Census Reports Research Articles

“A Not Unworthy Record”?: Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam's 1901 Census of Ceylon and the Transforming of Dynamic Nominalism

Abstract Drawing inspiration from Ian Hacking's claim that new modes of description generate new possibilities for action, this essay explores the impact of changes to the mode of description through the 1901 Census in Ceylon. It begins by exploring the modes of description used in the censuses prior to 1901 to demonstrate that in Ceylon, the census was yet to emerge as the critical tool of colonial governance claimed by dominant scholarship around colonial census taking. This leads to an exploration of how the changes that Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam, the first Ceylonese Census superintendent, made to the Census Ordinance, Census Manual, and Census Report impacted the function of the census as a mode of description. It then explores the possibilities for action generated by these changes in the mode of description, paying particular attention to the ways in which the census shaped elite, indigenous activism leading to the first major reforms of the colonial governance structure in Ceylon, including the introduction of limited franchise. Thus, Ceylon's 1901 Census affords a unique opportunity to examine the impact that shifts in modes of description have on possibilities for action.

Open defecation among Kenyan households: an analysis of demographic and health survey 2022 and census report of 2019

BackgroundOpen defecation (OD) is the disposal of human excreta in the fields, bushes, water bodies and other open spaces. It poses a public health risk as it can lead to the spread of diarrhoea, cholera, soil-transmitted helminths and trachoma. Kenya aims to achieve 100% open defecation free status by 2030 in line with Sustainable development goal number 6. This study sought to determine factors influencing OD at the household level as well as quantify the number of households practicing OD in each of the 47 Kenyan counties.MethodsData from the household questionnaire of the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 2022 was analysed. Bivariate logistic regression was done with open defecation status as the dependent variable. Independent variables were poverty status, place of residence, ownership of farm animals, gender and educational level of household head. The number of households practicing OD per county were determined using the Kenya Census report of 2019.ResultsPoverty was the strongest predictor of a household practicing OD (OR 43.8 95% CI 26.1–73.8) followed by educational status of the household head (OR 3.3 95% CI 2.3–4.6 ) and the household not owning livestock ( OR 0.7 95% CI 0.6–0.9). An estimated 7.4% of households practice OD. These are estimated to be 814,223 households. Out of these, 686,051 households (84.3%) are found in the 15 counties ranked as having a high population practicing OD. Five counties have managed to eliminate OD and another nine have OD rates of less than 0.5%.ConclusionKenya has made commendable progress in eliminating OD. Poverty is a significant predictor of OD at the household level. To eliminate OD, it is advised that more efforts be targeted towards poor households as well as the 15 counties having a high number of OD-practicing households.

Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost Due to Breast and Gynecologic Cancers in Southern Iran 2004-2019: A Population-Based Study.

There is an increase in the incidence of breast and gynecologic cancers in Iran during the last three decades. Literature is inadequate about the Years of Life Lost (YLL) attributed to these cancers in Iran. Mortality data due to these cancers amongst females aged >20 yr from 2004 to 2019 was acquired from "Electronic Death Registry System", Fars Province, Iran. Using local health centers' databases and national census reports from 1996 to 2016, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) per 100,000 people were estimated. YLLs were calculated using the WHO's 2015 "YLL template". During 2004-2019, 1886 and 829 deaths occurred due to breast and gynecologic cancers, respectively. The ASR due to breast and gynecologic cancers showed a significant increasing trend (P<0.001 for each). The total YLL due to breast, cervical/uterine/vaginal/vulvar, and ovary cancers' deaths in the 16-year period were 33,077, 7,172 and 6,584 yr, respectively. The highest YLLs were observed in 50-59-year-old females, followed by 40-49- and 60-69-year-old females. The 16- year trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality in breast cancer, ovary cancer and cervix cancer was increasing: annual percent change (APC) was 7.6% (95% CI: 5.5-9.7, P<0.001), 19.0% (95% CI: 12.2-26.1, P<0.001) and 9.2% (95% CI: -9.2 to 31.3, P>0.05, respectively. Mortality rate and YLLs due to breast and gynecologic cancers have been increased in southern Iran during the last twenty years. Early detection programs and allocating treatments at early stages should be prioritized.

