Census Reports Research Articles

Social Determinants and Leprosy in High Endemic Regions of Myanmar: an Ecological Study between 2016 and 2019

Leprosy has been a public health problem in Myanmar for many centuries. This study aims to explore the situation of leprosy and the association between leprosy and social determinants at the township level in seven endemic regions in Myanmar. The objectives of the study are to (i) describe the incidence and severity of leprosy and the disability due to leprosy in Myanmar between 2016 and 2019, and (ii) determine the correlation between leprosy incidence and social determinants in Myanmar in 2019. We used annual surveillance data of leprosy cases between 2016 and 2019 from the National Leprosy Control Program, Myanmar, and social determinant variables from the 2019 General Administration Department Census Report of Myanmar. An ecological cross-sectional study was conducted. Univariable and multivariable analyses applying zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used. A geographic information system mapping was used to visualize leprosy cases, disease severity, and disability due to leprosy between 2016 and 2019. The number of all leprosy indicators changing pattern was seen obvious between regions. The eastern region showed relatively an increase in detection of new cases in 2019 compared with years 2017 and 2018. The increase in the detection of multibacillary leprosy cases was also observed in the eastern region during this period. Yet, the detection of Grade-II disability cases across regions remained relatively stable throughout study years. The number of tuberculosis cases per 1,000 population was significantly correlated with leprosy incidence at the township level (risk ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.55). These findings highlight the importance of enhancing active case finding campaigns in high-endemic regions, especially the eastern states of Myanmar. Integration of leprosy and tuberculosis case-finding programmes is likely to help leverage resources and maximize efforts to cope with leprosy problems in Myanmar.

Status Of Women In India From 1901 To 1991 A.D. As Gleaned From Census Report Historian

Status Of Women In India From 1901 To 1991 A.D. As Gleaned From Census Report Historian

Review of “Grasping for the American Dream: Racial Segregation, Social Mobility, and Homeownership”

In the post-pandemic housing market, the American Dream of homeownership eludes the grasp of many. Although the American homeownership rate soared to 66.6% between 2019 and 2020, the historic peak of 69% in 2004 was never regained. The 2009 foreclosure crisis reminds us that buying a home entails risks. American homeowners hold most of their assets in their primary residence, but the Survey of Consumer Finances shows, this is especially true for Black (74%) and Hispanic (80%) households compared with non-Hispanic Whites (57%). At the end of 2020, the Census reports, 44.1% of Black Americans owned their homes, compared with 74.5% of White Americans. Melvin Oliver, William Darity, Dorothy A. Brown, and others point to the ways credit, real estate, tax, and other discriminatory practices contributed to the racial wealth gap, depriving African Americans of an asset that provides an inheritance, collateral for college and other loans, or security for one’s family during crises in America’s underdeveloped welfare state. Freddie Mac estimates that 14.2 percent of all Black renter households could afford a median-priced home in April 2021, but just 6.9 percent could do so one year later.

An Economic Performance of Women Agricultural Workers: A Study in Erode District

Agriculture is the largest sector of economic activity in India. It provides not only food and raw materials but also provides employment to a large section of the people. The term agriculture is directly related to all types of activity relating to cultivating crops, growing crops, harvesting and main processing of agricultural products, animal and livestock, and agro forestry. The growth rate of the economy was 6.8 percent from 2018 to 2019 and 7.5 percent from 2017 to 2018. There was a decline in the growth rate of agriculture and allied activity due to low wages in the agricultural sector, low food prices, and lack of lending by the Non-banking finance company’s (NBCFs) all these factors affect the growth of the agricultural sector in India. According to the 2011 census report, 54.6 percent of the people depend upon the agricultural and allied sectors for their livelihood. It contributes 16 percent of the country’s Gross Value Added for the year 2018 to 2019. So, this study aims to find out the socio-economic condition of women workers in agriculture in Erode District. This study focuses on the problems faced by the workers in Erode district and suggests various measures to develop the workers in the selected area.

