Cent Increase In Weight Research Articles

Physico-chemical, functional and anti-nutritional factors of the white bold quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd)

Quinoa is a plant seed well known scientifically as Chenopodium quinoa. It is known as super food. In the present study the white bold quinoa variety was analyzed for physical, functional, cooking and nutritional properties. Thousand kernel weight (2.24g), length (2.2125mm), hydration capacity (0.16g/1000 kernel) and bulk density was 0.74g/ml. Lightness of the grains was 87.56 L*. Grains had 157.3 per cent of water holding capacity, 99 per cent of oil absorption capacity, 16.94 and 47.38 per cent of foaming capacity and foaming stability respectively. Cooking characteristics showed 235.29 per cent increase in weight, alkali spread ratio was zero which showed the highest 92.60 C of gelatinization temperature. Quinoa has got 18.95 g of protein, fat (5.44 g), carbohydrate (57.88 g) and 356.81 Kcal of energy. Major anti-nutrient saponins were also present (616.82 mg/100g). Thus study concluded that quinoa is a rich source of protein with good functional properties.

Effect of post shooting application of urea and sulphate of potash at the denavelled, distal stalk end of banana cv. Borjahaji

A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field under on farm trial during 2011-12, in Jorhat district of Assam, to study the impact of post shooting application of urea and sulphate of potash on the improvement of bunch weight of banana cultivar Borjahaji. The denavelled distal stalk end of the bunch was fed with urea, sulphate of potash blended with fresh cowdung soon after the fruit set. The results showed that when the bunch was fed with urea (7.5g), sulphate of potash (7.5g) blended with 500 g fresh cowdung (T 4 ) all the yield attributing characters viz. , length of fingers, weight of fingers of first hand, weight of fingers of last hand, girth of fingers, weight of first hand, weight of last hand and bunch weight were maximum as compared to denavelling and application of cowdung only (T 2 ) and application of urea and cowdung at denavelled distal stalk end (T 3 ). The minimum of all these characters and bunch weight were obtained in control (T 1 ) where male bud was retained till harvest. The results revealed that the nutrients moved from the blend into the bunch and significantly enhanced the weight of fruits and bunch. When the bunch was fed with urea 7.5 g, sulphate of potash 7.5 g blended with cowdung 500 g (T 4 ) the response was 34.77 per cent, 11 per cent and 5.9 per cent increase in weight of bunch over the treatments T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , respectively.

Extracellular fluid volume expansion and third space sequestration at the site of small bowel anastomoses.

Intestinal surgery is usually associated with the parenteral administration of sodium and water, sometimes in amounts considerably in excess of excretory capacity. We have studied the effect of this situation on the water content of the gut at and 5 cm from a single-layer end-to-end anastomosis in the rabbit. Water content was measured by desiccation. One group of animals (group 1) did not receive intravenous therapy. The second group (group 2) received 5 ml kg-1 h-1 of Hartmann's solution during the operative period and thereafter to a total volume of 200 ml by 48 h. In group 1 there was a 5-10 per cent increase in tissue weight both at the anastomotic site and at 5 cm (P less than 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test) on the first 3 days. Thereafter, water content at the anastomosis persisted, but resolved in normal gut. In group 2 a further 5 per cent increase in weight over group 1 occurred (P less than 0.01), persistent at the anastomotic site over 5 days, though resolving elsewhere after 2 days. Extracellular fluid volume expansion exaggerates an anatomical third space present in the region of an anastomosis. At the suture line, oedema so induced is persistent and could be deleterious.

