Replacement Of Cement In Concrete Research Articles

Review Paper: Strength Performance of Eggshell as a Cement Replacement in Concrete

The numbers of Malaysian construction industry had been increasing in several years with the large construction building and infrastructures projects had been constructed. Therefore, these developments led to an increase of cement production. The production of cement will cause wider environmental implication such are air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution which are very dangerous for human health. This is due to the manufacturing of cement that release dust, toxic and carbon dioxide emissions, which is a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. To overcome this problem, several researches had been conducted for the past few decade to find a new waste material that have same mechanical properties which can replace cement content in construction. One of the most promising materials that shows great potential is eggshell as a cement replacement. It is reported that the global egg production will increase to about 90 million tons by 2030, therefore the waste of eggshell will be increased too. This paper study the mechanical properties of eggshell as a cement replacement in concrete. Several papers had been reviewed and the results are presented in order to shows the performance of eggshell in concrete. The result shows that the concrete with less than 15% replacement of eggshell produced higher compressive and tensile strength compared to normal concrete. Moreover, the flexural strength of concrete containing eggshell up to 20% replacement shows comparable results with normal concrete. From the results, by replacing cement with eggshell up to 15% show a good performance as well as can reduce the use of cement and reduce the eggshell wasted in landfill.

Furnace temperature of coffee grounds as organic waste-based cementitious material in concrete

Organic waste results as a high impact as inorganic material to our environment which rise the alert to manage them seriously. Accordingly, this paper discusses the significance of organic waste-based material from the coffee powder utilized as the 5% cement replacement in concrete. Ultimately, the temperature variation of the muffle furnace to derive into coffee grounds husk ash is investigated chemically and mechanically to the compressive strength of concrete. Furnace temperature variation was set from 600°C up to 750°C for 2 hours which disclosed dominant potassium oxide. Else, some chemical components as found in cement was present except silicon oxide which predominantly appears in cement to increase concrete strength. However, the chemical reaction between coffee grounds ash, cement and other matrices in concrete mixture generated better compressive performance in accordance with the furnace temperature of 750°C climb reaching over 40 MPa which was above the targeted control sample. Even though the reactivity of the mixture was not detail observed, the coffee grounds ash obtained from 750°C furnace process was eligible as cement replacement in the concrete mixture for normal concrete design.

Chicken Feather Ash (CFA) as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

Every day, large quantities of chicken feathers are disposed of as waste at markets where birds are slaughtered and sold for meat. The possibility of using Chicken feather ash (CFA) as a partial replacement of cement in the concrete making was investigated. Water-cement ratio and percentage CFA used for replacement were chosen as variables in the design of the experiment. Compressive strength and workability were chosen as the required responses to observe and analyzed using response surface methodology. Full factorial design was used for the design of experiment, with CFA replacement and water-cement ratio ranging from 2 – 11% and 0.3 – 0.7 % by mass respectively. There were 27 trial mixes and the freshly made concrete mix was tested for workability. Concrete cubes were molded and cured for 7 and 14 days and were crushed to determine the compressive strength. It was found that as the CFA percentage increases, the workability of the concrete increases making it more fluid. The optimum water-cement ratio was observed to range from 0.49 to 0.51 % as the curing age increases. The optimum compressive strength was observed to range from 15.6 to 18.6 N/mm2 as the curing age increased. However, the allowable range of CFA to be used for concrete making is 3.8 to 6.34 % beyond which compressive strength reduces.

Incorporation of Eco Process Pozzolan (EPP) as Partial Cement Replacement and Superplasticisers in Concrete

Eco Process Pozzolan (ePP) is obtained from the calcination of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) originating from the by-product of manufacture of edible oils. Studies have shown that ePP has cementitious properties and can be utilised as partial cement replacement in concrete. The limitations of ePP as partial cement replacement includes a decrease in concrete consistence, or workability. Superplasticisers are becoming commonly used in concreting works for increasing concrete workability; however, due to its chemical nature, may lead to possible side-reactions, especially when used with a new alternative material. This study focuses on the use of superplasticisers in concrete incorporated with ePP as partial cement replacement, and the resulting properties of the concrete. Concrete mixes include mixes using 100% ordinary Portland cement (i.e. 0% ePP), and mixes with ePP at 20% replacement level (i.e. 80% OPC), at 0.3 and 0.5 water to cement ratios. Three different types of superplasticisers were used, at various dosages in which one of them (polyethene-based) produces the best result. Slump tests and compressive strength tests were done at concrete ages of 7, 28, 56 and 91 days. The results show that utilisation of superplasticisers improved concrete workability and strength, regardless of the type of superplasticiser used, leading to easier compaction. The compressive strengths at long-term ages continually increases and were almost comparable to concrete using 100% OPC.

