Cement Manufacturing Process Research Articles

Approach to Design Sustainable Alkali-Activated Slag Recycled Aggregate Concrete: Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization

There is a steep increase in demand for concrete as the need for infrastructure is increasing with a rapid increase in urbanization. Consequently, there has been a surging demand for cement across the globe. By using alkaline concrete activated with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), cement usage can be eliminated in concrete, which addresses the issue of CO2 emissions concerned with the cement manufacturing process and promotes the use of industrial by-products as sustainable building materials. The current study focuses on proposing a methodology to design sustainable GGBS-based alkali-activated concrete incorporated with 100% coarse recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) recovered from construction and demolition (C&D), for various strengths by optimizing the mix proportions and verifying the same through experiments. From the current study, it is evident that this mix design procedure can be adopted to design alkali-activated slag recycled aggregate concrete (AASRAC) mixes for strengths ranging from 44MPa to 85MPa. The optimum values of alkalinity factor (λ) and NaOH concentration (M) i.e., 1.5 and 12, have a significant role in the development of high strengths which is attributed to the formation of hydrotalcite. Micrographs captured using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) studies reveal that the alkaline binders promote the development of a denser and stronger interfacial transition zone (ITZ) that enhances the strength of lower AA/B concretes at the microstructural level as Ca/Si ratio is higher for lower AA/B concretes. Global warming potential (GWP) analysis reveals that the alkali-activated concretes have significantly lower GWP compared to conventional OPC-based concrete by approximately 2.5 times. The mix-design chart proposed in this study may pave the way to designing structural grade AASRAC with enhanced performance for the desired strength, which may find its application in fast-track construction and manufacturing of prefabricated elements.

CFD-based redesign of large industrial-scale cyclones

Cyclones represent a cost-effective solution employed for the separation of particles in gas-solid streams, wherein the enhancement of performance relies on the careful balance between pressure drop and collection efficiency. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to numerically assess a large-scale first stage cyclone within a cement kiln cyclone tower. Investigating its reported low collection efficiency, we analyze the impact of geometric modifications aimed at enhancing cyclone performance. The introduction of a dipleg proves to be particularly effective, leading to a substantial increase in collection efficiency and a reduction in pressure drop. The most favorable cyclone configuration demonstrates a remarkable 6 % improvement in collection efficiency and a decrease in pressure drop of approximately 1 mbar. Consequently, particle emissions from the first-stage cyclone are reduced by approximately 30 %, while an increase in clinker production by approximately 100 tons per day is achieved. These findings showcase the potential for significant operational and environmental benefits through optimized cyclone design in cement manufacturing processes.

A study on sustainable foam concrete with waste polyester and ceramic powder: Properties and durability

The textile and apparel sectors currently produce millions of tons of textile waste annually on a global scale. Textile waste fibers are a viable option for sustainability as they can be utilized to reinforce cement-based composites internally by improving ductility and reducing the development of cracks. The issue of ceramic waste accumulation can be effectively resolved by using ceramic waste as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), for sustainable construction, which also lowers energy use and CO2 emissions during the cement manufacturing process. This study evaluated the fresh, physico-mechanical, durability, and thermal characteristics of foam concrete (FC) reinforced with waste polyester (WP) incorporating waste ceramic powder (CP) as a replacement of cement in the rates of 0, 10 and 20 %. Twelve mixtures with a 0.3 water/binder (w/b) ratio were fabricated using a sodium lauryl sulfate foaming agent. The WP used in this study have four percentages of 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % by volume. Durability performance of the mixtures for dry shrinkage, sulfate attack, high temperatures, alkali silica reaction and freeze-thaw cycles was also carried out. Microstructure of the mixtures was analyzed by SEM. Cost investigation and environmental impact of FC mixtures were also investigated. The findings indicated that the mixture with 10 % CP and 0.6 % WP had the largest 28-day compressive strength of 8.78 MPa, representing a 47 % decrease over the reference mixture (without CP and WP). The same mixture also exhibited the lowest dry shrinkage after the reference mixture. The mixture containing 0%CP and 0.2WP had the lowest thermal conductivity with a reduction of 74.0 % as per the reference mixture. The 0.4 % WP and 0%CP incorporated mixture exhibited the best thermal and F-T performance.