Examining the trend of mortality of genitourinary system cancers in Babol, North Iran (2013–2021)

BackgroundCancers of the genitourinary system, particularly prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer, exhibit a high prevalence. Consequently, predicting the morbidity and mortality of genitourinary cancers holds great significance for future planning and implementation. This study aimed to examine the crude and age-standardized rates of mortality and the trend of genitourinary cancers over nine years in northern Iran.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data on the number of deaths attributed to genitourinary cancers recorded in Babol City between 2013 and 2021 through the cause of death registration and classification system. Population estimates were derived from the latest census reports. Subsequently, crude and age-standardized rates, as well as trends for genitourinary cancers, were calculated.ResultsA total of 307 deaths occurred, with an average age of 75.6 ± 14.3 years due to genitourinary cancers. The crude and age-standardized rates of genitourinary cancers increased from 2.7 and 1.9 per hundred thousand people in 2013 to 7.7 and 5.9 per hundred thousand people in 2021, respectively. Over the study period, death rates significantly rose for men (P < 0.001) and remained constant for women (P = 0.444). Examination of genitourinary cancers revealed an upward trend for bladder (P = 0.012) and prostate (P = 0.012) cancers, while a stable trend was observed for kidney (P = 0.070) and testicular (P = 0.139) cancers.ConclusionsThe age-standardized rate and trend of genitourinary cancers are rising. Consequently, this study emphasizes the importance of prevention through screening programs, raising awareness, and utilizing appropriate diagnostic methods.

Household Change and Related Demographic and Social Indicators in Botswana During 1971–2011

This article examines household change and related demographic and social factors in Botswana during the last 40 years (1971–2011). The analysis uses data from five Botswana censuses and three nationally representative surveys: the 1988 Botswana Standard Demographic Health Survey (BSDHS), the 2000 Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS) and the 2007 Botswana Family Health Surveys (BFHS). Overall, the analysis affords a demographic and socio-economic perspective on the change in Tswana households, which is not generally available in census reports and other population survey analyses but is crucial to family and household policy.

Implementation of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (2009): A Case Study of Polba Gram Panchayat, West Bengal

The vision of the Indian New Education Policy (2020) is to provide greater access, equity, excellence, inclusion, and affordability of children to help India emerge as a knowledge superpower. In the present context, a case study has been conducted at the Polba Gram Panchayat (GP) of Hooghly District of West Bengal to study the status of implementation of the Right to Education (RTE), Act, 2009. The qualitative data are collected and analyzed from 30 villages of the said GP under 13 Mouzas having 26 habitations. According to the Census Report, 2011, the population in the Polba Panchayat is found 20,084, of which males comprise 10,150 and females 9,934. The data is collected from Panchayat office records on RTE implementation strategies and Focus Group Discussions are conducted to collect analytical data for the study. It is concluded that most of the village people are living with the hope that one day their dream of securing holistic education for all children - irrespective of their class, color, or creed - will be fulfilled. This is in fact the very essence of Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. However, there is a conclusive evidence from the study to prove that the hiatus between what is laid down by law and the ground realities is alarmingly colossal. Regarding the implementation of the RTE Act, 2009 the ideal RTE Act at the grass-root level has resulted in the path-breaking Act becoming unfortunately much less effective in some places than what it was intended to be.

One Village in Subcarpathia: Census Data from Hungary and Czechoslovakia

Abstract Census reports—mainly the questions concerning language and nationality, as well as other similar inquiries—can be very useful to think about the everyday people of Central and Eastern Europe, in this case specifically about Subcarpathia. This examination of the census data from 1910, 1921, 1930, and 1941 (mainly from 1910 and 1930) can provide insights into the story of the Jewish (as well as non-Jewish) community of the town of Bilke. Such an examination can complicate our understanding of Subcarpathia and Central and Eastern Europe, as well as modernity in general, and at the same time it can clarify our understanding of these same regions and movements. In this case the censuses concerning Bilke allow us to view a world that is not always in focus.

