Census Respondents Research Articles

Individual and neighborhood-level social and deprivation factors impact kidney health in the GLOMMS-CORE study

Prospective cohort studies of kidney equity are limited by a focus on advanced rather than early disease and selective recruitment. Whole population studies frequently rely on area-level measures of deprivation as opposed to individual measures of social disadvantage. Here, we linked kidney health and individual census records in the North of Scotland (Grampian area), 2011-2021 (GLOMMS-CORE) and identified incident kidney presentations at thresholds of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) under 60 (mild/early), under 45 (moderate), under 30 ml/min/1.73m2(advanced), and acute kidney disease (AKD). Household and neighborhood socioeconomic measures, living circumstances, and long-term mortality were compared. Case-mix adjusted multivariable logistic regression (living circumstances), and Cox models (mortality) incorporating an interaction between the household and the neighborhood were used. Among census respondents, there were 48546, 29081, 16116, 28097 incident presentations of each respective eGFR cohort and AKD. Classifications of socioeconomic position by household and neighborhood were related but complex, and frequently did not match. Compared to households of professionals, people with early kidney disease in unskilled or unemployed households had increased mortality (adjusted hazard ratios: 95% confidence intervals) of (1.26: 1.19-1.32) and (1.77: 1.60-1.96), respectively with adjustment for neighborhood indices making little difference. Those within either a deprived household or deprived neighborhood experienced greater mortality, but those within both had the poorest outcomes. Unskilled and unemployed households frequently reported being limited by illness, adverse mental health, living alone, basic accommodation, lack of car ownership, language difficulties, visual and hearing impairments. Thus, impacts of deprivation on kidney health are spread throughout society, complex, serious, and not confined to those living in deprived neighborhoods.

Regional and Local Inequalities in Disability Status by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: A Cross-Sectional Ecological Analysis of the 2021 Census of England and Wales.

To examine regional differences in disability status by sexual orientation and gender identity and to explore local factors that are associated with levels of inequalities for people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other sexual orientations (LGB+) or transgender. This was a cross-sectional ecological analysis of 2021 Census data from England and Wales. The main outcome variable was disability status. The main explanatory variables were sexual orientation and gender identity. Weighed linear regression was used to examine differences in disability status by sexual orientation (LGB+ vs. heterosexual) and gender identity (transgender vs. cisgender). The magnitude of between-group differences was explored by region and, in England, local authority-level urbanization and socioeconomic deprivation. Among 48.5 million census respondents within 331 local authority districts (LADs) across England and Wales, LGB+ and transgender groups were more likely to report having a disability than their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. Inequalities were prevalent across regions of England and Wales, but were smallest in the Greater London area and largest in the southwest of England. Inequalities were also larger within English LADs that were relatively less urbanized and relatively more socioeconomically deprived. This study identified disparities in disability status by sexual orientation and gender identity, which varied by region and local socioeconomic deprivation and urbanization. More research is needed to better understand how to support disabled LGBT+ people, especially those in less urbanized and more socioeconomically deprived areas.

Equitable differential privacy.

Differential privacy (DP) has been in the public spotlight since the announcement of its use in the 2020 U.S. Census. While DP algorithms have substantially improved the confidentiality protections provided to Census respondents, concerns have been raised about the accuracy of the DP-protected Census data. The extent to which the use of DP distorts the ability to draw inferences that drive policy about small-populations, especially marginalized communities, has been of particular concern to researchers and policy makers. After all, inaccurate information about marginalized populations can often engender policies that exacerbate rather than ameliorate social inequities. Consequently, computer science experts have focused on developing mechanisms that help achieve equitable privacy, i.e., mechanisms that mitigate the data distortions introduced by privacy protections to ensure equitable outcomes and benefits for all groups, particularly marginalized groups. Our paper extends the conversation on equitable privacy by highlighting the importance of inclusive communication in ensuring equitable outcomes for all social groups through all the stages of deploying a differentially private system. We conceptualize Equitable DP as the design, communication, and implementation of DP algorithms that ensure equitable outcomes. Thus, in addition to adopting computer scientists' recommendations of incorporating equity parameters within DP algorithms, we suggest that it is critical for an organization to also facilitate inclusive communication throughout the design, development, and implementation stages of a DP algorithm to ensure it has an equitable impact on social groups and does not hinder the redressal of social inequities. To demonstrate the importance of communication for Equitable DP, we undertake a case study of the process through which DP was adopted as the newest disclosure avoidance system for the 2020 U.S. Census. Drawing on the Inclusive Science Communication (ISC) framework, we examine the extent to which the Census Bureau's communication strategies encouraged engagement across the diverse groups of users that employ the decennial Census data for research and policy making. Our analysis provides lessons that can be used by other government organizations interested in incorporating the Equitable DP approach in their data collection practices.