Evaluating the Potential of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in Cement Production: a Comparative Analysis of RDF Variations In Indonesia's Emplacement Pluit, Jakarta

This study critically evaluated the potential of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) as a sustainable substitute for coal in the cement manufacturing process. Using Emplacement Pluit's waste as a primary source, three distinct RDF variations were analyzed: RDF A (comprised purely of PET Charcoal), RDF B (a 50-50 combination of PET Charcoal and organic waste), and RDF C (solely organic waste). Among the parameters evaluated were moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. The results indicated RDF A's superior quality, with a moisture content of 2.6%, ash content of 0.7%, and a calorific value of 25.1 MJ/kg. In stark contrast, RDF C exhibited a high waste reduction potential at 80.5%, but its calorific value fell short of Korean standards. RDF B, balancing quality and reduction potential, achieved a 98.9% waste reduction and met Korean RDF standards, making it the most viable alternative to coal in cement production. The study underscores the significant potential of integrating RDF in industrial practices, particularly cement kilns. It offers insight into optimizing waste management strategies in line with the 'zero-waste' vision.

Recycling of Egyptian Shammi Corn Stalks for Maintaining Sustainable Cement Industry: Scoring on Sustainable Development Goals

This study focuses on recycling Shammi corn stalks in the cement industries, further avoiding air and soil pollution caused by their improper disposal. This crop residue was thermally treated at 700 °C for 2 h under an oxygen-rich environment to produce Shammi corn stalk ash (SCSA). This SCSA was used as a cement replacement material (2–10%, w/w), whereas the control sample included only cement. The compressive strength values for the 4% (w/w) replacement ratio at 2-, 7-, and 28-day ages were greater than those for the control by 26.5%, 15.8%, and 11.4%, respectively. This 4% (w/w) also maintained a better flexural strength than other mixtures, with proper initial and final setting times (135 and 190 min), workability (18.5 cm), and water consistency (27.5%). These mechanical/physical properties were integrated with socio-enviro-economic data collected from experts through a pairwise comparison questionnaire, forming the inputs of a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model. Recycling SCSA in the cement-manufacturing process attained positive scores in the achievement of the three pillars of sustainable development, revealing an overall score greater than the control. Hence, the study outcomes could be essential in developing green concrete, cement blocks, and mortar, based on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) agenda.

Vision-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach to Optimize Bucket Elevator Process for Solid Waste Utilization

An energy-intensive industry such as cement manufacturing requires a constant supply of high amounts of traditional fossil fuels, such as coal or gas, for the calcination process. A way to overcome this fuel need is the usage of solid waste or Alternative Fuel Resources (AFRs), such as wood or paper. An advantage of using such waste is that their combustion byproduct, “ash”, can be used as a raw material alternative in the cement manufacturing process. However, for structural reasons, only bucket elevator technology is feasible to convey the fuel vertically for feeding the calciner in most cement plants. During the fuel feeding process, the inhomogeneous characteristics of AFRs lead to discharge parabolas of these materials varying over the infeed sample. Hence, a need arises to observe these trajectories and estimate a method for their optimal discharge. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop an intelligent high-performance bucket elevator system. As such, a vision-based reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed in this study to monitor and control the speed of the elevator depending on the material properties observed at the inlet. These inlet materials properties include the type of material used in the simulation, and the particle size distribution within the infeed sample. A relationship is established between the inlet material properties and the speed of the bucket elevator. The best possible scenario is then deduced using a reward function. Here, the reward function is formulated via the deep learning image segmentation algorithm, a novel approach. After observing the test simulation conducted with a random-parameters setup, it was noted that the optimum speed for a given infeed sample was predicted correctly. As such, it can be concluded that the goal of developing an intelligent bucket elevator system was achieved.

Recent Advances on the Uses of Biomass Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing Process: A Review

Recent Advances on the Uses of Biomass Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing Process: A Review

Coupled Oxygen-Enriched Combustion in Cement Industry CO2 Capture System: Process Modeling and Exergy Analysis

