Cement Production Research Articles

Evaluation of textile effluent treatment plant sludge as supplementary cementitious material in concrete using experimental and machine learning approaches

The growing demand for readymade garments is leading to the production of a large amount of textile effluent sludge (TES) from wastewater treatment plants, which is currently disposed of as backfill, causing land and groundwater contamination. This scenario has prompted researchers to explore the use of industrial waste, such as TES, as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to mitigate the carbon footprint of cement production. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the fresh, mechanical, non-destructive characteristics, and predictive modeling of mechanical strengths of TES-based concrete. Machine learning models, including random forest (RF) and artificial neural networks (ANN), were utilized to predict compressive and tensile strengths from various input variables. This study also evaluated the alkalinity, specific gravity, oxide content, and surface area of TES. The findings showed a pH of 9.4 and a CaO content of 33.3 %, indicating TES's potential as an SCM. The research further investigated the properties of concrete with 5–20 % cement-replaced TES, using a total binder content of 488.1 kg/m3 and a water-binder ratio of 0.32. The fresh state properties of the 5–15 % TES incorporated concrete produced normal density concrete, with a slump of 100 ± 20 mm, Kelly ball penetration of 45 ± 7 mm, a compaction factor of 0.92 ± 0.05, and a fresh density of 2464 ± 152 kg/m3. At 28 days, concrete with 15 % TES replacement showed a compressive strength of 25.6 MPa and a tensile strength of 2.88 MPa, achieving 76 % of the strength activity index and 72 % of the relative tensile strength. However, the 15 % TES concrete displayed a water permeability coefficient of 4.4 × 10−12 m/s and an electrical resistivity of 31.5 kΩ cm, compared to the control mix's 2.0 × 10−12 m/s and 37.7 kΩ cm. However, the hardened properties declined significantly after replacing 15 % of cement with TES. The mechanical properties were also estimated using ultra pulse velocity and rebound hammer tests, showing a coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.87. The RF model demonstrated superior performance with an R2 value of 0.8802 for compressive strength and 0.8518 for tensile strength, outperforming the ANN model's R2 values of 0.8126 and 0.695, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the consistent development of hydration products in the TES-enhanced concrete samples.

A synergistic method using ferrous sulfate and cementitious materials to solidify landfilled municipal sludge

The filling of landfilled municipal sludge (LMS), which is typical of high water content and low strength, poses great challenges for the landfill expansion and its mechanical stability. This study proposed a synergistic method to treat the LMS using ferrous sulfate (FS)-conditioning and cementitious materials (e.g., lime, fly ash, and cement) solidification. A series of water content, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), pH, and toxicity leaching tests were conducted to evaluate the dewatering/solidification performance of this synergistic method. The results showed that this synergistic method was effective in LMS dewatering and solidification. For the LMS tested, the proposed optimum dosage was 7 % FS, 4 % lime, 5 % fly ash, and 10 % cement, which is a much lower usage than similar studies in the literature. At this dosage, the treated LMS after 28 days of curing exhibited water content of 57.8 %, UCS of 279.1 kPa, pH value below 10.0, and no leaching toxicity, which satisfied the landfill disposal requirement by Chinese standard GB/T 23485–2009. Microscopic analyses (e.g., optical microscope, bound water measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction) revealed that FS-conditioning destroyed the colloidal agglomerate in the sludge and released the bound water to become free water; then, the cementitious materials reacted with the free water and generated cementation products (e.g., ettringite, and calcium silicate/aluminate hydrate), which significantly improved the sludge strength. The novelty of this work is that the proposed synergistic use of FS and cementitious materials, relative to the traditional method, is more effective in sludge dewatering and solidification and yet has a lower cost.

Passive thermal performance of thin-shell concrete dome structures and comparable code-compliant wooden-frame structures

A recent focus on sustainable infrastructure has cast the use of concrete for construction of infrastructure in a negative light because of the relatively high amounts of carbon dioxide produced during the production of cement. In this work, the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a concrete dome structure (with and without soil covering) are compared to those of a typical code-compliant wooden-frame structure with respect to both production-related emissions and energy consumption over the life of the structure. This comparison was addressed through a combination of computational thermal modeling, validation of model results based on temperature measurements of a to-scale concrete dome structure, and a life-cycle analysis of GHG emissions during the product stage and the operational energy component of the use stage of the structures. While the concrete dome structure contains more embodied carbon than a typical wooden-frame structure of comparable footprint, the analysis performed in this research indicates that total GHG emissions over the life of the structure are significantly lower for the concrete dome structure.