Integrating Residents – Organizational Quality Metric of reducing 30-day readmission of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (Interdisciplinary QI project)

Introduction: Hospital readmissions post-discharge for congestive heart failure (CHF) pose a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems, indicating potential gaps in care quality. The 2022 heart failure guidelines advocate for structured workflows to address this issue. Despite this, McLaren Flint Hospital witnessed a rise in 30-day readmissions for CHF exacerbation, highlighting the need for intervention. To tackle this challenge, our resident-faculty Quality Improvement (QI) team has partnered with institutional QI/Patient Safety (PS) initiatives. Our goal is to establish a coordinated approach involving various healthcare professionals to optimize the discharge process and transition of care for CHF patients at McLaren Flint Hospital. Methods and Materials: Our intervention comprises two crucial tools: a CHF workflow sheet and a CHF medication sheet. The workflow begins with patient identification through daily census reports. Upon discharge, nurses implement the CHF medication sheet, with medications prescribed by medical floor doctors. Pharmacists and dietitians review and educate patients about medications and dietary considerations, respectively. Additionally, case managers organize post-discharge phone calls and appointments with primary care physicians within 48 to 72 hours and 7 days, respectively. Weekly reports on patients requiring cardiac rehabilitation are also dispatched. Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Toolkit guides our implementation, allowing for continuous improvement and adaptation. Results: The initial implementation phase commenced on March 6th, 2024. Nursing staff are well-versed in the workflow, and CHF medication forms are readily accessible in patient charts. However, challenges in timely medication reconciliation and orders pose operational hurdles, necessitating resolution. Ongoing evaluation will provide more comprehensive results approximately two months post-completion of the first PDSA cycle. Conclusion: Our initiative aims to address areas for improvement in reducing 30-day readmission rates post-CHF exacerbation at McLaren Flint Hospital. Utilizing the PDSA cycle toolkit, we will monitor outcomes and refine our process accordingly.

Identifying The Factors Of Slums Development In Urban Areas Of Qasimabad, Sindh Pakistan

The term slum is often used to describe hectic settlements with poor facilities and bad living conditions. The majority of city dwellers reside in slums, which are typically deprived of the most basic utilities. According to UN-HABITAT's definition of slum refers to a group of people who live in close residences in urban areas and who require enough living space, long-term housing, access to consumption of water, and a proper sanitation system. Slums developed in Pakistan, like many other third-world nations, are a result of rising urbanization, and the government's incapacity to provide rural migrants in urban centers with housing needs. Hyderabad is one of the fastest-growing cities in the State that has seen significant industrialization. Qasimabad sub-local, being the area most affected by the urbanization process in the Hyderabad region, as a result, 3508 agricultural land parcels were turned into a housing development. The aim of this research is to identify the factors and slum development in urban areas of Qasimabad through the data collection process, specific observation is made, and reports are reviewed. Secondary data is collected in the form of census reports, master plans, and various evaluations, used to examine the issues with slums. However, the results show that the primary cause of the overpopulation of slums and environmental degradation in urban areas is the declination of secondary cities.