The cement industry is regarded as one of the primary producers of world carbon emissions; hence, lowering its carbon emissions is vital for fostering the development of a low-carbon economy. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies play significant roles in sectors dominated by fossil energy. This study aimed to address issues such as high exhaust gas volume, low CO2 concentration, high pollutant content, and difficulty in carbon capture during cement production by combining traditional cement production processes with cryogenic air separation technology and CO2 purification and compression technology. Aspen Plus® was used to create the production model in its entirety, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted on pertinent production parameters. The findings demonstrate that linking the oxygen-enriched combustion process with the cement manufacturing process may decrease the exhaust gas flow by 54.62%, raise the CO2 mass fraction to 94.83%, cut coal usage by 30%, and considerably enhance energy utilization efficiency. An exergy analysis showed that the exergy efficiency of the complete kiln system was risen by 17.56% compared to typical manufacturing procedures. However, the cryogenic air separation system had a relatively low exergy efficiency in the subsidiary subsystems, while the clinker cooling system and flue gas circulation system suffered significant exergy efficiency losses. The rotary kiln system, which is the main source of the exergy losses, also had low exergy efficiency in the traditional production process.

Investigation of the impact of fiber incorporation on the properties of high belite cement

In contrast to ordinary portland cement (PC), the manufacturing process of high belite cement (HBC) boasts superior resource utilization, reduced energy consumption, and diminished greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, HBC exhibits notable strengths in terms of durability and mechanical properties. This study delves into the thermal characteristics of hydration, mechanical behaviour, and failure mechanisms of HBC materials, both with and without fiber admixtures, employing a multifaceted approach encompassing hydration heat experiments, uniaxial compression tests, Brazilian tensile tests, alongside advanced techniques such as acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC). The results indicate that HBC has lower hydration heat release, contributing to a reduction in hydration temperature rise, offering advantages in large-scale structural construction. In terms of strength development, HBC exhibits compressive and tensile strengths similar to PC, while the strength of basalt fiber-reinforced HBC is notably lower than both. In terms of failure modes, both HBC and PC undergo shear failure in uniaxial compression tests, whereas basalt fiber-reinforced HBC experiences splitting failure. In Brazilian tensile tests, HBC and PC exhibit single-direction cracking, while basalt fiber-reinforced HBC shows synchronous cracking at the top, middle, and bottom. Due to the crack-arresting effect of basalt fibers, basalt fiber-reinforced HBC displays a bimodal feature on the stress-strain curve and features a stress plateau on both the stress-strain and strain energy development curves.

Toward smart and sustainable cement manufacturing process: Analysis and optimization of cement clinker quality using thermodynamic and data-informed approaches

Cement manufacturing is widely recognized for its harmful impacts on the natural environment. In recent years, efforts have been made to improve the sustainability of cement manufacturing through the use of renewable energy, the capture of CO2 emissions, and partial replacement of cement with supplementary cementitious materials. To further enhance sustainability, optimizing the cement manufacturing process is essential. This can be achieved through the prediction and optimization of clinker phases in relation to chemical compositions of raw materials and manufacturing conditions. Cement clinkers are produced by heating raw materials in kilns, where both raw material compositions and processing conditions dictate the final chemical makeup of the clinkers. This study uses thermodynamic simulations to analyze phase assemblages of alite- and belite-enriched clinkers based on chemical compositions of raw materials and to create a database. The thermodynamic simulations can accurately reproduce clinker phases in comparison with experimental results. Subsequently, the simulated database is employed to train a data-informed model, and the predictions are used to determine the optimal composition domains that produce high quality clinker (C3S>50 %) at different calcination temperatures. Additionally, optimal lime saturation factor and alumina modulus are investigated to achieve target clinker phases. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using a data-informed approach to achieve smart and sustainable cement manufacturing process.

Estimates of CO2 Emission in a Building in the Municipality of Garanhuns – Pernambuco

Objective: The main focus of this work is to address the quantification of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which it identifies as the contribution of civil construction in the process of increasing the emission of polluting gases. Theoretical Framework: The effective contribution of the construction industry to GHG emissions, due to the extraction of materials, their transportation and the cement manufacturing process. Method: The present study consists of exploratory research, with results treated in a quantitative manner. Based on data collection, estimates of CO2 emissions were verified in a building in the municipality of Garanhuns – Pernambuco. Results: It was possible to identify an estimated amount of carbon dioxide, obtained in a vertical building, which ranged from 190.43 to 243.72 tons of CO2, comprising a rate of 159.37 and 203.93 kg of CO2/m² of area constructed, according to the amount of material used in the building. Research implications: The results of this work are of great relevance for sustainable development in civil construction, not only in the municipality of Garanhuns, but throughout southern Agreste, bringing possibilities to mitigate gas emissions to the interior of Pernambuco. Originality/value: Using technical knowledge and emissions from construction materials used in Brazil, it is expected to contribute in a relevant way to the problem that arises, as civil construction as a whole needs changes in the way it emits greenhouse gases. greenhouse effect, as it is a sector with a high potential to mitigate the effects caused by GHG emissions emitted by its construction materials.