Comparative Study of Management Information Systems in Cement Companies in Southeast Nigeria, South Sulawesi, Kenya

This study explores the impact of Management Information Systems (MIS) and technological innovations on the performance of cement manufacturing firms in Southeast Nigeria, South Sulawesi, and Kenya. This study examines the use of management information systems in the cement industries of Southeast Nigeria, South Sulawesi, and Kenya using a literature review methodology. Through a comprehensive literature review of three key journals, the findings reveal a significant positive correlation between the use of decision support systems, transaction processing systems, and executive support systems, and the enhancement of corporate performance. In Southeast Nigeria, these systems increased firm performance by 0.321, 0.496, and 0.501 respectively. Impact of information technology on agency capacity in the cement industry in South Sulawesi. The effect of information technology on body skills is 0.267 and p-value 0.025, it has a significant effect on the statement, which proves that information technology has a direct effect on the body. They have the ability to support movement. In Kenya, the adoption of strategic and technological innovations notably improved sales volumes, operational efficiency, and cost reduction, with a mean aggregate score of 4.12 from surveyed department heads. The findings underscore the importance of strategic innovations tailored to specific industry needs and the necessity of training programs to equip employees with essential technical skills. This research provides actionable insights for cement firms aiming to enhance their competitive edge and achieve sustainable growth in a dynamic global market.

Optimization framework of clean heat and CO2 supply for agricultural greenhouses exploiting industrial symbiosis

The rising demand for greenhouse cultivation poses a challenge in providing environmentally friendly energy to maintain favorable greenhouse indoor conditions. This research presents an optimization model to identify cost-optimal symbiotic pathways to replace the import of three key greenhouse crops (tomato, cucumber, lettuce) with local greenhouse production. The proposed solutions involve greenhouses that can meet these crops' heat and CO2 demands via industrial symbiosis. Switzerland is investigated as the case study, and the (waste) heat suppliers are municipal solid waste incinerators, cement production plants and biogas plants. Upgrading biomethane production plants are also considered potential CO2 suppliers. The objective is to minimize the discounted cost when replacing 25%–100 % of vegetable imports with local agricultural greenhouses, considering availability of suitable land as well as waste heat and CO2 suppliers. Optimization results suggest prioritizing northeast and west Switzerland for greenhouse development, due to the availability of suitable land and proximity of waste heat and CO2 suppliers. Waste incinerators could provide 50%–70 % of the necessary heat, while Organic Rankine cycle in cement plants could generate 63 % of the electricity of supplementary lighting demand of greenhouses. While tailored for Switzerland, the optimization framework's general formulation can be adapted also to other regions to optimize greenhouses' heat and CO2 demands. The optimization code is provided open source for associated applications.

Analysis of Green Merger: Evidence from Anhui Conch Cement Company Limited Getting Anhui Conch New

In order to the goal of achieving the carbon peak by 2030, many enterprises had to take the green transition, so the green merger and acquisition came into being, becoming one of the important means of the green transformation of many enterprise, so it is important to investigate whether green mergers can really bring enough performance to enterprises, this study mainly wants to explore based on the example of green merges and acquisitions to find out if green merchandise is really the best option of the Green Transition. The cement industry is the current high carbon emission industry, and the Conch Cement Company Limited as the largest cement production enterprise in China, the obligation and responsibility to lead the green Transformation, so this study has chosen the Conch Cement Company Limited for the purchase of the Conch New Energy Company in 2021, the analysis of the acquisition performance. This study will consider the green and purchase performance, clear green and buy definition and based on the case analysis, from both financial and non-financial performance, measure and make this purchase.

Water deironing through the reagent and biosorption treatment and utilization of iron-rich sediments and biosornets in cement production

ABSTRACT The processes of reagent and sorption removal of iron ions from water were investigated and the efficiency of deironing was evaluated. Lime and biosorbents based on walnut shells were used through experiments. The range of iron ions concentrations from 2 to 100 mg/L was studied. The efficiency of deironing is reached maximum efficiency during biosorbtion. In order to create resource-efficient technologies, it is important to develop effective methods of sludge and spent sorbents utilisation. The sediments formed as a result of reagent and sorption purification of water from iron were utilised in the composition of cement with the consumption 3%. The effect of additives application in cement production was evaluated according to the following properties: normal density, coefficient of water separation, time of hardening, compressive strength at the age of 2 and 28 days.