The Utilization of Glass Waste as Fine Aggregate Replacement and Rice Husk Ash as Cement Replacement in Concrete: A Review

Cement as a binder used in the mixture of concrete is a costly product and it is also harmful to the environment due to the emission of huge amounts of CO2 and other gases. Like cement the fine aggregate is also the main constituent of the concrete used as inert filler in concrete is also expensive. The researchers are probing towards the new inexpensive and environment friendly materials for the concrete. They have agreed over the point that by utilizing the recycled waste materials could be helpful in achieving the sustainable construction. So in this case a lot of research has been carried out for the utilization of rice husk ash as cement substitution and recycled waste glass as alternative of concrete fine aggregate. The outcome of this research is that these both green materials have enormous potential to contribute in the long-lasting handling of ineffectual solid waste, reduction of landfill sites, preserving natural resources and protecting atmosphere from extremely hazardous gases. The purpose of this review work is to summarize the previous research findings on utilization of rice husk ash and recycled waste glass as a substitution to the cement and fine aggregate respectively. This review paper will come up with the remarkable idea and valuable information for the upcoming researchers working for the aim of utilization of renewable and futile materials in the field of concrete technology.

Mechanical and durability characteristics of high performance self-compacting concrete containing flyash, silica fume and graphene oxide

Abstract The fundamental requirement to reduce the carbon footprint by reducing the consumption of cement in construction industry has been forcing researchers to look for alternate binder materials or mineral admixtures. The use of mineral admixtures as partial replacement of cement in concrete has proved its efficacy with enhanced performance characteristics. In the recent period, the use of ternary and quaternary blended cements in concretes has increased due to the synergistic effect produced by the simultaneous use of multiple mineral admixtures. The present work focuses on studying the properties of high performance self-compacting concretes containing ternary and quaternary blended cements using flyash (FA), silica fume (SF) and graphene oxide (GO). The mechanical and durability characteristics were assessed by evaluating compressive strength, split tensile strength, resistivity, absorption characteristics and rapid chloride penetrability.

Recycling Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash as Cement Replacement in Concrete

Cement was a binder material that used in concrete industry. The cost production was very expensive due to the high global demand. Therefore, as a new alternative to replace the used of cement in concrete, which was bottom ash. The objectives of this study were to investigate properties of cement matric of concrete containing bottom ash, and to observe the ability of bottom ash as a binder. Based on the result on XRF, Ordinary Portland Cement and bottom ash had nearly similar compounds of Calcium and Silica. Results of slump test indicate that concrete contains of 10 %- 30% bottom ash cause the true slump. Determination of the capability and strength of concrete obtained from water absorption test. Percentage of water absorbed increases with increasingly of proportion bottom ash. The strength of concrete for compression test was 27.5 MPa for 10 % of bottom ash that achieved the targeted. Higher percentage of bottom ash replacement affected matrix C-S-H (calcium silicate-hydrate) bond. Interfacial transition zone surface and scanning electron microscope observations confirm these findings. Therefore, municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash can act partly replace cement in concrete but would not exceed 30% of usage.

Effect of ultra-fine fly ash on concrete performance and durability

In the present study ultra-fine fly ash as a novel by-product obtained by a dry and closed separation process was investigated as cement replacement in concrete. The impact of ultra-fine fly ash on material properties was investigated following an upscaling as an approach considering paste, mortar and concrete properties. Two types of cement, Portland cement (CEMI) and slag cement (CEMIII), two types of ultra-fly ashes, one with particle size d90 < 9.3 μm (FA1) and second with d90 < 4.6 μm (FA2) were used. At paste- and mortar- level, cement was replaced at 0%, 15%, 25%, 35% and 50% with FA1 and FA2. At concrete- level, cement was replaced at 0%, 15% and 25% with different ratios of FA1 and FA2. The results at paste- and mortar- level showed that an increased fineness of the fly ash (FA2) contributes to better workability of the mix. For CEMI, the compressive strength of concrete with FA2 at 25% cement replacement was already equal to the reference 0% replacement concrete at the age of 28 days. For CEMIII, the compressive strength of concrete mix with FA1 with 15% and FA2 with 25% cement replacements reached the reference concrete value at the age of 91 days. Regarding the durability, replacing cement with ultra-fine fly ash (FA2) had a positive influence on the resistivity, chloride migration coefficient and alkali-silica reaction (ASR), and a negative influence on the carbonation resistance.