Potential assessment of solar industrial process heating and CO2 emission reduction for Indian cement industry

For the Indian cement sector, a simple approach is presented to evaluate the potential of solar industrial process heating (SIPH) and the resulting decrease in CO2 emissions. The first step was to identify the locations of cement plants with their annual installed capacity and their annual actual cement production. After that, the yearly process heating requirement for the calcination process at each cement plant has been estimated using the actual annual cement production value. Finally, using the concept of a top-of-tower (TT) solar plant design, the total thermal energy that could be saved has been estimated as 771.35 Petajoule (PJ) /annum. Finally, the adoption of the SIPH system with storage is expected to mitigate CO2 emissions by 45.2 MT (Megatons) annually. By utilizing renewable energy sources in the cement manufacturing process, energy consumption and CO2 emissions will be reduced.

The Variations of Clinker Superparamagnetic Value from PT. Semen Padang by Using a Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility Meter Sensor Type B

Clinker is a significant material in the cement manufacturing process. Before clinker formation, the raw material is burned in a Rotary Kiln with a temperature of up to 1450℃. After that, it is cooled in a Greet Cooler to a temperature of 100℃ and produces clinker. During the clinker manufacturing process, always being test on samples, but there has been no test based on magnetic susceptibility. The purpose of this research is to know the variation of the superparamagnetic clinker value based on the magnetic susceptibility value. The method used is the rock magnetism method using a Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility Meter MS2B Type. A sampling of clinker is taken hourly every day from PT. Padang Cement. From the value of magnetic susceptibility based on low-field magnetic susceptibility , it was obtained that the values ​​varied from 3.2 × 10-8m3/kg to 22.6 ×10-8m3/kg. The frequency of dependents is also diverse, ranging from 0.0% to 7.4%. Based on the obtained, the type of grain produced also varies. 136 samples of clinker containing less than 10% superparamagnetic grains, and 32 samples belonging to Medium have a percentage of 2%-10% where the sample comprises superparamagnetic grains. Between 10% and 75% is a mixture of fine and coarse superparamagnetic grains.

Application of green hydrogen for decarbonization of cement manufacturing process: A technical review

Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere have a direct effect on the weather, climate events, and global temperature that leads to adverse impacts on the environment and human beings. Industrial sectors are the major source of carbon footprint and contribute more than 30% of global CO2 emissions in global cement industries being the second largest after the steel industry i.e., 7% contribution. Raw material preparation, clinker burning, and cement grinding are the three major processes involved in cement manufacturing. The CO2 emissions throughout these phases are split into two categories: direct emissions (90%), mostly from the burning of fossil fuels and the breakdown of limestone (CaCO3) during the calcination of raw materials; and indirect emissions (2–10%), primarily from the use of electricity. Fossil fuel combustion is the major source of energy in cement manufacturing processes, accounting for 35% of cement’s CO2 emissions. In this study, the various pathways of decarbonization of the cement industry have been extensively reviewed. This research has revealed that hydrogen may be an appropriate substitute for carbon-intensive fuels in kilns. It can be concluded that the usage of hydrogen as a source of process heat, can present a potential for comparatively smooth integration into, or replacement of, process heat systems based on fossil fuels.

Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid heat recovery-renewable energy system for enhancing power reliability in cement factories in Pakistan

Pakistan is among the top twenty cement producing countries in the world, with an annual capacity of over 44 million tons. The growth of the cement industry in Pakistan is expected to be around 14% over the next five years. Nonetheless, this growth could lead to increased use of fossil fuels, contributing to global warming. This research proposes a novel grid-tied hybrid power supply scheme that can offer a more reliable source of electricity for the cement manufacturing process in Pakistan. The proposed hybrid power system stands out for its unique aspect of using both renewable energy sources and waste heat by integrating a solar thermal power cycle with heat recovery from exhaust gases and wind power turbines. The detailed simulation of the proposed hybrid waste heat recovery-renewable energy (WHR-RE) system is performed in the Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS18) Tool. The objective of the simulation is to identify the optimal size and configuration of the system that can fulfill the required electrical load of the Pakistan Cement factory located in the Kalar Kahar district of Chakwal, Pakistan. The techno-economic analysis indicates that the proposed WHR-RE is economically feasible, providing 40% of the total electricity demand with an annual generation of 109.2 GWh and a net present value of USD 25.69 million. Moreover, this system will reduce the factory's annual electricity bill by USD 19.66 million and mitigate CO2 emissions by 52.7 thousand tCO2e/year.