THE ROLE OF HAZARAS IN THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN: THE POST-INDEPENDENCE SEARCH FOR IDENTITY

The people of the Hazara region played a key but unrecognized role in translating the idea of a separate Muslim state into a tangible reality called Pakistan today. Demographically, the diverse community of Hazara remains concentrated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Since the inception of Pakistan, they have been in quest of carving out a distinct cultural, political and territorial space in the country. The ceaseless search and struggle have a long history as it traces its roots back to 1900. This scholarly study surveys the historical role of the Hazarawal (various ethnolinguistic groups inhabited in the Hazara region) people in the making of the country. Further, it also seeks to dissect the trajectory, rationale, challenges and prospects concerning their sub-national movement being pursued in the pursuit of long-standing territorial and political demands. This paper draws upon primary sources including a government official, census reports and open-handed interviews for in-depth knowledge as well as secondary sources. Keywords: Hazara, Pakistan, Movement, Ethnicity, Identity, Creation

Spatial political economy: the case of metropolitan industrial policy

Industrial policy has become the focus of much more interest in recent times. Of particular note is mainstream economists’ fascination and their peculiar claims about how and why this new industrial policy promotes growth, redistribution, and sustainability. Such contentions warrant scrutiny. Using metropolitan data, plans, and laws, along with regional and national data from census and survey reports, this paper addresses three questions related to growth, inequality, and sustainability. On the basis of the evidence, collected and interpreted from the lens of original institutional economics, it is argued that industrial policy has been too strictly tied to (urban) economic growth which has not, contrary to expectations, led to ecologically sensitive and inclusive (urban) economic development. Instead, growth policies have cumulatively generated rising urban inequalities and ecological problems in cities and regions. This lack of congruence between the case for, and outcomes from, the pursuit of a particular type of industrial policy can be partly explained by the presence of absentee land ownership. Its entanglements with rent theft, profit seeking, and problematic engagement with persistent inequalities and unsustainability complement the explanation. A different industrial policy could seek to recoup socially-created, but privately appropriated, unearned income, reinvest this resulting revenue in ways that directly build state capacity, address persistent urban inequalities, attend to ecological challenges, and seek to create industries that avoid the problems of ‘progress and poverty’.

Progression to Critical Illness and Death in Patients With Breakthrough Hospitalizations.

BackgroundCharacterization of disease progression and outcomes after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related hospitalization in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated individuals is limited.MethodsThis was a retrospective case–control study of symptomatic vaccinated (cases) and unvaccinated (controls) participants hospitalized for COVID-19 between December 30, 2020, and September 30, 2021, in Southeast Michigan. Hospitalized adult patients with lab-confirmed COVID-19 were identified through daily census report. Breakthrough infection was defined as detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ≥14 days after completion of the primary vaccination series. The association between prior vaccination and critical COVID-19 illness (composite of intensive care unit [ICU] admission, invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], 28-day mortality) was examined.ResultsTwo hundred ten (39%) fully vaccinated and 325 (61%) unvaccinated patients were evaluated. Compared with controls, cases were older, had more comorbidities (4 [3–7] vs 2 [1–4]; P < .001), and were more likely to be immunocompromised. Cases had less severe symptoms compared with controls (2 [1–2] vs 2 [2–3]; P < .001) and were less likely to progress to critical COVID-19 illness (33.3% vs 45.5%; P < .001); 28-day mortality was significantly lower in cases (11.0% vs 24.9%; P < .001). Symptom severity (odds ratio [OR], 2.59; 95% CI, 1.61–4.16; P < .001) and modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score on presentation (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.48–2.06; P < .001) were independently associated with development of critical COVID-19 illness. Prior vaccination (OR, 0.528; 95% CI, 0.307–0.910; P = .020) was protective.ConclusionsCOVID-19-vaccinated patients were less likely to develop critical COVID-19 illness and more likely to survive. Disease severity at presentation was a predictor of adverse outcomes regardless of vaccination status.