Developing carbon nanoparticles with tunable morphology and surface chemistry for use in construction

This study introduces novel methods for producing carbon nanoparticles from bio-oils made through hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. It further compares physiochemical properties of carbon nanoparticles obtained from each method. First method uses heat-treatment up to 800 °C under nitrogen blanket; the second method is Vacuum Freeze-Drying. Here, we characterize physiochemical and surface properties of above two carbon nanoparticles using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The study results showed that carbon nanoparticles produced through the first method are nonpolar and hydrophobic with 88% carbon and particle size of 310–430 nm. The carbon nanoparticles obtained through the second method found to be highly polar and hydrophilic with carbon content of 42% and particles ranging from 250 to 310 nm. The hydrophobic nature of the former scenario makes it a promising candidate for use in asphalt to enhance its performance and aging resistance. The hydrophilic nature of the latter scenario makes it a promising candidate for partial replacement of cement in concrete. Its hydrophilic nature is attributed to the high oxygen to carbon ratio giving rise to its water retention capacity which in turn promotes internal curing of concrete. Carbon nanoparticles produced from bio-oils open a new research field to enhance performance and durability in construction while sequestering carbon and promoting circular economy.

Effects of Coal Bottom Ash as Cementitious Material on Compressive Strength and Chloride Permeability of Concrete

Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) is the waste material produced by coal-based power plants, particularly in Malaysia around 1.7 million tons of CBA was produced annually, which is major environmental concern. Therefore, the use of CBA as a partial replacement of cement in concrete is a possible solution for that pollution; this approach also creates a new corridor in the field of concrete production. However, this study aims to evaluate the effects of CBA as cementitious material on the concrete properties. This study incorporated 10% CBA as a cement replacement by weight method in concrete. However, concrete samples were prepared with and without CBA and immersed in water for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. Next, the performances of concrete with and without CBA were evaluated in terms of workability, compressive strength, and rapid chloride permeability test. It was found that due to presence of CBA in concrete, workability reduces; no substantial growth in compressive strength at the early ages but substantial rise in strength was noticed after 56 days. Almost 4.7% higher strength was recorded than the control specimens at 90 days. Besides that, concrete containing CBA has lower chloride penetration as compared to the control specimen, which shows its better durability performance. It can be concluded that CBA has an enormous potential to be utilized as a cementitious material in durable concrete production.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Oil Palm Fiber (OPF) Partial Replacement of Cement

This research showed the results of experiments effect use of oil palm fibre (OPF) from oil palm industry as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement. Research on the reuse of waste materials in the concrete industry has been quite intensive in the past decade. The objective of this research is to identify the Effect of oil palm fibre as a partial cement replacement in the production of concrete. After the treatment, the economical ways to dispose of it is by using landfill method. But due to a limited landfill site in Malaysia and it is the temporary solution for the disposal of the waste, it becomes a problem to Malaysia and the number of the oil palm fibre keeping increase year by year because of the population increase year by year too. The results showed that oil palm fibre (OPF) greatly improved the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. The rate of water absorption of oil palm fibre (OPF) concrete was reduced as oil palm fibre filled up the existing voids, making it more impermeable. However, the compressive strength of the oil palm fibre concrete decreases gradually when the amount of oil palm fibre (OPF) increased. It can be concluded that the optimum percentage of oil palm fibre as a partial cement replacement is 10%. In this direction, an experimental investigation of ultrasonic pulse velocity, carbonation test, compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption was undertaken to use oil palm fiber and admixtures as partial replacement for cement in concrete.

Prospects of Partial Substitution of Cement with Rice Husk Ash for Road Concrete Works

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) has been found as a potential partial replacement for cement in concrete. This study attempts to make an evidence based evaluation of the sustainability and benefits of RHA utilisation as partial replacement of cement in road concrete works within Anambra State of Nigeria. The ashes of the rice husks collected from different locations were characterised. Direct interviews were conducted among the rice mill personnel and experts in the construction companies. The values of SiO2 + Fe2O3 + Al2O3 for the four analysed RHA samples ranged from 78.9% to 80.3% as revealed by the X-ray fluorescence analysis. This confirms that they are pozzolanic. The highest observed 28th day compressive strength of concrete was 41.8 N/mm2 for the concrete containing 10% RHA. Beyond the 10% replacement level, the compressive strength dropped below the control values. The result of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis displayed the highest option preference of 40.3% for utilising RHA in road construction. These show that utilising RHA for road concrete works would be a sustainable option. 10% replacement of cement with RHA was recommended for optimum performance based on the compressive strengths of the tested RHA based concretes.