Partial and complete replacement of fish meal with gambusia meal in diets for red tilapia ‘Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus ’

A 12-week experiment was conducted to evaluate the suitability of gambusia (Gambusia affinis) fish meal (GFM) as a partial and complete substitute for the protein supplied by herring fish meal (HFM) in diets for red tilapia fingerlings (mean weight 0.42 g). Seven isonitrogenous (35% crude protein), isolipidic (9% fat) and isoenergetic (15.9 kJ DE-g )1 diets were formulated in which GFM replaced 0.0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 100% of the protein supplied by HFM. In general, GFM exhibited good potential as a substitute for HFM in red tilapia diets with no adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, body composition, blood parameters or apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and gross energy compared with the HFM-based control diet. Growth performance (in terms of final weight, weight gain, per cent increase in weight and growth rate) of fish fed diets containing GFM at 25 or 50% level of replacement for HFM-protein (diets 3 and 4) was statistically higher than for fish fed diets containing GFM at replacement levels >50%. Diet 4 had the best economic efficiency of fish weight gain. Partial or complete substitution of GFM for HFM did not affect feed utilization efficiency (in terms of FCR, FER, PER and APU) or digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein and gross energy compared with those of the HFM-based diet. Apparent protein digestibility varied little between diets, ranging from 84.2 to 87.3% with no significant differences. Survival of fish fed all the experimental diets (except for fish fed GFM at 90 or 100% level of replacement for HFM-protein) was comparable with that of fish fed the control diet and ranged from 91.7 to 98.3%.

Effect of growth hormone and nutrition on the level of somatomedin A in the rat.

ABSTRACT Somatomedin A was determined by radioreceptor assay of serum from rats with various conditions. The mean value of somatomedin A in 28 day old male rats was 6.2 ± 0.44 U/ml. Following hypophysectomy, serum somatomedin A decreased with a half-life of approximately 6 h. After a single ip injection of human growth hormone into hypophysectomized rats, the levels of somatomedin A increased within 4 h and reached the maximal level between 8 and 24 h. There was a dose-dependent increase of somatomedin A at 24 h after injection of hGH when the injected dose was between 3.2 and 80 μg. Serum somatomedin A was significantly decreased after 24 h of fasting to the same levels as after hypophysectomy. However the changes in serum rGH between fasting rats and fed rats did not show any significant differences. After different intakes of diets with different composition for 32 days, the mean levels of serum somatomedin A were 14.5 ± 2.2, 6.22 ± 0.4, 2.5 ± 0.3 and 13.0 ± 1.1 U/ml when control-, high protein-, high carbohydrate-low protein- and high fat diets were given respectively. There was a positive correlation between the per cent increase in weight and the serum level of somatomedin A. These results indicate that not only growth hormone but also adequate food intake is required for the generation of somatomedin.

Tolerance of Cold and Bergmann's Rule

As size is well known to affect the energy relations between an endotherm and its environment, one would expect that size may also influence or be related to geographic distribution. Bergmann's Rule postulates that geographic races of small size are generally found in the warmer parts of a species' range and races of larger size in the cooler parts. This rule has been attacked by Scholander (1955, 1956) and Irving (1957) on the grounds that the differences in size involved are too small to provide significant heat conservation and that adaptation to cold depends mainly on improved insulation (Scholander et al., 1950a). The rule has been defended by Mayr (1956) and Hamilton (1961) on empirical grounds, and recently from a theoretical basis by LeFebvre and Raveling (1967). Good comparative data on the weights of different races of a species are difficult to find, but variations of the order of 10 to 100+ per cent exist between extreme northern and southern forms. If we assume that standard metabolism in the zone of thermal neutrality, or the energy requirements of the bird at complete rest and in a post absorptive condition, increases with weight (W) as W0724 (Lasiewski and Dawson, 1967) and surface area as W0.667, then a 50 per cent increase in weight would reduce the rate of heat loss per unit area body surface only 2.4 per cent. This advantage might well be offset by the 34 per cent increase in the birds' standard metabolism and hence energy requirements. The importance of size on a bird's tolerance of cold may be analyzed in a more significant manner by comparing the standard metabolism for species in the zone of thermal neutrality with their standard metabolism at 0?C. The lower limit of temperature tolerance for several small tropical resident and migrant passerine species and temperate zone permanent residents in the summer is 0?C or slightly below (Table 2). Winter residents in temperate regions and migrants to the Arctics, however, are able to tolerate much lower temperatures. Equations for the regression of standard metabolism (M = kcal/bird-day) on ambient temperature below the zone of thermal neutrality have been compiled for a number of species from data available in the literature (Table 1). These equations make possible the drawing of regression lines for standard metabolism in relation to weight (W = grams) both for the zone of thermal neutrality and for 0?C (Figure 1). The equations for these lines are as follows:

Lethal effects of synthetic juvenile hormone on the human body louse.

