Censorship In India Research Articles

Legal Limits on Creativity: Understanding Film Censorship in India

Legal Limits on Creativity: Understanding Film Censorship in India

Regulating Dominant Platforms: Challenges and Opportunities of Content Moderation on Jio Platforms

Abstract Indian multinational technology company, Jio Platforms with an active subscriber base of 467.6 million (February 2024, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India data) continues to lead the market in India. Digitisation has transformed India’s governance model as deep penetration of telecom and the internet in India has laid the foundation for a digital economy. This article examines the role of self-regulation mechanisms and censorship in India’s dominant platform company Jio Platforms which contributes significantly to changing the paradigm of digital governance, thereby making services seamless, and easily accessible and improving the ease of living and doing business. Facebook’s investment in Jio for a 9.99 percent stake makes it the largest investment for a minority stake by a tech company anywhere in the world. With Jio Platforms and Facebook parent Meta Platforms rolling out a grocery delivery app using Meta’s WhatsApp messaging service, the transnational ties are deepening and expanding, making it imperative to examine the role of self-regulation and censorship in a market that is open, diverse and the largest in a democratic governance structure. This article will examine the key concerns of data sharing and privacy, especially when the central plank of government policy is digitisation. With stricter government regulations for foreign players in the market, there is a distinct focus of the government on boosting Indian companies to capture and control the market. Data collated by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) show India’s overall internet user base grew to around 936.16 million in 2023. Such a diverse and vibrant open market calls for effective regulations and restrictions on privacy, algorithms, deceptive practices, antitrust, financing, and governance. This article aims to investigate the challenges of regulating dominant platforms. It delves deep into understanding and analysing the challenges and opportunities that evolve in regulating Jio Platforms. The study will also inquire whether favourable government policies and national legislation boost the processes of digitisation and whether there is a need for a new regulatory framework laid by the government for platforms to abide by. India has an open market dominated by US multinational firms, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. Content removal and other online censorship efforts are topics of heated debate, in academia and policy circles. This makes it arduous to ensure that data protection and privacy are safeguarded, particularly by dominant platforms such as Jio Platforms which is almost monopolising the Indian market.

Media and Internet Censorship in India: A Study of its History and Political-Economy

Media and Internet Censorship in India: A Study of its History and Political-Economy

Extending the Umbrella of Censorship in India to Encompass Online Games

The online gaming industry, a booming industry and prominent means of entertainment today, operates without any censor on the content of the games. In India, the boom has been unparalleled and there exists no regulation on online gaming censorship. The content of the games is not appropriate for all the sections of players and there are adverse effects of exposure to the violent and sexualized content as proven by different studies. This necessitates the censorship of online games before the games are permitted to enter the public domain. The enactment of a legislation which would deal with the censorship of the content of online games might aid in mitigating the adverse effects associated with the exposure to uncensored and inappropriate content.

A study on ott and censorship in India

In this fast-paced world, each one of us sits in front of electronic gadgets to pass the time. The digital uprising and the handheld devices (Mobile and Tablet) are evolving with impressive features, creating a pleasant andc omfortable environment for watching content. The "Anyone, Anywhere" phenomenon, i.e. facilitated by gadgets technologies. The feature advancement has stimulated the search for a medium that is full of visual experiences, thus leading to the birth of OTT platforms. The Over the Top (OTT) platform significantly impacts the entertainment sectors' innovative drive. This audio-visual platform provides an opportunity to user’s to choose the content which is based on their preferences. One can say Bigflix, launched by Reliance (2008), is India's first OTT platform, comprising feature films, series, T.V. shows, and documentaries. Censorship has to be understood in the broad spectrum. In that case, it defines the suppression of an individual's information, ideas, and artistic expression, whether it's a suppression of private entities, speakers, writers, or artists. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting announced India's regulatory code for OTT platforms On February 25, 2021. In this study, we will focus on different OTT platforms and the censorship worldwide, determine the possible outcomes and make a few suggestions that can be brought in censorship and media laws.

A study on ott and censorship in India

A study on ott and censorship in India

Nip, snick, cut! Decoding film censorship in India 1920-1928

ABSTRACT The debate on film censorship in colonial India is rife with assertions that censorship was introduced to empty Indian films of their nationalist content. But the examination of the Bengal Board of Film Register shows that for the period between 1920 and 1928, indigenously produced films counted for much less than American films, and film censorship during the silent era was more focused on female sexuality rather than nationalism and politics. Most of the cuts affected in films exhibited in Bengal Presidency were sexual rather than explicitly political in nature. And by the end of the 1920s, the discourse of film censorship in India would metastasize around the moral need to protect the white woman.

Satiric parody through Indian English tweets in Twitter

AbstractThis paper examines satiric parody in Hinglish tweets that users created in response to the censorship in India of the James Bond movie Spectre. The analysis reveals the creativity with which users conflated two different cultures (Indian and Western) and languages (Hindi and English) in their tweets for a parodic portrayal of James Bond in an Indianized avatar and a satirical criticism of the underlying conservative ideology behind the censorship of the movie. Rather than taking the form of acrimonious debate on the issue of censorship, the #SanskariJamesBond tweets show how users dealt with the issue through satirical user‐generated Twitter memes. This study demonstrates that parody through code‐mixed tweets is an effective way of highlighting controversies, taking a stand on them, and, simultaneously, countering conflicting views through a collective public response on a social media platform.