Performance Assessment of One-Part Self-Compacted Geopolymer Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate: A Critical Comparison Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Linear Regression Models

Geopolymer concrete, a cement-free concrete with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), offers an eco-friendly solution for reducing carbon emissions from cement production and reusing a significant amount of old concrete from construction and demolition waste. This research on self-compacted, ambient-cured, and low-carbon concrete demonstrates the superior performance of one-part geopolymer concrete made from recycled materials. It is achieved by optimally replacing treated RCA with a unique method that involves coating the recycled aggregates with a one-part geopolymer slurry composed of fly ash, micro fly ash, slag, and anhydrous sodium metasilicate. The research presented in this paper introduces predictive models to assist researchers in optimising concrete mix designs based on RCA rates and treatment methods, including the incorporation of coated recycled concrete aggregates and basalt fibres. This study addresses the knowledge gap regarding geopolymer concrete based on recycled aggregate, various RCA rates, and novel RCA treatments. The novelty of the paper also lies in presenting the effectiveness of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models in accurately predicting the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity for self-compacting geopolymer concrete with various rates of RCA replacement. This addresses a knowledge gap in existing research on ANN models for the prediction of geopolymer concrete properties based on RCA rate and treatment. The ANN models developed in this research predict results that are more comparable to experimental outcomes, showcasing superior accuracy compared to linear regression models.

Effect of Long-Term Debt on Financial Performance of Cement Manufacturing Companies

Due to its critical role in overall economic development, the cement industry is identified as one of the areas of the first and second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) as a sector of special consideration. However, the main objective of this study is to examine the effect of long-term debt on financial performance in cement manufacturing companies. Moreover, the specific objectives include; examining the effect of long-term debt on return on assets in cement manufacturing companies, also, to examine the effect of long-term debt on return on equity in cement manufacturing companies, in addition, the study identifies two financial performance measures which include; return on assets and return on equity, and directly considered with the relationship of long-term debt. The methodology of this study is exclusive criteria; because the study reviewed only recent studies from 2019-2023 that reported on long-term debt and financial performance. The data is gathered through the means of review and analyzed through identifying the outcome of the reviewed studies. Therefore, based on the majority, the study found a significant negative influence of long-term debt (LTD) on financial performance measured by return on assets (ROA) of cement manufacturing companies and also, a negative effect was found with the financial performance measured by return on equity (ROE) of cement manufacturing companies. In line with the findings, the study concludes that there is a negative effect of long-term debt on financial performance measured by both the (ROA and ROE) of cement manufacturing companies. Similarly, the study recommends that cement manufacturing companies avoid the use of debt in financing their assets; also, the cement manufacturing companies should also focus much on internal financing so as to improve shareholder returns.

Hydration characteristics of calcium sulfoaluminate cements synthesized using an industrial symbiosis framework

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement offers a sustainable alternative to ordinary portland cement by using less energy and producing fewer CO2 emissions. However, the high cost and limited availability of alumina-rich resources like bauxite pose significant challenges for CSA cement production. This study addresses these issues by synthesizing CSA cement through an industrial symbiosis framework, incorporating natural materials (limestone and gypsum) with industrial wastes and by-products (Serox, ladle furnace slag, ceramic waste, and glass waste). This approach aims to minimize these challenges to CSA production while promoting environmental sustainability in the construction industry. Laboratory studies have resulted in the successful synthesis of three distinct CSA cements with at least 40 % recovered material content. Ye'elimite, anhydrite, merwinite, and fluorellestadite were identified as major compounds of the CSA cements. Hydration studies revealed ettringite as the primary hydration product, contributing to rapid strength gains with compressive strengths over 30 MPa within a day. In addition, a tendency to ettringite carbonation was observed over the long term, the adverse effects of which need to be further investigated. These results demonstrate the feasibility of producing environmentally friendly CSA cements through industrial symbiosis and highlight their potential for scalable and sustainable construction applications.