Magnetic Mineral Consistency Analysis the main ingredients of cement and Rowmix materials with Magnetic Susceptibility Method using Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility Type B (MS2B)

Cement has hydraulic properties (mixed with water) will form a bond and harden. Cement-making materials consist of the main ingredients (Limestone, Iron Sand, Silica, and Clay) which are the ingredients in the manufacture of Rowmix in the Rowmill. In the main ingredient there is a magnetic mineral content for the manufacture of Component Compoun. To see changes in magnetic minerals from the cement manufacturing process, it is necessary to analyze the consistency of the material until the initial manufacture. The purpose of this study was to determine the consistency of the magnetic mineral as the main ingredient of cement in the Rowmix manufacturing process. The research method used is rock magnetism using a Bartington Susceptibility Meter Type B (MS2B) which can measure based on mass and volume with 2 different frequencies, namely Low Frequency and High Frequency. This measurement uses 6 different samples, namely the main ingredients of cement (Limestone, Irond Sand, Silica, Clay) and Rowmix materials (Rowmix 1 (RX1) and Rowmix 2 (RX2). From these measurements, the susceptibility values obtained from the main ingredients including Limestone approx. 23.7 x 10−8 m3/kg - 46.6 x 10−8 m3/kg, Irond Sand ranged from 470 x 10−8 m3/kg - 1791.1 x 10−8 m3/kg, Clay ranged from 852.7 x 10−8 m3/kg - 986.4 x 10−8 m3/kg, Silica ranges from 148.2 x 10−8 m3/kg - 166.9 x 10−8 m3/kg, while in Rowmill I process (Rx1) around 133, 4 x 10−8 m3/kg - 180.3 x 10−8 m3/kg, Rowmill 2 (Rx2) 133.4 x 10−8 m3/kg - 244.2 x 10−8 m3/kg, Magnetic susceptibility values in the main material range from 1532 x 10−8 m3/kg up to 2838,6 x 10−8 m3/kg, while the value of Rowmix 1 (RX1) and Rowmill 2 (Rx2) is lower than the magnetic susceptibility value of the main ingredient.

Analysis of the properties of recycled aggregates concrete with lime and metakaolin

In recent years, the use of alternative materials in cementitious systems has attracted considerable interest due to their potential for augmenting the durability and performance of concrete. This research is investigating the use of three such materials as partial cement replacements in concrete: Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Limestone, and Metakaolin. RCA is a byproduct of the demolition of concrete structures that can be recycled as aggregate. Incorporating RCA into concrete reduces the environmental impact of waste disposal and reduces the carbon burden. Due to its pozzolanic properties, limestone, a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate, can be used as a substitute for cement. By substituting a portion of cement with limestone, the cement manufacturing process can substantially reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Metakaolin, a thermally treated form of kaolin clay, is yet another alternative material with pozzolanic properties. When used as a partial cement replacement, metakaolin increases the concrete’s strength, durability, and chemical resistance. It also contributes to lowering hydration heat and mitigating alkali-silica reactions, thereby enhancing the durability of concrete structures. In this investigation, cement is replaced by limestone powder which is varied from 0% to 50% and the addition of metakaolin of 20% in every mix design. RCA is also incorporated in the mix design as a replacement for coarse aggregate by 20%. In the experimental investigation, various tests were conducted on each mix slump test, density, compressive strength, sulphate attack, mass loss, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). After the investigation, the compressive strength improved by 15.07%, when metakaolin was added, and when LS was used to replace 10% of the cement, the compressive strength increased by 13.49%. The features of the combinations were negatively impacted when more cement was substituted. Following an investigation of hydration products, filler and dilution effects were found, both of which have the potential to be connected to improved mix quality. A mix that contains 20% metakaolin and 10% limestone powder may be considered the ideal mix owing to its superior strength and sulphate resistance when compared to normal concrete. It consists of less effect on slump value and density, the compressive strength was increased, and minimum mass loss after the sulphate attack. M3 mix best performer among all mix designs. It shows that the mix design with 20% metakaolin and 10% limestone powder is best-suitable for future recommendations.