Influence of Technology Orientation in Performance of Small and Medium Animal Feed Manufacturing Enterprises in Kenya

The objective of this study was to establish the influence of technological orientation on the performance of small and medium animal feed manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population was 65 small and medium enterprises in animal feed manufacturing in Kenya that were members of Association of Kenya Feed Manufacturing (AKEFEMA) that are based in Kiambu and Nairobi City County in Kenya. The study used a census approach and respondents were 65 managers/owners and 65 directors. Data was collected using an open and ended questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics produced frequencies, pie charts mean, standard deviation, and percentages. Inferential statistics produced correlation and PLS Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) results, which showed the causal relationship among the variables. Findings showed that technology orientation had a positive and significant with the small and medium animal feed manufacturing in Kenya. Based on findings, the study concludes that SMEs in animal feed manufacturing in Kenya regularly upgrade technology, inculcate a culture of adopting new technologies and also possess technological skills. Also, the study concludes that SMEs under survey are owned/ managed by individuals who possess knowledge about the firm’s field of operation and also relate well with stakeholders such as customers and suppliers. The study recommends management and entrepreneurs of small and medium animal feed manufacturing enterprises should possess the technical capabilities of the firm and embrace a culture of continuous learning with respect to new knowledge and skill this would lead to better performance.

Вплив етичного лідерства на продуктивність співробітників з організаційною громадянською поведінкою як проміжною змінною

Subordinate employees take an example from their manager, so his behavior forms a certain standard in the company. The company's sustainable development depends on the ethics of the leader's behavior and the extent to which employees will follow his example. In addition, each employee contributes to the company's development, and his organizational citizenship behavior is an essential indicator of the overall effectiveness of personnel management. This study aims to determine the effect of ethical leadership on employee performance through organization citizenship behavior. The population in this study is all employees at PT Hasantamma Cemerlang Group, as many as 74 people from 7 branches of the company. The data collection technique used in this study was a questionnaire filled out by all census respondents on ethical leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, employee performance, and other complementary data. This study used the structure equation modeling (SEM) analysis technique using statistical software Partial Least Square (PLS), namely SmartPLS version 4.0.8.5 application. The results of this study show that ethical leadership has a significant positive effect on the employee performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational citizenship behavior has a positive and significant effect on the employee performance. In addition, ethical leadership has a significant positive effect on employee performance through organizational citizenship behavior.

Changes in residential exposure to ambient fine particulate matter due to relocation and long-term survival in Canada: a quasi-experimental study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite significant advances in understanding the health burden of hypothetical changes in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), less is known how actual changes in PM2.5 levels may influence its long-term adverse effects, especially on mortality. We aimed to conduct a quasi-experiment to evaluate the association between mortality and changes in PM2.5 in Canada. METHODS: We identified movers from a national cohort of Canadian census respondents (10 million) who were aged 25-89 years, had a history of either high or low exposure to PM2.5 before census day, and moved within the following five years, yielding two cohorts. Exposures were ascertained using satellite-derived PM2.5 measurements based on movers’ postal-code addresses since five years before the census day. To assess the relationship between changes in PM2.5 and mortality, we conducted a propensity score matching analysis with Cox proportional hazards model including various covariates. We did various sensitivity analyses, such as considering multiple imputation. RESULTS:Residential mobility yielded a decline in annual PM2.5 exposure from ~10 μg/m3 to 7.4 μg/m3 and to 5.0 μg/m3 in the high to intermediate (or low) movers. Conversely, annual PM2.5 increased from ~4.6 μg/m3 to 6.7 μg/m3 and to 9.2 μg/m3 in the low to intermediate (or high) movers. Over five years after the move, we observed a 6.8% reduction in mortality among individuals whose PM2.5 exposures decreased from high to intermediate levels (95% confidence interval: 1.7%-11.7%). A greater decline in mortality was observed among individuals with a larger reduction in exposures. These results were consistent in sensitivity analyses. Additionally, we found an increase in mortality with elevated PM2.5 exposure. CONCLUSIONS:Decreases in PM2.5 were associated with lowered mortality whereas increases in PM2.5 were associated with elevated mortality in Canada. These results were found at the PM2.5 levels considerably lower than many other countries, providing support for continuously improving air quality. KEYWORDS: quasi-experiment, fine particulate matter, mortality