Aborting Kashmeer, erasing Kashmir: A trajectory of storytelling and political censorship in India

ABSTRACT Departing from the extensive internet shutdown (2019–2021) that the Indian government imposed on the annexed state of Jammu and Kashmir, this essay traces a historical trajectory of Kashmir’s invisibilisation in India’s popular imagination. Focusing film and television serial productions from the 1960s onwards, my argument proceeds from the forming of the cinematic master narrative on Kashmir towards the forcefully aborted TV serial Kashmeer (2003). I contend that in order to understand the large public acceptance both of Kashmir’s annexation and its digital closure, we need to engage a more capacious conceptualisation of censorship that captures the variety of its political influences in everyday entertainment and its formative role for audiences. Moving beyond the official interference with imagery and story lines (through the Central Board of Film Certification, CBFB) I examine on the one hand, how the visual framing of Kashmir, and its absence, has been dependent on a structurally, ideologically and economically shifting televisual field that bore interlinked modes of vertical/state and horizontal/populist censorship as well as manipulative corporate intervention. On the other hand, in conjuncture with these conditions, I argue for a stronger consideration of the functional significance, at specific historical moments, of different formats and genres in fictitious storytelling, whose respective logics of production and consumption are themselves carriers of emancipative opening and closure.

CENSORSHIP IN INDIA VIS-À-VIS FREEDOM OF SPEECH: COMPARISON OF THE EXTENT OF CENSORSHIP LAWS IN INDIA AND ABROAD

With the current outrage at the arbitrary method of censorship applied by the board of film certification in India, it was pertinent to understand and take a closer look at the methods and principles which guide the method of censorship in India, this is also an attempt to understand why censorship is a vital tool to ensure peace and unity in India. The paper also looks at the past and present of censorship, in the form of how it came to be, why it came to be and also what role it plays in society today. In order to get a bigger picture of censorship an attempt has been made to understand censorship in the United States of America, which is a champion of democracy and also in the People’s Republic of China which uses censorship to shepherd its populace in the other direction. The effects both schools have on censorship have been explored in this paper. India being a mixture of both influences has the right to expression subject to certain instances and therefore must understand that even though the right of free speech is indeed a requirement in these times and places, but why censorship as a necessary evil as well in India.

Internet Censorship in India

Time keeps on slipping and accordingly making the things to move or change from their present form keeping in mind the end goal of to take a new frame. This is true in case of censorship too, the extent of which was previously limited to print media. With the reach of internet at every nook and corner of the society, internet has moved toward becoming something which has turned out to be effective in drawing in an ever-increasing number of people thus resulting in increased tenfold of internet users from 1999 to 2013 according to a report of internet stats. At one end it is benefiting the society but at the other it is turning out into a center point of illegal matter which is harmful for the wellbeing of the society. In order to cooperate with the menace of internet use, there is a need to censor the internet. This research paper mainly focuses upon the concept of internet censorship in Indian context.

Internet Censorship in India: Boom or Bane

Internet Censorship in India: Boom or Bane

Mini Chandran, The Writer, the Reader and the State: Literary Censorship in India

Mini Chandran, <i>The Writer, the Reader and the State: Literary Censorship in India</i>

Digital Archiving as Social Protest

The relationship between journalism and social marginalization is a relatively understudied area in digital journalism studies. Our case study of Dalit Camera (DC), an online news archive and chronicle based in India, examines how historically disadvantaged Dalits, or “Untouchables,” are leveraging digital tools to narrate their oppressive past to the outside world parallel to the rise of political censorship in India. As part of its archiving process, DC is preserving footage of Dalit resistance against hegemonic domination by caste Hindus. Through their grassroots network of citizen journalists, DC is also engaged in reporting caste-based discrimination and violence today, contributing to the Dalit social movement for equality and justice. Our study provides the first examination of Dalit social protest as a function of digital news archiving, in the process bringing a non-Western subject typically reserved for Subaltern Studies to digital journalism studies as a potent example of citizen journalism and participatory online culture in a censorious media climate. We argue that the growing field of digital journalism studies must leverage productively with area studies scholarship, such as Subaltern Studies, in order to advance a deeper understanding of journalism cultures in the Global South.

CASE STUDY: FILM CENSORSHIP IN INDIA

Censorship is a controlling force of an authority. It is structured and determined by an authority that is governed by socio political and religious forces of a nation. The paper studies the prevailing practices on film censorship in India. It highlights the causes behind the film censorship in India which has been a topic of current affairs in the 21st century.