Response Surface Analysis of the Corrosion Effect of Metakaolin in Reinforced Concrete

Concrete is one of the most utilized construction materials. The use of sustainable cementitious material is one of the new trends in concrete technology. Several cementitious materials have been used as partial and full replacement for cement in concrete. These materials have been used in a bid to improve sustainability and reduce production cost. However, the corrosion effect of these materials has been neglected. The experimental research assessed the corrosion effect of metakaolin on some samples of concrete. This was achieved by evaluating the concrete pore solution. The metakaolin was used as a partial replacement for cement at 0, 10, 20, and 30% replacement which gave the optimum mechanical strength. The concrete pore was extracted through mechanical means. The inhibition efficiency of metakaolin in concrete production was assessed using the and weight loss method by inserting the mild steel in artificial concrete pore solution. A reduction in the corrosion rate was observed at higher percentage addition of metakaolin which signifies an improvement in the inhibition of the developed concrete The relationship between the observed parameters was evaluated using response surface methodology. The result of the analysis showed that a unit increase in time would cause a 0.03 increase in the corrosion rate. Additionally, a unit increase in the temperature will have a 0.065 positive effect on the corrosion rate of mild steel. The R2 value showed that about 89.7% variation in the corrosion rate was accounted for by the effect of the independent variable (time, temperature and metakaolin). The outcome of this research will serve as a guide for construction workers, engineers and other researchers on the corrosion effect of this sustainable supplementary material in concrete technology towards the design and construction of sustainable concrete infrastructure.

Recycled gypsum powder from waste drywalls combined with fly ash for partial cement replacement in concrete

Recent developments towards sustainable infrastructure have motivated more environmentally conscious construction practices. The concrete industry is known to have a large carbon footprint, which can be decreased by reducing the amount of cement required, thereby reducing the demand for virgin material production and its associated carbon emissions. Excessive waste accumulation is another notable environmental issue, and gypsum drywall is a major source of construction and demolition waste, typically disposed of unsustainably in landfills. To assess the recycling potential of gypsum waste in concrete, this research utilized gypsum in quantities above those typically considered to partially replace cement. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the mechanical performance of concrete with recycled gypsum powder (hereafter called gypsum) combined with fly ash as supplementary cementing materials. A total of 15 different concrete mixes were prepared containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% gypsum and 0, 25 and 50% fly ash as partial replacement for cement. Superplasticizer was used to regulate the mixture consistency, as adding gypsum was found to dehydrate the mix. Nine identical specimens per mix were cast into 200 mm × 100 mm cylindrical molds, and three of each were tested for compressive strength after curing in a moist room for 7, 28 and 90 days. The study revealed that using only gypsum as a partial cement replacement was disadvantageous to strength, however combining fly ash and gypsum was beneficial at later ages. After 90 days, all mixes containing 50% fly ash revealed that additional gypsum did not have negative effects on the compressive strength. The presented research suggests that the novel application of recycled gypsum in concrete is achievable from a structural perspective, and including fly ash is essential. In order to be considered a practical alternative to traditional concrete, further investigation is recommended.

Comparative study on the effect of industrial by-products as a replacement of cement in concrete

Abstract In cement industry, the production of cement leads to the formation of CO2 gas that subsequently disposed into the environment. To reduce or eliminate the production of CO2, cement is replaced with the industrial waste product to develop concrete. Therefore, various samples are prepared by replacing the cement with various industrial waste materials such as brick dust, marble dust, and ceramic dust in different proportion of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%.Tests are conducted to know the mechanical properties of this concrete having MDP (marble dust powder), BDP (brick dust powder) and CDP (ceramic dust powder as replacement to cement. Compressive strength and split tensile strength testing of samples were conducted after curing the specimens for a set duration of 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. Additionally, slump test was done to predict the workability of concrete. In relation to MDP and BDP values of slump for CDP were found to be in decreasing order with increase in the replacement percentage. 10%, 12.5% and 7.5% were the best replacement percentages for MDP, BDP and CDP respectively in case of compressive strength test as well as split-tensile-strength for all days of curing. But CDP could not show the long term effect in strength increment in comparison with the conventional concrete.