Evaluation of high-volume fly-ash cementitious binders incorporating nanosilica as eco-friendly sustainable concrete repair materials

Nowadays, the use of environmentally friendly, long-lasting building materials with minimal energy and carbon dioxide emissions are highly recommended. Some of these materials can be made from industrial and agricultural wastes. By replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with large volume of fly ash waste (FA), environmental issues associated with landfill disposal and cement manufacture can be mitigated. Nonetheless, using a high amount of FA (up to 50 %) to replace cement resulted in poor strength performance, particularly during early age. This experimental study created an increased strength cement mortar containing a high volume of FA (60 %) and bottle glass waste nanoparticles (BGWNPs). In this experiment BGWNPs were prepared and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 vol% of them were used as a replacement of OPC-FA binder. According to the results, by adding 0–6 % of BGWNPs to a high-volume FA matrix considerably increased the bond strength (from 12.5 % to 39.1 %). On the other hand, the findings revealed that the addition of nanoparticles (up to 6 %) caused a modest reduction in strength values. Other engineering and microstructure properties showed a similar pattern. The matrix with 6 % BGWNPs displayed the best performance when compared to other levels. The results also showed that replacing OPC by high volume FA incorporating BGWNPs significantly improved the durability of proposed mortar, such as reduction in drying shrinkage and increased acid attack and abrasion resistance. Related to the environment benefits, the proposed mortars contributed in a reduction of carbon dioxide emission, energy consumption and cost of binder by 61.9 %, 54.3 % and 50.6 % compared to OPC, respectively. To conclude, the use of BGWNPs make it possible to produce high volumes of FA-based cement mortars with acceptable mechanical and durable properties for concrete repair applications in the construction industry. Additionally, sustainability can be attained by lowering pollution, recycling waste, and finding solutions to landfill problems.

Technology of Manufacturing Hollow Soil-Cement Blocks

The author analyzed technological solutions for the production of blocks from soil cement. It is proposed to make soil cement blocks from portland cement brand 400 in the amount of 20 % of the mass of soil and water. Experimental addition of fly ash to the solution in different amounts depending on the cement content. It is proposed to add ash removed from the Darnytsya thermal power plant, which was sifted through a 4 mm sieve, because the ash contains a significant amount of impurities. The content of inclusions from 1 to 4 mm was up to 40 %. It is proposed to make blocks from soil cement with the addition of fly ash with the aim of improving the thermotechnical properties. It is proposed to make soil-cement blocks with two voids. To ensure high-quality compaction of products in forms, the moisture content of the content for most soils should be within 14–23 %. The maximum force that the sample can withstand was taken as a destructive load. It was decided that the use of fly ash as part of the mixture in the production of soil cement gives a positive effect. With an increase in the period of exposure of samples in water to 90 days, the average compressive strength of soil cement samples without additives and with the addition of the appropriate percentage of fly ash increases.

Effect of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) on the strength and microstructure of ordinary Portland cement paste at elevated temperatures

This study explored the potential of GGBS and SAC to enhance the thermal resistance of cement. The research explores changes in compressive strength and pore structure at various temperatures, employing microscopic analysis to elucidate underlying mechanisms. The results indicated that an optimal GGBS content enhanced strength, whereas SAC significantly reduced strength. The strength variation was not correlated with porosity or pore size distribution but rather with the hydration products of the blended cement. GGBS promoted the generation of C-A-S-H gels by introducing Al to replace Si in C-S-H gels, thereby increasing both the quality and quantity of gels. This enhancement suggested that GGBS improved thermal resistance by augmenting hydrate formation. SAC promoted ettringite formation even at high temperatures but reduced the quantity of hydrate gels, illustrating that SAC did not provide Al for the generation of C-A-S-H gels, consequently diminishing strength.

Toward sustainability: Integrating experimental study and data-driven modeling for eco-friendly paver blocks containing plastic waste