Synthetic juvenile hormone (SJH) was prepared as described by Law et al.2 by bubbling hydrogen chloride gas through an ice-cold solution of farnesenic acid (Frinton Laboratories, South Vineland, New Jersey) dissolved in 100 volumes of absolute ethanol. The flow of gas was continued for five minutes to give a 9.4 per cent increase in weight. The flask was stoppered and stored in an ice bath in the dark for four hours. It was then warmed to room temperature and stored in the dark for an additional 19 hours. The reaction mixture was rinsed with petroleum ether into a separatory funnel and washed three times with an excess of water. The ethereal phase was collected and the solvent removed on a rotary evaporator at room temperature. The resultant golden oil was rinsed with 95 per cent ethanol into a separatory funnel and water added to incipient cloudiness. The solution was neutralized with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide to a phenolphthalein end-point and the ethereal phase collected and reduced to dryness on a rotary evaporator. The resultant golden oil, which was used without any further purification, is known to contain six materials with high juvenile hormone activity. For convenience of expression in the present report, this mixture of materials is called synthetic juvenile hormone. Exposure of lice and lice eggs to SJH: Adult lice were placed on 3- X 3-cm woolen pads impregnated with known concentrations of SJH and eggs were deposited on the pads. In control experiments lice were- placed and eggs were laid on pads impregnated with a corresponding amount of peanut oil. Each pad was impregnated with 1 ml of a solution of SJH or peanut oil in absolute methanol; the solvent was evaporated before use. The number of eggs on each pad was counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Empty or collapsed eggs were discarded. To facilitate counting, a piece of glass marked into a grid with a diamond pencil was placed over the pad. The grid was rinsed in acetone and in 95 per cent ethanol to prevent contamination of subsequent pads. Experimental and control lice were fed in separate compartments of an arena on the shaved belly of a rabbit. The shaved skin was washed with 70 per cent ethanol before and after feeding and the arena with acetone after each use.

Further observations on the estimation of urinary gonadotropins in non-pregnant human subjects.

One of the great difficulties in estimating the excretion of gonadotropins in non-pregnant subjects is the fact that no International Standard preparation is available for comparative assay of these substances. Accordingly it has been necessary to express results of clinical assays in terms of arbitrary “animal” units, a unit being defined as that quantity necessary to produce a given effect. Arbitrary units employed in intact and hypophysectomized rats have included the doses necessary to induce vaginal cornification, to cause histologic changes in the ovaries, and and to induce a 50–100 per cent increase in the weight of ovaries, uterus, seminal vesicles and the ventral lobe of the prostate (1–4). In intact immature mice most investigators have adopted as a unit the quantity of extract causing a 100–200 per cent increase in uterine weight (5–8). It is now generally recognized that the error of results expressed without reference to a standard preparation may be threefold or more, and that little quantitative significance can be attached to data calculated in this way.

AN ELECTRIC VITREOUS ENAMELING OVEN1

Comparison with older types of furnaces.—In marked contrast with the oil, coal and gas furnaces the electric furnace eliminates damaged ware and makes possible the utilization of the entire heating space. Its initial cost and the fuel costs are double those of the older types but it admits 25 per cent increase in weight per charge and 30 per cent in charges per hour. Description and operation.—Details of construction are given. The electrical equipment is explained together with the methods of temperature record and control. Details of operation are given. Cost of operation.—With an initial cost of $8000, the cost of the electrical power has been $2.00 per hour for a 10-hr. day which would be reduced to $1.56 per hr. for a 24-hr. day. Production results.—With a production of 900 lbs. of ware per hr. the enamel finish is more satisfactory than with the older types of furnaces. Future improvements.—Preheating chambers and double end operation are suggested.