Voice Biometric : A New Trend to Enhance Security

Security has always been a primary concern whether be it home or office. With the advent of information technology security over the information acquired takes a prime concern. Security breaches are prevailing from technical to business field. Information technology has inundated the business sector and education world and every possible area one can think of. Consider the case of CERT-I n where, Hours ahead of its planned protest against certain incidents of internet censorship in India , hacker collective Anonymous attacked and brought down the website run by Computer Emergency Response Team India (CERT-I n). Amongst the most disastrous information leakage breach was the hacking of data for 1.5 million Master and VISA card users. VISA and MASTER card alerts banks about the security breach at Global Payments. The alert clearly stated that full Track 1 and Track 2 information was taken and could have been abused for counterfeit new cards. This information had been compromised from a period of January 21,2012 to February 25,2012. Yet it was not the company who disclosed the security breach, the security blogger Brian Krebs in security reported the event on 30,March,2012, This pattern is common for all security breaches as the conclusion who are impacted are the last ones to know about it. These threats to business need a stronger mechanism of security to counter them. Biometrics has offered new venues to resolve these issues. Biometrics refers to the physiological or behavioural characteristics of a person to authenticate his/her identity. This Biometrics is the most prominent and promising technique used for authenticating a person’s identity. Voice Biometrics, Finger printing, facial Recognition area few biometrics that are used for security purposes. This paper majorly cover Voice Biometrics. voice biometrics uses the pitch, tone, and rhythm of speech. Background noise, illness, age, and differences in telephones and microphones can cause problems with voice identification and authorization.[Paper: exploration - voice - biometrics_1436] This is mostly used by Banks and Call Centres to authenticate there users. A telephone or microphone is required to proved your identity. Voice Biometrics is mostly adopted by the customers as they find it as a normal telephonic conversation. Remotely any customer from any location can login or use his/her ID. Each person has a unique voice and that can be easily stored in form of bits. So, this provide a better option for the developer or programmers to authenticate their software, databases etc using Voice Biometrics. Number of methods are used to apply these Biometrics. As a first step the new user has to record his/her speech by calling a telephone collection script. Once there is an existent recording the user is allowed to invoke an enrolment form and specify personal data, such as passwords and answers to questions on various topics, as suggested by the server. The answers can be selections from predetermined value lists, e.g. selected cities or colours, or user’s own new keywords. It is also possible to add new questions within the existent topics or dynamically generate these based on contexts or history of previous transactions or other events.

Hindu Activism and Academic Censorship in India

It is rare indeed that ancient Indian history makes the news, but this is precisely what happened in February 2014. 1 All online resources were accessed in July 2014. From The New York Times to The...

Editors’ Introduction to the Roundtable on Intellectual Freedom, Vigilantism, and Censorship in India

Editors’ Introduction to the Roundtable on Intellectual Freedom, Vigilantism, and Censorship in India

Book Proposal Digital Democracy in a Globalised World

PART I: INTRODUCING GLOBALISATION, LAW AND DIGITAL DEMOCRACY 1. Corien Prins, Setting the stage for analysing digital democracy through the lens of globalisation and global law 2. Maurice Adams, Democracy and the Democracy Debate: From City State to a Globalising Society? PART II: COUNTRY SPECIFIC INITIATIVES 3. Karsten Meijer, Dutch digital manifestations of representative and monitory democracy. 4. Koen van Aeken, Digital manifestations of representative and monitory democracy in Belgium. 5. Monica Steffen Guise Rosina and Alexandre Pacheco da Silva, Digital Democracy in Brazil: how open is the government to change? 6. Arpan Banerjee, Internet Censorship in India 7. Anne Meuwese, Popular Constitution-Making. The Case of Iceland. PART III: SPHERES, ACTORS AND REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS 8. Emre Bayamlioglu, A Critical Theory of Social Media As Public Sphere 9. Rivka Weill, Digital Democracy: Do We Want Electronic Elections and Are They Constitutional? 10. Marie-Jose Garot, European citizens‘ initiative 11. Nicolo Zingales & Roxana Radu, In search of the holy grail: democratic multistakeholder governance in internet policy-making 12. Stefan Soeparman, Civic driven open data initiatives: transparantizing the workings and performance of the State?13. Colette Cuijpers, Edemocracy; reconciling the interests of open data and data protection 14. Pedro Letai, Why can’t we be friends? Copyright and Freedom of Expression at the Crossroads of Digital Democracy PART IV: AN AGENDA FOR REFLECTIONS ON GLOBALIZATION, LAW AND DIGITAL DEMOCRACY

The Moral Basis of Censorship in Cinema in an Age of Digital Communication: A Study among Select University Communities of India

Bollywood’s commitment to mirroring social reality has hardly remained untouched by market forces. Despite cinema being born to creatively portray social reality, the drive to link the success of a film to box office returns eventually led to its commercialisation. Profit prioritisation overpowering its social and developmental goals, obscenity and lewdness emerged as integral features of Indian cinema. Censorship appeared as an inevitable response, restraint on the public morale being necessary for socio-cultural and political reasons. However, obscenity and lewdness having varying interpretations, Indian censorship decisions were hardly indisputable, and all efforts including judicial pronouncements and expert committee recommendations have fallen short of settling the issue. The ongoing digital communication technology revolution has prompted a debate on the relevance of cinema censorship in India. This paper attempts to examine the moral basis of film censorship in India, in the context of changing public moral and social patterns, and the ongoing digital communication technology revolutions.