Abstract Plastic waste (PW) poses a significant threat as a hazardous material, while the production of cement raises environmental concerns. It is imperative to urgently address and reduce both PW and cement usage in concrete products. Recently, several experimental studies have been performed to incorporate PW into paver blocks (PBs) as a substitute for cement. However, the experimental testing is not enough to optimize the use of waste plastic in pavers due to resource and time limitations. This study proposes an innovative approach, integrating experimental testing with machine learning to optimize PW ratios in PBs efficiently. Initially, experimental investigations are performed to examine the compressive strength (CS) of plastic sand paver blocks (PSPBs). Varied mix proportions of plastic and sand with different sizes of sand are employed. Moreover, to enhance the CS and meet the minimum requirements of ASTM C902-15 for light traffic, basalt fibers, a sustainable industrial material, are also utilized in the manufacturing process of environmentally friendly PSPB. The highest CS of 17.26 MPa is achieved by using the finest-size sand particles with a plastic-to-sand ratio of 30:70. Additionally, the inclusion of 0.5% basalt fiber, measuring 4 mm in length, yields further enhancement in outcome by significantly improving CS by 25.4% (21.65 MPa). Following that, an extensive experimental record is established, and multi-expression programming (MEP) is used to forecast the CS of PSPB. The model’s projected results are confirmed by using various statistical procedures and external validation methods. Furthermore, comprehensive parametric and sensitivity studies are conducted to assess the effectiveness of the MEP-based proposed models. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the size of the sand particles and the fiber content are the primary factors contributing to more than 50% of the CS in PSPB. The parametric analysis confirmed the model’s accuracy by demonstrating a comparable pattern to the experimental results. Furthermore, the results indicate that the proposed MEP-based formulation exhibits high precision with an R 2 of 0.89 and possesses a strong ability to predict. The study also provides a graphical user interface to increase the significance of ML in the practical application of handling waste management. The main aim of this research is to enhance the reuse of PW to promote sustainability and economic benefits, particularly in producing green environments with integration of machine learning and experimental investigations.

Reducing Energy Demand in Concrete Pavements by the Use of Blended Cements

This research explores strategies to minimise energy consumption and enhance environmental sustainability in road construction. Focusing on concrete pavement structures, the study evaluates the impact of substituting Portland cement with environmentally friendly alternatives such as fly ash and blast furnace slag. A comprehensive model is employed to analyse the energy demands of different pavement types, considering various cement replacements over their lifetime, from the initial extraction of materials to the conclusion of construction. Results indicate an energy saving potential of 8.63% by substituting 10% of Portland cement with fly ash, while an impressive reduction of 58.63% in cement production energy is achieved by replacing Portland cement with 80% blast furnace slag. The study underscores the significant role of cement variations in mitigating energy consumption, emphasizes the potential of blast furnace slag as a sustainable alternative as well as highlights the significance of alternative cement types in reducing energy consumption in concrete pavement construction, aligning with environmental sustainability goals and offering insights for more eco-friendly infrastructure development.

Mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials as binding agents

This research investigates the environmental impact of cement production by exploring eco-friendly geopolymer binders as alternatives. Geopolymer concrete, developed using silica and alumina-rich precursors such as pozzolanic materials, achieves high compressive strength, up to 43.6 N/mm2 with a 16 M concentration and integrated steel fibers. Utilizing manual mixing and industrial by-products, the study pioneers cast-in-situ geopolymers with innovative curing techniques. The paper presents experimental results on the engineering properties of geopolymer concretes of 40 MPa, cured at 100 °C and 60 °C. The study systematically varies binder content, examining proportions of fly ash, GGBS, metakaolin, and silica fume, along with different mix ratios and molar concentrations. Key findings include increased compressive strength with higher NaOH concentration, peaking at 35.2 N/mm2 and 34.22 N/mm2 for 14 M mixes at 7 and 28 days, and 40.29 N/mm2 for 16 M mixes at 7 days. Optimal results were observed at higher curing temperatures, especially with 14 M and 16 M compositions at 100 °C. The study recommends mechanized mixing for efficiency and calls for further investigation into the microstructure and chemistry of geopolymers to advance sustainable construction practices. This research represents a significant step towards eco-conscious building materials, reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry.

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential Through Clean Energy for Cement Production in India

Abstract A preliminary approach has been made to assess the concentrated solar energy applications in cement production as well as greenhouse gas mitigation potential. The work starts with identification of processes that utilize thermal energy in cement production. Then, a cluster of cement plants located at different locations in the country has been made. Also, the availability of solar radiation and wind speed at each plant location have been identified. Subsequently, the solar industrial process heating systems have been developed for different locations in the country. Further, solar reactor output, number of heliostats, total land area and mirror surface have been estimated. All these estimations are done by considering three types of thermal losses in solar reactors, i.e., 15, 30 and 45%, respectively. Solar energy can provide a total of 738.11 PJ of thermal energy, which is needed to fulfill the process heating requirement of the calcination process for the manufacturing of cement in India. Solar industrial process heating systems for cement production in India can reduce yearly CO2 emissions by 2457–7648 thousand tons.