Women as an Active Agent of Food Security-Issues and Challenges

Achieving food security and eliminating hunger and poverty within 2030 as aimed in Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) necessitates the active role of women, which constitutes 48.41% (Census,2022) of the total population of India. The role of this active agent of society is undermined by prevailing gender discrimination and inequalities. In this backdrop, the present study is designed as follows- Purpose: (i) To analyse the critical role of women in achieving food security (ii) To identify the constraints of gender equality and (iii) To generate priority interventions for gender equality and women empowerment. Methodology: In this secondary analysis of cross-sectional data, we used data from different international and national reports like NFHS, Agricultural Census Reports, reports of FAO and UNDP etc. The critical role of women is analysed with the help of available descriptive statistics. Results: The existing 16.3% of undernourished people in India (Global Food Insecurity Index,2022) invariably necessitates empowering women with equal rights and opportunities as men. There is a need for proactive interventions to minimize the 48% empowerment deficit (Women Empowerment Index) and 44% (GGPI) gender gap in the country. Limitations: The women groups considered in different research and reports vary in age groups, which limits the comparison of data. Originality: The constraints women face in attaining food security are based on their functions as producers, consumers and distributors of the food chain, expected to provide a basis for further research in this regard.

Radio-Lect: Spanish/English Code-Switching in On-Air Advertisements

The 2020 census reports that 61.2 million Latinxs live in the US, totaling around 19% of all residents, forming the country’s largest minority population. With the growing number of Latinxs, there has been a higher level of contact between Spanish and English leading to language mixing or code-switching (CS) in mainstream American culture. This paper examines the Spanish/English CS in radio advertisements on Los Angeles’s 96.3 La Mega, a bilingual radio station geared towards today’s youth. Using Derrick’ 2015 sentential framework for the linguistic analysis of multilingual sentences, I carry out a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the linguistic nature of the on-air bilingual advertisements. I explore both national advertisements, as well as DJ-endorsed advertisements, to discern whether they follow the patterns previously pointed out in the literature for positive consumer evaluations of Spanish/English bilingual advertisements. Furthermore, I am interested in if these advertisements are in line with the ethos of 96.3 La Mega, which prides itself on being fully bilingual. This research will shed light on the linguistic nature of contemporary strategies being used in bilingual advertisements for the US Latinx community and marketing tactics designed to encourage their consumerism.

Study on the geographic distribution and influencing factors of Dai settlements in Yunnan based on geodetector

The Dai people are primarily found in Yunnan Province, China, and have a long heritage there. The latest national census reports that Yunnan is home to 1,259,000 individuals of the Dai ethnic group. This study focuses on 3504 Dai settlements in Yunnan, identified through county records. Using the ArcGIS spatial analysis platform, we first evaluated their settlements’ spatial distribution patterns using metrics like the nearest neighbor index and geographic concentration index. Then, we applied geodetector to investigate the underlying mechanisms of their distribution. The results reveal that: (1) Dai settlements in Yunnan Province generally have a cohesive spatial distribution; at the provincial level, however, there is an uneven distribution pattern, with many densely populated areas and a pattern of “two cores, one belt, one area, and two points”; (2) The Dai settlements predominantly occupy the third gradient of the vertical zonation, with Dai gathering settlements primarily found in the Lancang, Ayeyarwaddy, and Red River basins. Conversely, Dai mixed settlements are mainly situated in the Lancang, Red, and Nu River basins; (3) Analysis via geodetector indicates that ethnocultural factors are the most significant in determining the spatial distribution of the Dai settlements, followed by socio-economic and natural factors; (4) The distribution of settlements is significantly influenced by the proportion of the Dai population within these settlements. Dai gathering settlements are typically located on flat slopes with elevations ranging from 500 to 1000 m and slopes of 0°–5°. Meanwhile, Dai mixed settlements are found on gentle slopes with elevations of 1000–2000 m and slopes of 5°–15°. The study reveals that the location of Dai settlements is strongly influenced by environmental considerations and has a significant explanation from similar origins.

URBANIZATION AS AN INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA: AN INTROSPECTIVE STUDY THROUGH GINI CONCENTRATION

Introduction: Development and urbanisation are closely related, there isn't a clear-cut relationship between the two. The process of urbanization can be measured in terms of many demographic dimensions. Objective: The paper aims to calculate the Gini Concentration Ratio (GCR) of urban population i.e., Co-efficient of urban concentration for the urban towns in India for 2001 and 2011 censuses to examine whether urban concentration increases or not leading to urbanization. Method: This study is an introspective type of research based on secondary data gathered from books, articles, websites, web-based journals, Census Reports, and government offices. Result and Discussion: Gini-Concentration Ratio is used to calculate for 2001 and 2011 censuses and its different values are interpreted. Findings: The value of Gini concentration ratio of 2011 census is greater than 2001 census indicating that the concentration of urban population is increasing thereby development of India. Conclusion: An important way to reduce the differences in the rate of urbanisation between rural and urban areas is seemed to prioritise for socio-economic development of the country.

