 315·0 ± 23±0 pmol litre −1, P<0·05), and ΔI/αG (14·2 ± 2·6 to 18·1 ± 1·3 pmol mmol −1, P<0·05) compared with pre-gain values. The same numerical trend was noted in male cats, however, changes were not significant (P>0·05). Alterations in serum lipids included significant (P<0.05) elevations in triglyceride concentrations in male cats and decreased 6-lipoprotein concentrations in both genders. Weight loss over three months normalised basal insulin, insulin response to glucose, and serum triglyceride concentrations, and resulted in significant (P<0·05) decreases in serum concentrations of β- and preβ-lipoproteins, cholesterol, and triiodothyronine. Diet-induced weight gain of three months' duration, followed by three months' maintenance of increased body weight did not affect fasting or resting metabolic rate. Development and severity of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and other changes may be affected by duration and possibly severity of weight gain.

Multifrequency bioimpedance in assessment of dry weight in haemodialysis

The use of multifrequency bioimpedance (MFB) for determination of dry weight (DW) in haemodialysis (HD) patients was evaluated in three studies. In Study 1, the fluid state [total body water (TBW) and extracellular volume (ECV)] was measured by MFB in 82 normotensive patients. 41 hypertensive patients and in 30 healthy subjects. TBW and ECV were expressed as per cent of body weight (BW). In Study 2, DW of five hypertensive HD patients was gradually decreased during 3 months and ECV (MFB) and blood pressure (48 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring) were measured at the beginning and end of study. In Study 3, we measured the fluid status repeatedly by MFB and the diameter of the inferior vena cava (DIVC) by ultrasound before, during and 2 h post-HD. In Study 1, the hypertensive patients had significantly greater TBW (P < 0.05) than the normotensive patients before (50.3 +/- 6.5% vs 47.6 +/- 5.8%) and after HD (48.8 +/- 7.8% vs 45.7 +/- 6.4%) and ECV (P < 0.001) before (29.4 +/- 3.6% vs 26.8 +/- 3.5%) and after HD (27.0 +/- 4.0% vs 24.6 +/- 3.5%), Post-HD ECV in the normotensive patients was similar to that in the healthy subjects. In Study 2, more efficient ultrafiltration resulted in reduction of BW and ECV along with a decrease in blood pressure and need for antihypertensive medication. In Study 3, both ECV and DIVC decreased following the removal of fluid during HD. ECV maintained stable values during the post-HD period, unlike DIVC which increased significantly (P < 0.005) due to refilling from the interstitial space. We conclude that MFB is an appropriate non-invasive method for DW determination, which is highly reproducible and technically simple to use.

The effect of lengthening of the femur on the extensors of the knee. An electromyographic study.

Surface electromyography of the quadriceps femoris muscle was performed in seven patients in order to determine the effect of extensive lengthening of the femur on the muscles that extend the knee. Electromyograms were made during sustained (thirty-second) isometric extension of the knee, at an angle of flexion of the knee of 30 degrees, while a load equal to 15 per cent of body weight was applied to the leg just proximal to the ankle. The average circumference of the thigh was smaller, the motor-unit recruitment of the muscles was slower, and the fatigability was greater on the involved side compared with the uninvolved side. The vastus medialis exhibited greater fatigability and slower motor-unit recruitment than the rectus femoris or the vastus lateralis. The atrophy index of the involved muscles correlated well with the muscle fatigability, the preoperative limb-length discrepancy, the percentage of lengthening, and the motor-unit recruitment. Analysis also revealed a correlation between muscle fatigability and the percentage of lengthening of the bone and between muscle fatigability and the preoperative limb-length discrepancy. The percentage of lengthening correlated with the extent of motor-unit recruitment. The results of this study suggest that the amount of damage to neuromuscular tissue varies according to the extent of the lengthening of the femur. Of all of the knee extensors, the vastus medialis was affected the most.