Evaluating Quality Improvement and Patient Safety Amongst Practicing Urologists: Analysis of the 2018 American Urological Association Census

To describe factors associated with Quality improvement and patient safety (QIPS) participation using 2018 American Urological Association Census data. QIPS have become increasingly important in medicine. However, studies about QIPS in urology suggest low levels of participation, with little known about factors predicting non-participation. Results from 2339 census respondents were weighted to estimate 12,660 practicing urologists in the United States. Our primary outcome was participation in QIPS. Predictor variables included demographics, practice setting, rurality, fellowship training, QIPS domains in practice, years in practice, and non-clinical/clinical workload. QIPS participants and non-participants significantly differed in distributions of age (P=.0299), gender (P=.0013), practice setting (P <.0001), employment (employee vs partner vs owner vs combination; P <.0001), and fellowship training (P <.0001). QIPS participants reported fewer years in practice (21.3 vs 25.9, P=.018) and higher clinical (45.2 vs 39.2, P=.022) and non-clinical (8.76 vs 5.28, P=.002) work hours per week. Non-participation was associated with male gender (OR=2.68, 95% CI 1.03-6.95) and Asian race (OR=2.59, 95% CI 1.27-5.29) for quality programs and private practice settings (ORs=8.72-27.8) for patient safety initiatives. QIPS was associated with academic settings. Interventions to increase rates of quality and safety participation should target individual and system-level factors, respectively. Future work should discern barriers to QIPS engagement and its clinical benefits.

Noncitizen Children Face Higher Health Harms Compared With Their Siblings Who Have US Citizen Status.

Immigrant children in the US have very limited health insurance coverage and health care access. Immigration status is not static: Census data show that the majority of census respondents who enter as noncitizen children eventually become citizens. Eligibility restrictions that prevent noncitizen children from being publicly insured can contribute to their experiencing poorer health and higher medical costs in their adult lives. We isolate the impact of lack of citizenship from socioeconomic factors by comparing citizen and noncitizen siblings living in mixed-status families, using fixed-effects models to net out socioeconomic factors shared within families. Lacking citizenship increased a child's risk of being uninsured and lowered by 26percentage points the chances that they would have Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance Program coverage. Noncitizen children had significantly more delays in needed medical care because of cost, primarily mediated by the lack of insurance coverage. The US should reexamine policies that exclude noncitizen children from public health insurance programs.

Ethnocultural and socioeconomic disparities in exposure to residential greenness within urban Canada.

Residential greenness has been associated with health benefits, such as lower risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, obesity, adverse birth outcomes and asthma and better psychological health. However, the variation in greenness across socioeconomic and demographic characteristics in urban areas of Canada has not been well documented. Respondents to the 2016 Census long-form questionnaire were assigned estimates of exposure to residential greenness based on the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (from 2012 or the most recent year available) within a 500 m buffer around their home, based on postal code. Census weights were used to determine differences in average exposure to greenness according to selected demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Mean residential greenness among the 5.3 million census respondents in urban Canada was 0.44 units of the NDVI (standard deviation = 0.18 units). Greenness was lower among immigrants (particularly recent immigrants), some groups designated as visible minorities (particularly people of Filipino ancestry), lower-income households and tenants (i.e., NDVI values ranging from 0.40 to 0.43 units). Greenness values were highest among White non-immigrants and higher-income households (i.e., NDVI values ranging from 0.46 to 0.47 units). Given the potentially multifaceted role that greenness plays in health outcomes, the inequalities in residential greenness described here may contribute to producing or exacerbating existing health inequalities in the Canadian population.