Influence of glass powder silica fume and scrapped ceramic waste on the mechanical properties of concrete

Carbon dioxide emissions from cement manufacture have a substantial environmental effect. The massive energy usage in the cement manufacturing process is also an issue. India is dealing with a major energy problem. Cement prices are rising on a daily basis. Furthermore, the usage of waste for the disposal and recovery of natural concrete components might harm the environment. Using trash not only decreases cement production and hence energy consumption, but it also helps to safeguard the environment. The goal of this study is to investigate the characteristics of concrete utilizing silica fume as a partial substitute for cement and glass powder in lieu of fine aggregate. These waste materials were used to replace some of the cement in the concrete samples, and their compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were assessed. According to the results, the addition of glass powder and silica fume improves the mechanical qualities of the concrete, but the addition of discarded ceramic waste has the reverse impact. Furthermore, the combination of glass powder and silica fume outperformed each waste item alone. The trials were carried out using Concrete Mix M40, which had been modified by substituting 40% of the coarse aggregate with waste ceramic aggregate, 20% of the fine aggregate with glass powder, and 10% of the cement with silica fume cement. Following tests of the concrete's compressive, split, and flexural strengths at 7, 28, and 28 days, the appropriate replacement dose was considered. The load-bearing capability of the beams is approximately the same as that of conventional beams throughout the board for the 20% replacement levels applied. The research comes to the conclusion that natural coarse aggregate may be used in place of scrapped ceramic aggregates (SCA) in concrete. Other beam specimens and typical beam specimens (CM) deflected more with load than a beam specimen with 10% SF, 20% GP, and 10% SCA. Modern technology allows for the production of lightweight, high-strength concrete at a low cost. When compared to CA, SCA lowered aggregate weight.

Performance of agro-wastes and chemical admixtures used in concrete: A review

Concrete is an artificial composite material made up of four main components: cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water. Because of its adaptability, durability, and economic issues, it has rapidly gained popularity as a construction material around the globe. The manufacturing process of cement leads to the release of significant quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Finding alternatives to cement and natural aggregates is becoming more necessary and important.The ash that is produced when agricultural waste is burned as a fuel presents a few problems, such as the contamination of the soil, but it also has the potential to be used as a cement substitutebecause of its pozzolanic qualities. This research paper explores the utilization of agro-waste ashes, including Corn cob ash (CCA), Rice husk ash (RHA), Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), wood waste ash (WWA), bamboo leaf ash (BLA), Coconut husk ash (CHA), Groundnut shell ash (GSA), and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), as substitutes for cement in concrete mixtures. Additionally, it delves into a comprehensive examination of various chemical admixtures such as water reducing, corrosion inhibiting, shrinkage reducing which are commonly employed to improve concrete performance. The use of agricultural waste in cement and concrete could lead to a range of benefits which include reduced CO2 emissions, improved strength and durability properties of concrete resulting lower the production costs of concrete. Chemical admixtures help to attain stronger and durable concrete.

Elimination of global warming gas emissions by utilizing high reactive metakaolin in high strength concrete for eco-friendly protection

The manufacturing process of cement emits one metric ton of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas. Considering the situation reducing the gas emission without affecting cement production, industrial wastes like metakaolin (MK) can be partially replaced with cement due to high pozzolanic reactivity to arrive the high-strength concrete. This present examination attentions on the obtaining optimum percentage of metakaolin to be substituted for cement proportion and aims to determine the concrete sample’s mechanical characteristics, equivalent CO2 emissions, and energy factor for environmental advantages through comparison with metakaolin varied from 0% to 20% at 5% incremental rate was determined and compared with the conventional control mix. Concrete samples are tested at the periodical interval of 7, 14, and 28 days in addition results, 5% of metakaolin is the optimum percentage to be replaced for cement in concrete. The negative sign implies that replacing binder with MK gradually decreases energy requirements (−2.16% to −7.74%) as well as carbon dioxide emissions (−4.17% to −15.41%). The use of mineral admixture like high reactive metakaolin additional cementitious elements has a considerable effect and may have an impact on the creation of environmentally friendly, sustainable concrete. In conclusion, effective utilization of high reactive metakaolin in high-strength concrete leads to substantial cost, and reducing global gas emissions eventually reduces energy consumption and a notable decrease in environmental pollution.