Differential Undercounts in the U.S. Census: Who is Missed?

As the topic of social injustice becomes more prominent in academic and community discussions, the general public and researchers may be interested in learning about the relationship between data accuracy in census surveys and social inequality in the United States. This book is a compilation of statistics and data discussing why certain groups of people have historically been uncounted and omitted in the decennial census. The decennial census is a count conducted every ten years of every person living in the United States in order to allocate federal funding to states for social services, determine state and congressional legislative districts, and the number of US House of Representatives for each state. William O’Hare gathers available information regarding undercounts and omission rates in the decennial census and summarizes the data to make it understandable for a general audience, as often this data is buried within census reports and presentations. In addition, O’Hare provides references to the data and methodology.

Prospects and Challenges for Women Entrepreneurs in India

In 2020, India ranked 63rd out of 190 nations in Doing Business. With a ranking of 63rd, India has raised 79 places in the five years between 2014 and 2019. In 2018, the startup ecosystem grew at a rate of 15% year over year, while the number of incubators and accelerators expanded by 11%. (World et al., 2021) Significantly, the number of women entrepreneurs stood at 14 percent, up from 10 percent and 11 percent in the previous two years. Over the course of the year, startups in the country were able to create an estimated 40,000 new positions, bringing the overall number of jobs in the start-up ecosystem to 1.6-1.7 lakh. The purpose of this research is to investigate the challenges that women entrepreneurs in India encounter.(Delhi, n.d.) For this purpose, the paper considers the opinions of women entrepreneurs and the Government Schemes supporting them along with the importance of Women Entrepreneurship for Empowerment. Objectives of the study: The objective of the present study is to analyze the challenges and schemes promoting women's entrepreneurship in India. Methodology: For analyzing the objective, the present study has fully relied on secondary data which was collected from census reports, records, and journals. Results: This paper concludes that even though the educational and economical struggles are there, the tribal women entrepreneurs are emerging in recent decades with the economical supportive schemes of the Government and they are raising their society too.

Innovative methodology to guide planning of dental workforce distribution: a GIS-based study in Nepal.

To build a predictive model based on the distribution pattern of dentists and population in selective districts of Nepal. Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted using secondary data from the census report and available dentist data of Nepal. Population data were obtained from the most recently available census. For dentists' data, a literature search was carried out in the databases such as PubMed, Google scholar, One Search and Medline. All data were extracted from the integrated database in the Geographic Information System (GIS), and a predictive model was built. Overall, there was an uneven distribution of dentists in Nepal. When the distribution of dentists was compared with the population clusters, it was found that the slope of the population growth was below or equal to (≤) 20,000 for three provinces (2, 6, and 7), which means that lower numbers of dentists are available with respect to population density in these provinces. The slope was above 50,000 for province 3, and the number of dentists was almost half of the total nationwide. The number of dentists correlated with population clusters. There are substantial disparities in the distribution of dentists in Nepal. Dentists were distributed relative to higher population clusters and were unevenly distributed. The Nepal government should make necessary arrangements to address the need for the human workforce in resource-limited settings. The methods used in this study could be applied globally, as the data used are available for most countries.

Comparison of Comprehensive Mean Difference of Educational Level Between Urban and Rural Population in Rajasthan

The present research paper attempts to analyse the trends of urban-rural literacy rate and their differential both in Rajasthan and India as a whole from 1951 to 2011. Purpose of this research paper is also to analyse the regional pattern of literacy rate at district level in Rajasthan on the basis of census report of 2011. This research paper also studies the spatial pattern of urban-rural differential in literacy rate at district level and its relationship with twenty four other independent variables to assess the level of development. The urban rural differential in literacy rate is found to be narrowing down from 1951 to 2011 in the state of Rajasthan. At district level it has been observed that the western and southern districts indicate very high urban rural differential index, because of less developed economic and social conditions. Whereas, the urban rural differential indices have been found to be low in northern and eastern part of the state. Study reveals that out of twenty four variables, eleven are significant at 99% level of confidence in their relationship with urban rural differential index, whereas, other five variables are significantly correlated at 95% level of confidence.