Contextualizing Lives and Historical Time: Examining Changes in the Transition to Adulthood and Age-Arrest Trajectories from the 1960s to 2018

Objectives: The changing nature and timing of adult role acquisition during the transition to adulthood over the past several decades may hold implications for criminal offending as adult roles are fundamental to theories of desistance. This research explores whether changes in adult role attainment during young adulthood are associated with the changes in the level and slope of the age-arrest trajectory over the past half-century. Methods: Combining US Census and Uniform Crime Report data, we map the average rate of adult role attainment (e.g., marriage, parenthood, labor force, independent living) and aggregate age-arrest trajectories among young adults (ages 18-24) biennially from 1960 to 2018. We fit a multilevel growth curve model where ages are nested within years to examine whether variation in the aggregate age-arrest trajectory is associated with variation in the attainment of adulthood. Results: At the macro level, periods with higher levels of adult role attainment are associated with a swifter decline in the young adult arrest rate but not the level. Conclusions: This research positions sociohistorical context at the center of life course criminological inquiry and highlights how historical shifts in the attainment and timing of adult social roles can alter behavioral patterns during the transition to adulthood.

Elderly Migrants and their Socially Isolated Living

Elderly population has a rapid rise in Nepal. The 2021 census reports 2.97 million elderly people, which equals 10.21 percentage of Nepal's total population, and 38.2 percentage more from the 2011 census. Realizing the problems faced by elderly population in areas of social-cultural, economic, demographic, labor, health, and care, the Elderly Citizens Act, 2006 was ratified by Nepal to address senior citizens' social security needs and issues. The study analyzes how elderly residents of Kirtipur have managed to survive in a family and community setting. Data is gathered from participant observation and in-depth interviews. I have made efforts to analyze whether financial reliance, parental assistance, social interaction, social isolation, and health issues have co-worked for giving stresses to the elderly people. Senior citizens experience many problems like loneliness and helplessness, which are sufficient for creating troubles and anxieties. They also struggle with having a low social position relative to where they were born and missing out on social and cultural events. They also have gone through social and cultural disengagement, family rejection, loss of social contact, and social isolation from their place of origin.

Investigating the mortality trend of gastrointestinal cancers in Babol, North Iran (2013–2021)

Background and aimThis study aims to examine the mortality rate and trend of gastrointestinal cancers, particularly gastric cancer, as the leading cause of death among cancers in northern Iran over a 9-year period. In light of the changing incidence and mortality rates of cancer in Iran and around the world, the importance of these diseases in people’s lives, and the necessity of updating and monitoring the trend of cancer mortality, we have decided to report on the mortality trend of gastrointestinal cancers, based on crude and age-standardized rates.MethodThis study is a cross-sectional examination of deaths caused by gastrointestinal cancers in Babol city, Iran, between 2013 and 2021. Data was collected from the cause of death registration and classification system of Babol University of Medical Sciences. Population estimation was obtained from the latest census reports. The crude and age-standardized mortality rates and trends of the cancers were calculated.ResultsOverall, there were 1345 deaths from gastrointestinal cancers with an average age of 69.11 ± 14.25 years. The crude and age-standardized rates of these cancers rose from 24.1 to 20.1 per hundred thousand people in 2012 to 29.5 and 25.5 per hundred thousand people, respectively. This trend became more prevalent significantly with the increase of each decade of age for both men (P-value Trend = 0.002) and women (P-value Trend = 0.012). An analysis of gastrointestinal cancers revealed a decreasing trend for cancers of the small intestine, an increasing trend for cancers of the colon, pancreas, and gallbladder, and a stable trend for the remaining cancers over the study period.ConclusionThe age-standardized rate and the number of gastrointestinal cancers is rising, highlighting the importance of preventative measures such as screening, increasing public awareness, and appropriate diagnostic methods.