Assessment of the environmental impacts of utilizing coal ashes and OPC for soil stabilization applications: Leachate analysis in response to rainfall interaction

The construction industry is a leading sector for coal ashes utilization, including in cement manufacturing and soil stabilization applications. In soil stabilization, coal ashes, alongside Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), are the most commonly used materials. However, the environmental impact of coal ashes, particularly the leaching of heavy metals from stabilized soil when exposed to rainfall, remains underexplored. There is a notable gap in assessing the environmental impacts of this utilization, particularly when the stabilized soil interacts with rainfall in real-world scenarios. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to filling this gap. Accordingly, in this study, peat soil was stabilized by using fly ash, bottom ash, and OPC. The characterization of soil mixture materials, including physicochemical and engineering properties, was established and studied first. Following the environmental impact, simulations were conducted using a column to study soil leachate under different conditions and seasons (dry and wet) in response to its interaction with rainfall. The leachate was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the concentrations of heavy metals, including copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). Additionally, Ion Chromatography (IC) was employed to determine the concentrations of major anions, including fluoride (F⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), and sulfate (SO₄²⁻). The findings revealed the complex interaction of the chemical stabilization processes and environmental factors with the leaching behavior of heavy metals and anions, highlighting the significant impact of stabilization on leaching patterns. To conclude, this study provides a valuable contribution to understanding the environmental and engineering implications of utilizing coal ashes in soil stabilization.

MSW-TO-RDF CONVERSION FOR CEMENT PLANT IN INDONESIA THROUGH PILOT PROJECT AND MODELING

Aiming for sustainable MSW and cement industry practices, this study assessed the conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in four major Indonesian areas. Physical and chemical properties, particle size distribution, and MSW fraction analysis were performed to characterize the MSW before utilizing the MSW for the pilot project. In the pilot project, MSW was shredded and separated to produce RDF and low-grade RDF. RDF produced was quantified, and the output was analyzed to determine the RDF quality. RDF modeling was set based on the pilot project outcome, where the potential quantity, analysis, and feasibility were evaluated. The analysis revealed a need for better MSW processing due to a low heating value (LHV) of 5.4 MJ/kg and high moisture content (MC) of 52-57%. Combustible materials were found to be crucial for RDF quality. A pilot processing 1,000 Mg of MSW resulted in RDF with an LHV of 8.7 MJ/kg and MC of 47% and low-grade RDF with an LHV of 3.0 MJ/kg and MC of 61%, highlighting the importance of drying phase to meet quality standards. The modeling incorporated a two-step drying process, including hot gas utilization at the cement plant. 13 RDF units processing 6,500 MSW Mg/day were needed to produce 3100 Mg/day of RDF (equal to 50% fuel substitution), which could significantly reduce CO2 emissions and MSW by 45% in Jakarta and its neighboring cities, marking an effort for eco-friendlier cement manufacturing.

Assessment of Properties of Green SCC with and without Novel Additive

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil engineering industry because of its proved structural strength and stability when made properly. The concrete industry is constantly trying to evolve to make concrete more sustainable replacing a part of full cement with additives and Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs). Each tonne of cement production releases one tonne of CO2 into the atmosphere and hence to greenhouse effect and global warming. A cost effective, alternative and innovative materials called novel additive is taken up for present study to reduce the cement consumption per m3 of concrete/SCC without reduction in strength of required grade. In this project an effort is made replacing cement content of SCC partially with Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in combination of novel additive. The study focused at studying the properties of fresh SCC and hardened SCC. The design mix proportion of 1: 2.63: 1.86 with a W/B ratio of 0.36 is taken up and 4 different mixes with different combinations of varied percentage replacement materials with 2% by weight of cement of novel additive. The properties of green SCC showed that fresh properties get enhanced through usage of mineral admixtures including a novel additive and hence, the addition of mineral admixture improve the flowability or rheology of SCC mixes. The strength of SCC achieved is ranging from 32- 46 N/mm2 for a cementitious content of 400 kg/m3 , highest being with lowest cement content with novel additive. Keywords: Rheology of SCC, Mineral Admixtures, Novel Additive, Sustainability