Political geographies of urban demarcation: Learning from Nepal's state-restructuring process

In this paper we use the case of Nepal to advance political geographic analyses of how, during moments of rupture, territory act as an important political technology in state restructuring, and how urban demarcation along with other territorial structures of the state will play a significant role in this process. Nepal has experienced more than three decades of state-restructuring characterized by consecutive political and constitutional crises, including close to ten years of violent conflict. Within the brief period between 2014 and 2017, more than 230 new municipalities were demarcated on top of the existing 58. In our analysis we unpack why and how the number of municipalities is quadrupled at that particular moment of time and how this is shaped by and have implications for re-configurations of Nepal's territorial structures. This is achieved through a historical analysis of how the state's politico-administrative system has been mapped, reasoned and challenged. The analysis is based on official documents, such as census data and reports, legislative acts, public debates and academic analyses of processes of administrative and political reforms and conflicts in Nepal since the early 1990s. It therefore engages with a rich literature on conflict, the post-conflict situation and the restructuring of the state. Based on our findings we argue that urban demarcation is an important part of a states' political technology complex, and warn against trends in studies of urbanization to question the analytical bearing of differentiating the rural and urban. Showing that Nepal's recent urban boundaries have been justified by the need to achieve a better geographical balance, we conclude by arguing for the need for studies of urban transformations that critically examine whether and how the new territorial structures in their implementation contribute to balance geographical and social inequalities.

Trends in Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Vascular Neurology Fellowships From 2006 to 2018: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Workforce diversity in vascular neurology is a crucial component of reducing disparities in stroke care and outcomes. The objective of this study is to describe trends in the racial and ethnic diversity of neurology residents pursuing vascular neurology fellowship and propose an actionable plan for improvement. This was a cross-sectional study of race/ethnicity of neurology residents and vascular neurology fellows using published Graduate Medical Education census reports from 2006, when race/ethnicity data were first included, to 2018. Percentage of trainees underrepresented in medicine are reported for 3-year epochs and were analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage test (χ2 test for trend). Across the study period, underrepresented in medicine representation has not changed significantly among all neurology residents and subspecialty fellows (11.9% in 2006-2009; 12.5% in 2015-2018, P=0.82) nor among neurology residents alone (12.0% in 2006-2009; 12.6% in 2015-2018, P=0.81). Among vascular neurology fellows, however, there was a significant downtrend of underrepresented in medicine representation from 16.9% in 2006 to 2009 to 9.3% in 2015 to 2018 (P=0.013). Racial/ethnic underrepresentation among all neurology residents as well as those pursuing vascular neurology fellowship has persisted across the study period. Concerted efforts should be pursued to increase diversity in neurology residents and vascular neurology fellowship training.

Analysis and Design of Inpatient Daily Cense Information System in Bhayangkara Bengkulu Hospital