Qualitative study exploring the phenomenon of multiple electronic prescribing systems within single hospital organisations

BackgroundA previous census of electronic prescribing (EP) systems in England showed that more than half of hospitals with EP reported more than one EP system within the same hospital. Our objectives were to describe the rationale for having multiple EP systems within a single hospital, and to explore perceptions of stakeholders about the advantages and disadvantages of multiple systems including any impact on patient safety.MethodsHospitals were selected from previous census respondents. A decision matrix was developed to achieve a maximum variation sample, and snowball sampling used to recruit stakeholders of different professional backgrounds. We then used an a priori framework to guide and analyse semi-structured interviews.ResultsTen participants, comprising pharmacists and doctors and a nurse, were interviewed from four hospitals. The findings suggest that use of multiple EP systems was not strategically planned. Three co-existing models of EP systems adoption in hospitals were identified: organisation-led, clinician-led and clinical network-led, which may have contributed to multiple systems use. Although there were some perceived benefits of multiple EP systems, particularly in niche specialities, many disadvantages were described. These included issues related to access, staff training, workflow, work duplication, and system interfacing. Fragmentation of documentation of the patient’s journey was a major safety concern.DiscussionThe complexity of EP systems’ adoption and deficiencies in IT strategic planning may have contributed to multiple EP systems use in the NHS. In the near to mid-term, multiple EP systems may remain in place in many English hospitals, which may create challenges to quality and patient safety.

Social Class and Hospitalization in Canada

IntroductionDespite the existence of a universal health care system in Canada, there remains an inverse relationship between social class and health (Frohlich 2006). Those who identify as lower social class (operationalized with various indicators, including education, income, and occupation) have poorer outcomes across multiple health measures (Tang 2016).&#x0D; Objectives and ApproachThis study examines the link between social class and health care utilization, specifically hospitalization, in Canada. First, we examine the relationship between different indicators of social class and rates of hospitalization; next, we look at cause-specific hospitalizations. Using the unique dataset that contains the linked data for the 2006 Census with the Discharge Abstract Database for 2006-9, we explore the following research questions:&#x0D; &#x0D; Are the three main indicators of social class, education, income, and occupation, individually correlated with hospitalization rates overall, controlling for age and gender?&#x0D; Are certain indicators of social class more highly correlated with hospitalization rates, controlling for other indicators?&#x0D; &#x0D; ResultsWe access the linked files provided by Statistics Canada in the Prairie Research Data Centre. The long-form Census represents approximately 20\% of the Canadian population. The DAD includes data on hospitalizations in acute care facilities in Canada, with the exception of those in the province of Quebec. Approximately 4,650,000 long-form respondents were eligible for linkage to the DAD, and approximately 5.3\% of Census respondents were linked to at least one DAD record between 2006 and 2009. Our analyses are ongoing, but initial results suggest an inverse relationship between hospitalization and various measures of social class. Full results will be made available for presentation following vetting by Statistics Canada personnel.&#x0D; Conclusion/ImplicationsThis data provides us with a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between the detailed and rich measures of social class collected in the long-form Census and the comprehensive hospitalization data provided by the DAD records. Results will have implications for hospital health care provision across Canada.

Sedentary work and the risks of colon and rectal cancer by anatomical sub-site in the Canadian census health and environment cohort (CanCHEC)

BackgroundSedentary behaviour is a potential risk factor for colorectal cancer. We examined the association between sedentary work, based on body position, and colorectal cancer risk in Canadians. MethodsA working body position category (a. sitting; b. standing and walking; c. sitting, standing, and walking; d. other) was assigned to occupations reported by 1991 Canadian Census respondents based on national occupational counselling guidelines. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for cancers of the colon (overall, proximal, and distal) and rectum in men and women newly diagnosed from 1992 to 2010. ResultsCompared to “sitting” jobs, men in occupations with “other” (non-sitting, −standing, or −walking) body positions had a weakly significant reduced colon cancer risk (HR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98) primarily attributed to protection at the distal site (HR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97). Men in “standing and walking” and “sitting, standing, and walking” jobs did not have significantly reduced colon cancer risks. No effects were observed for rectal cancer in men or colon and rectal cancer in women. ConclusionThe two significant findings of this analysis should be followed-up in further investigations with additional information on potential confounders. Null findings for rectal cancer were consistent with other studies.

The Canadian Statistical Demographic Database Research Project: Exploring Potential Use of Administrative Data to Support the Canadian Census Program