Sustainable Approach for Linz-Donawitz Slag Waste as a Replacement of Cement in Concrete: Mechanical, Microstructural, and Durability Properties

Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, solid waste produced during steel manufacture in basic oxygen furnace, is difficult when it comes to handling and disposal and has very limited utilization. To increase its reusability, the suitability of supplanting cement with LD slag in concrete was examined. To study the impact of partially replacing cement with LD slag on strength, microstructure, and durability of concrete, more than 150 samples were cast. The test results reveal that the highest compressive and flexural strengths were attained at 20% LD slag replacement and, beyond that, the strength decreased. The hydration products detected by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), ettringite, and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of binary cement concrete showed denser microstructure and lesser voids. The sulphuric acid resistance, electrical resistivity, and carbonation resistance tests done reveal that acceptable durability could be achieved when cement is replaced by LD slag. It is deduced that LD slag can be utilized in partially replacing cement to achieve the desired strength. This research gives another comprehension of simultaneously managing steel industry waste for sustainable development and contributing added advantages to the economy.

EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH EGGSHELL ASH (ESA) ADMIXED WITH PLASTIMENT BV-40 IN CONCRETE

The use of eggshells ash for partial cement replacement in concrete has been well established in earlier studies. The effect of such partial replacement of cement with an eggshell ash and Plastiment BV-40 was investigated in this. Tests including slump test, compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and concrete density test were carried out on concrete in which cement was partially replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% eggshell ash and presented. The test results indicate that eggshell ash decreases the workability of concrete. Also, for the compressive strength at 5% content, after which there is decrease in the compressive strength with increase in the ash content. Furthermore, eggshell ash is found to increase the concrete splitting tensile strength. It was concluded that eggshell ash has the potential of being utilized in concrete as partial replacement of cement.

Mechanical Properties and Sustainability of Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) as a Partial Replacement of Cement

This research showed the results of experiments evaluating the use of palm kernel shell powder from palm oil refinery waste production as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Many researchers have studied the use of agro-waste as constituents in concrete but not as a partial replacement of cement specifically. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the performance of palm kernel shell powder as partial replacement of cement in the production of concrete. Palm kernel shell powder in various amounts, namely 5%,10%,15% and 20 % by volume was added as a replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The results showed that palm kernel shell powder concrete greatly improved the workability, compressive and flexural strength of concrete. All of the testing were followed the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The workability of concrete was tested by using slump test to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. For compressive strength, a total of 27 cubes with size 150mm × 150mm × 150mm were used to determine the compressive strength of concrete when replace with 5%, 10%,15% and 20% of palm kernel shell powder as a replacement of cement in concrete. The results showed that palm kernel shell powder concrete greatly improved the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. The rate of water absorption of palm kernel shell powder reduced as palm kernel shell powder filled up the existing voids while making it impermeable. However, the compressive strength of the palm kernel shell powder decreases gradually when the amount increased. It can be concluded that the optimum amount of palm kernel shell powder as partial cement replacement is 15%. In the correction, an experimental investigation of ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV), carbonation test and rebound hammer test was undertaken to palm kernel shell powder and admixtures as partial replacement cement in concrete.

Assessment on Influence of Corncob Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

In an attempt to renovate waste product into constructive material for the building purpose, this research considered the use of corn cob ash (CCA) as a partial replacement of cement. Hence, in this research, we have proposed an eco-friendly solution by investigating the utilization of corncob ash with 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement for cement in M30 grade of concrete Mechanical Properties such as compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength at 7,14,28 days are examined in laboratory. The results reveal that Corn Cob Ash can be used as a partial replacement for cement which in turn reduces the emission of greenhouse gases.

Use of eco-admixture made from municipal solid waste incineration residues in concrete

With the phasing-out of coal power plants in many developed countries, a steep shortage in construction-grade fly ash – a widely used mineral admixture in concrete – seems inevitable. In this study, an eco-admixture prepared from a raw blend of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues was investigated as a possible cement replacement in concrete. The eco-admixture was synthesized at incineration temperature of 1100 °C from a carefully selected stoichiometric combination of three residues sourced from a local incinerator and minor additions of slaked lime. Paste and concrete specimens were prepared with 15% cement replacements and compared to commercial mineral admixture and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) control. In addition to normal hydration, carbonation was explored as an alternative curing scenario for accelerated early strength activation. The influences of cement substitution on mechanical properties, leaching performance, microstructure, and resistance to freeze-thaw damage were examined. The major reactive mineral components of eco-admixture were found to be belite and chloro-ellestadite. In hydration, paste and concrete specimens containing eco-admixture were comparable in performance to straight OPC control; however, they displayed much improved strength and resilience when activated by carbonation. Leaching tests affirmed the environmental stability and suitability of eco-admixture as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. For further validation, a pilot production was carried out at a commercial concrete plant to produce a cubic meter of standard 20 cm concrete masonry units (CMUs). The CMUs with eco-admixture displayed comparable strength to the OPC references and satisfied all physical performance required by load-bearing standards.