Background: Progressing technology in the world need to fast and accurate information in the hospital agencies as the basis for appropriate making decision. The inpatient daily census reporting of system Bhayangkara Hospital Bengkulu don't have utilized the Inpatient Daily census system electronically and still uses a manual system, so that the processing of report data is less than optimal. There are still a lot of inputting errors, inaccurate data, and inefficient time and energy. This study to aim design system information inpatient daily census reporting application at the Bhayangkara hospital to existing problems solving.Methods: The method used in designing and making this application is by utilizing software development methods, namely the waterfall method which includes identification, analysis, design or design, implementation and maintenance of the system.Results: The results this study is creation of an application to facilitys the processing of data into an inpatient daily census report that is needed and to overcome the problems that arise because of the report processing system manually. Design and Creation of Inpatient Daily Census Applications with Visual Basic 6.0 Programming at Bhayangkara Bengkulu Hospital have been made with the results of an analysis of existing systems and according to the method used, and the design of the forms that have been made in accordance with the manual form or home party needs sick and can simplify filling out forms and processing the data.Conclusions: At Bhayangkara Bengkulu Hospital still uses a manual inpatient daily census system, and not on time for reporting daily cencus patient data. The data structure contained in the ledger consists of patient identity, patient diagnosis, and others. There are three processes in the stage of analyzing the needs of the inpatient daily census system, namely the data input process, data processing and data output processes. ledger, patient data consisting of patient identity, doctor's name, patient diagnosis, treatment room, and treatment class. In designing the daily inpatient census system at Bhayangkara Bengkulu Hospit consists of patient data forms, incoming patients, outgoing patients, and patients moving. The implementation of the daily inpatient census system at the Bhayangkara Bengkulu Hospital has carried out socialization and discussions about the user interface design to officers or users of the electronic daily census system. And the maintenance of the daily inpatient census system is carried out in several stages (1) corrective, by correcting design and errors in the program, (2) adaptive, by modifying the system according to user needs, (3) perfective, namely processing census data computerized.

OVER POPULATION AS A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT: A STUDY OF HARRY HARRISON’S MAKE ROOM! MAKE ROOM!

Overpopulation has been acknowledged as a global environmental threat for a few decades, as it has catalyzed several unfavorable reactions in the environment. Although developed countries consume the environment's resources and recapitulate it, developing nations are under pressure to become economically strong, and as a result, their industrial advancements destroy the environment as well. This progress threatens the life of our upcoming generation on earth. In addition to this, one of the biggest hazards on the environment due to population explosion is the problem of global warming. Our scientists continuously warn that this gradual increment in population affects global warming that will lead to upsurging sea levels and unfavorable weather altitude in the future. Overpopulation directly harms the existing environmental cycle. For example, to fulfill the requirement of the population density forests are cutting in a frightening manner. Despite deforestation, urban sprawl, food insecurity, climate change, and declining biocapacity are some of the most severe impacts of population explosion. The objective of this paper is to analyze the hazards of Overpopulation on the environment and economic advancement by taking the reference of the novel Make Room! Make Room! by Harry Harrison as the basis of the study. The present study is based on textual analysis of the novel along with secondary data taken from statistical abstracts, census reports and world population report, and various websites related with the theme.

“We Were Democracy Mad:” Clerical Workers’ Unionism, Antiracism, and Feminism at the University of California, Berkeley, 1966–1972

In April 1968, two Berkeley campus unions—the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Local 1695 representing clerical, technical, and professional workers, and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) Local 1570 representing graduate students—held a work-stoppage and a teach-in on “campus racism” to honor the memory of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. who had been tragically assassinated in Memphis. Inspired by King's work and the AFSCME sanitation workers strike that he supported, the teach-in became a series of workshops that ultimately led to the development of a “white paper” with statistical data highlighting the ways the university harbored racism in its employment practices and in its admission of undergraduate and graduate students. Among its many demands, it called for the University: “to hire black, brown and red workers until the ratio of employees from these groups equals the ratio in the population; bring minority student enrollment and employment up to population ratios . . . publish the University census report showing the percentage of black, brown, and red employees by department; and make an additional report showing the classifications and promotions of black, brown, and red people in each department.”