ABSTRACT&#x0D; ObjectiveStatistics Canada initiated the Canadian Statistical Demographic Database (CSDD) research project to determine if and how administrative data could be used to support the Canadian Census Program.&#x0D; The project’s goal is to create a census spine from administrative data sources. The CSDD’s current scope is limited to basic information (name, sex, birth date and usual place of residence) for all Canadians.&#x0D; MethodTwo 2011 CSDD prototypes were built using and linking hundreds of administrative files obtained mainly from other federal departments. Extensive pre-processing activities must take place prior to linkage to remove duplicates and standardize file variables. Given that Canadians do not possess a single unique identifier, administrative files were linked using record linkage methods; key matching variables were identified, validated and used to perform the linkage. This work led to the development of auxiliary files, which serve specific purposes related to the CSDD development. They also provide useful linkage keys to other Statistics Canada statistical programs.ResultsThe outcome of the CSDD is determined by comparing it to two references. First, comparisons were done at the aggregate level (Canadian, provincial and sub-provincial levels) by contrasting the results with Demography Division’s official population estimates for the 2011 Census. The CSDD was also compared with the 2011 Census of Population’s Response Database (RDB), which allows for analysis at the micro (record) level. The RDB contains non-imputed data on name, sex, birth date and usual place of residence as provided by individual census respondents. Comparisons with the RDB have allowed us to address the question, “Does the CSDD put the right person at the same address as the 2011 Census does?”&#x0D; Results are promising. At the aggregate level, the CSDD compares well with the demographic estimates for the 2011 Census at the national, provincial/territorial and some urban area levels. At the micro level, the CSDD contains more individuals than the RDB. Improvements are needed with regards to its ability to place persons accurately in rural areas due to the lack of good residential addresses in administrative data files.&#x0D; Initial results led to the planning of new CSDD prototypes, this time for 2016, in line with the 2016 Census of Population.ConclusionThe presentation will give an overview of the methods and principles behind the construction of the CSDD. Basic analytical results will present areas of strength and weakness. Lessons learned and upcoming challenges along with their proposed solutions will complete the presentation.

The Religion of the Educated Classes Revisited: New Religions, the Nonreligious, and Educational Levels

A number of different studies carried out in the late 20th century indicated that new religious movements (NRMs) tended to recruit individuals who were highly educated. In the present study, we confirm this pattern utilizing data from the national censuses of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, England, and Wales. Additionally, we found that educational patterns for NRMs in the censuses tended to fall into at least two subgroups, one of which had educational levels comparable to mainline denominations and the other of which had significantly higher educational achievements. Furthermore, census respondents who expressed some variety of nonbelief were comparable to this latter group in terms of educational accomplishments. We discuss this latter finding in terms of Ernst Troeltsch and Colin Campbell's analysis of secularization.

Disparities in Cancer Survival between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Adults in Canada: Results from a Linkage of the Canadian Long Form Census to the Canadian Cancer Registry

Disparities in Cancer Survival between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Adults in Canada: Results from a Linkage of the Canadian Long Form Census to the Canadian Cancer Registry

Best of the Best Business Websites

The Best of the Best Business Websites Award was established in 2009 to recognize three websites relevant to information professionals providing business reference services. The websites are nominated and selected by the Business Reference and Services Section (BRASS) Education Committee members on the basis of their content quality, ease of use and technical execution. The winners are announced at the RUSA Book and Media Awards reception at the ALA Midwinter Meeting. You may view previous winners at www.ala.org/rusa/awards/bestofthe bestbus. To access other BRASS-recommended resources, go to http://brass.libguides.com. 2016 BEST FREE BUSINESS WEBSITES WINNERS Topic: Business Data American FactFinder: factfinder.census.gov The Census Bureau collects and disseminates data about the United States population and economy, conducting more than 130 surveys and censuses a year. As the official search tool of the Census Bureau, American FactFinder allows users to tap into some of the most popular data the Census Bureau collects, providing invaluable insight into communities around the country. A list of all the surveys and censuses conducted by the Census Bureau can be found on their website (www.census.gov/programs-surveys/surveys -programs.html). The sheer quantity of free data available via American FactFinder is its greatest strength. Few other resources explore the population and economy of the United States in such depth as American FactFinder, and even fewer do so with no cost to the user. Perhaps the most well-known product of the Census Bureau, the once-a-decade Decennial Census is included in American Factfinder, but other surveys and censuses that capture more up-to-date changes in the United States population are also searchable through the tool, such as the American Community Survey, American Housing Survey, data from the Population Estimates Program, and the Puerto Rico Community Survey. American Factfinder can also be used to find information on United States businesses and industries with data from the Census Bureau's Annual Economic Surveys and the Economic Census, conducted every five years. Finally, data from the Census of Governments, conducted every five years, is available through American FactFinder for data on state and local government units. A list of these and other surveys and censuses included in American Factfinder can be found on its website (http:// factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/what_we_provide .xhtml). Data covers the entire United States, from countrywide and state level data to county, metropolitan areas, and census block groups. It is important to note, however, that for smaller geographic locations there is at times less (or no) data available, either to protect the anonymity of survey/ census respondents, or because data simply is not collected for that variable at that level. To access data in American FactFinder, researchers are given several interfaces to choose from, all of which are accessible through the landing page of the American FactFinder website. The Community Facts interface is perfect for quick statistics about single communities (e.g., state, county, city or zip code). For more in-depth questions that require comparing multiple geographies, the Guided Search and Advanced Search interfaces allow researchers to build a search using topics, geographies, race and ethnic group, and industry codes. The Guided Search takes researchers through the steps of choosing variables, while the Advanced Search allows researchers to search for tables by keyword. Another interface, the Download Center, allows researchers to quickly find datasets or tables--perfect if someone knows the exact name of the dataset or table they need. Data in American FactFinder is primarily visualized through tables, though when comparing two or more geographies users are also given the option to create a map to represent the data. Tables can be saved to a variety of file formats, allowing easy exporting to both Microsoft Excel and PDF. …