Incarcerated youth and their siblings: A review of historical and current context, and future directions

AbstractThe 2020 Juvenile Residential Facility Census reports that roughly 25,000 youth in the United States (U.S.) are incarcerated—placing the United States as the leading nation in number of juveniles in correctional facilities worldwide. This paper aims to highlight an overlooked population impacted by this issue: not the incarcerated youth themselves, but their siblings. This paper first grounds historical trends, the effects of racialized sociopolitical systems on disparate rates of incarceration, and the current state of youth incarceration, with a specific focus on impacts on families. This paper reviews the literature on how families are affected by the juvenile justice system in terms of their well‐being, education, and other outcomes—drawing from the small body of research directly on siblings and hypothesizing impacts in need of further study based on families' experiences in the criminal justice system. We present historical and current issues/limitations to understanding and addressing the impacts of youth incarceration on siblings, concluding with areas of future research needed to address the impacts that a youth's incarceration has on their siblings and family.

Exploring the Socio-Economic Landscape of Handloom Workers in India: A comparative Study of the 3rd and 4th Handloom Census Reports.

Exploring the Socio-Economic Landscape of Handloom Workers in India: A comparative Study of the 3rd and 4th Handloom Census Reports.

Overseas Labour Migration of Nepal: Trends and Patterns

This research paper examines the trends, patterns, and diversifications of overseas labour migration from Nepal to different countries worldwide. This study analyzes the changing trends of human resource migration from Nepal around the world. In the same way, it elucidates the causes of migration from Nepal. The study uses quantitative methods to analyze the data. Different census reports show a continuous flow of Nepalese workers, and military personnel abroad over the past 250 years. Due to relatively higher income levels in the Gulf States and Malaysia, the proportion of migrants going to India has drastically declined lately. A rapid migration of Nepalese to Gulf countries and other developed countries took place after 1990. The recent census data exhibit that the trend of migrating overseas to new destinations is increasing and it also reveals that the migrating tendency of males is about four times higher than that of females. Nepal, one of the world's major remittance-receiving developing countries, has gained recognition in recent years for gaining foreign currency from its migrant workers. As a result, Nepal has undergone transformations in the fields of its culture, political ideology, and technology. Therefore, overseas migration has contributed to the socio-economic development of the nation.

Health Seeking Behavior of Marginalized Santhal Population in Jhapa District, Nepal

Introduction: Santhal is one of the ethnic groups, living in Jhapa and Morang districts of Nepal. The proportion of Santhal population compared to the previous census report is continuously declining because of marginalization and migration to India.&#x0D; Methods: This study was carried out qualitative cross-sectional study based on a household survey. The research work was undertaken in two Village Development Committees (VDCs) and two wards from each VDC by using simple random sampling. A total of 382 households were selected as respondents to the study. A Santhal graduate and three more interviewers were trained for data collection. The research was funded by Purbanchal University, Research Division. Approval for data collection was taken from the Research Division of Purbanchal University and permission for data collection was taken from the concerned VDC authority.&#x0D; Results: The study found that 84.8% had a poor level of knowledge of health-seeking behavior, very few that is 1.7 % of respondents visited traditional healers whereas 92.9% of Santhal people had a positive perception of modern medical treatment. The majority of respondents (97.4%) took medicine when they got sick, among them 46.5% got the medicine from a primary health care center.&#x0D; Conclusion: The majority of Santhal people visit healthcare settings when they become ill. Regarding the information on health-seeking behavior about two/third were informed from the senior member of the family. The majority of Santhal people had poor knowledge of health-seeking behavior and the majority had positive health-seeking behavior on modern treatment.