Multikulturalni pristup u patronažnoj zdravstvenoj nezi

Introduction: The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is a northern province within the Republic of Serbia. According to the 2011 census report, there were 1,931,809 inhabitants. Ethnically, Vojvodina is the most diverse region in Europe, where, according to the authors, more than 25 nations live. Considering the multicultural environment of Vojvodina, the aim of this paper was to examine the multicultural approach, tolerance and competencies during the implementation of the health care program in the patronage services. Next, to assess the extent to which the cultural diversity that nurses-technicians encounter on a daily basis affects their work. Methods: The research was conducted using the method of qualitative research using the focus group technique, which included 7 respondents from the territory of AP Vojvodina (Central Banat District). Data were obtained through interviews and discussions with the researcher. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire with ten open-ended questions (6 questions, 3 sub-questions and one problem situation). Results: With this research, we found that the surveyed health professionals have certain elements of a multicultural approach such as tolerance, respect, adequate communication in working with culturally different patients, but that they themselves are not so aware of its application. The problem of awareness regarding the use of elements of a multicultural approach in their work can be attributed to the lack of information and education on this topic. Conclusion: The Republic of Serbia itself is a multiculturally rich country, and Vojvodina is one part of it that stands out in that context. For that reason, it is necessary to work on the promotion of multicultural skills, and above all on the development of multicultural tolerance.

Assessment of Different Irrigation Systems and Agricultural Productivity in Nawalparasi (West) District

Agriculture is the mainstay of people living in Nepal. The perception of agricultural yield has been broadly used to clarify the distributional organization and outline of agriculture. Irrigation is the practice of supplying water to the crops unnaturally to fulfill the water necessities. This study attempts to assess the different irrigation systems (surface irrigation, canal irrigation and ground water supply irrigation) practiced in Nawalparasi (west) district and their relation on agricultural productivity. Household survey with structural questionnaires, Key Informant Interview (KII)including field observation and marking on cadastral map has been used as primary sources of data and furthermore review of publications i.e., district profile, national agricultural census report, annual reports of district agriculture development office and research articles have been used as secondary sources of data. The result showed that the average productivity of different crops has affected by the reliability of sources of irrigation systems in all study sites. Further, diverse cropping patterns and cropping intensity were observed in different irrigation systems that ranging from 141 to 226.

Understanding the Dynamics of Migration from Bangladesh to Tripura: Insights from Census Reports

The changing character of immigration over time in Tripura led to a huge demographic transition which the is rare in the demographic history of the world. The study attempted to assess the distribution of documented Bangladeshi immigrants in Tripura and measure the trend and pattern of Bangladeshi immigration in the state. The study was based on secondary data computed from the migration tables under the D-series of census reports (1991, 2001 and 2011) to deal with the study's objectives. The study has explored that almost 99 per cent of the total reported immigrants were from Bangladesh. The results revealed that female counterparts had outstripped the male Bangladeshi immigrants while the overall size of the immigrants was diminishing.

Effects of Adherence to Environmental Rules and Regulations in Stone Quarrying at Tuluongoi Sublocation of Baringo County, Kenya

Stone quarrying has been recognized as a socioeconomic activity serving as a fundamental source of livelihood for some communities. Nonetheless, most operations are often accompanied by adverse effects on the same communities and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the level of awareness of environmental rules, regulations, and principles governing stone quarrying in Tuluongoi sublocation, Tenges Division, Baringo County. The study also sought to establish whether there is a linkage between awareness of environmental rules, principles, and regulations governing stone quarrying and the impacts on the environment. Two villages were chosen for the study. The stratified sampling procedure was used to pick 120 households from the two villages, the total number (97) of regular quarry workers was enumerated, and purposive sampling was used to select six key informants. The quarry workers and household heads were the primary units for data collection. Primary data were collected by using questionnaires, in-depth interviews, observations, and pictorials. Secondary data were obtained from census reports, peer-reviewed journals, county strategic plans, unpublished theses, and scholarly books. Some data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, while the SPSS software was used to generate tables, graphs, and frequencies. The chi-square procedure was used to test whether the awareness of environmental rules and regulations on stone quarrying were significantly independent of environmental degradation at the 0.05 significance level. The study established that 55.1% of quarry workers and 65% of household heads were unaware of any environmental rules, regulations, and principles governing stone quarrying. Out of those aware, 88.9% of household heads and 67.7% of quarry workers had poor awareness of environmental regulations and requirements. The study recommends that National Environment Management Authority promotes and enforces environmental rules, regulations, policies, and principles governing stone quarrying in collaboration with the relevant county government departments by enhancing awareness among the residents.