Historical Regional Variation in Census Occupation Terms

Censuses offer bountiful but underexploited sources for studies of linguistic usage, especially with their detailed geographic and demographic information about respondents. To demonstrate potential uses of census data, this study explores the regional variation in 1880 U.S. Census respondents when referring to establishments serving alcoholic beverages and to those establishments’ employees. The analysis shows distinct regional patterns of using barkeeper rather than bartender (more common in the South), of referring to a workplace as a tavern (overwhelmingly a Middle Atlantic phenomenon), and of speaking of attending bar rather than tending or keeping it (also concentrated in the Middle Atlantic).

CANCER INCIDENCE IN FIRST NATIONS AND MéTIS ADULTS IN CANADA: FOLLOW-UP OF THE 1991 CENSUS MORTALITY COHORT

IntroductionCancer incidence amongst First Nations has historically been lower than that in the general population, but preliminary province-level evidence suggests it is rising to meet or exceed that in the...

Cause-specific mortality by occupational skill level in Canada: a 16-year follow-up study

Mortality data by occupation are not routinely available in Canada, so we analyzed census-linked data to examine cause-specific mortality rates across groups of occupations ranked by skill level. A 15% sample of 1991 Canadian Census respondents aged 25 years or older was previously linked to 16 years of mortality data (1991-2006). The current analysis is based on 2.3 million people aged 25 to 64 years at cohort inception, among whom there were 164 332 deaths during the follow-up period. Occupations coded according to the National Occupation Classification were grouped into five skill levels. Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), rate ratios (RRs), rate differences (RDs) and excess mortality were calculated by occupational skill level for various causes of death. ASMRs were clearly graded by skill level: they were highest among those employed in unskilled jobs (and those without an occupation) and lowest for those in professional occupations. All-cause RRs for men were 1.16, 1.40, 1.63 and 1.83 with decreasing occupational skill level compared with professionals. For women the gradient was less steep: 1.23, 1.24, 1.32 and 1.53. This gradient was present for most causes of death. Rate ratios comparing lowest to highest skill levels were greater than 2 for HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, suicide and cancer of the cervix as well as for causes of death associated with tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. Mortality gradients by occupational skill level were evident for most causes of death. These results provide detailed cause-specific baseline indicators not previously available for Canada.

Cardiovascular disease mortality among First Nations people in Canada, 1991–2001

To compare cardiovascular disease mortality patterns between First Nations people and non-Aboriginal adults by sex and by income adequacy quintile and level of educational attainment. A 15% sample of 1991 Canadian census respondents aged 25 years or older was previously linked to 11 years of mortality data. In this study, First Nations people were defined by North American Indian ethnic origin (ancestry), registration under the Indian Act, and/or membership in an Indian band or First Nation. The cohort included 62 400 First Nations people and 2 624 300 non-Aboriginal people. Compared to non-Aboriginal cohort members, the age-standardized cardiovascular disease mortality rate was 30% higher for First Nations men and 76% higher for First Nations women. This represented an excess of 58 deaths and 71 deaths per 100 000 person-years at risk, for First Nations men and women, respectively. Within each income adequacy quintile (adjusted for family size and region of residence) and level of educational attainment, the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease was higher for First Nations people compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. First Nations people had higher rates of death from cardiovascular disease than non-Aboriginal Canadians within each income quintile and level of education. Income and education accounted for 67% and 25% of the excess mortality of First Nations men and women respectively.