Cement In Concrete Production Research Articles

Eggshell Waste to Wonder: A Novel Approach to Sustainable Cementitious Materials

Abstract: Eggshells, a widely available byproduct of food consumption, are generated in vast quantities globally, with significant waste accumulation in domestic and industrial settings. Despite their high calcium carbonate content, eggshells are often discarded, leading to environmental concerns such as landfill congestion and methane emissions. This study explores the potential of repurposing powdered eggshells as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production, addressing both waste management challenges and the sustainability of cement manufacturing. In this experimental investigation, cement was replaced by eggshell powder in varying proportions of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Concrete mixes were prepared, and the resulting properties, including mechanical strength and durability, were evaluated. The results showed that the mix with 10% eggshell powder replacement exhibited the best performance, demonstrating optimal mechanical strength and durability. This study underscores the feasibility of utilizing eggshells as a sustainable alternative material in concrete, contributing to circular economy practices. By reducing reliance on mined limestone and decreasing carbon emissions associated with traditional cement production, the use of eggshells offers an eco-friendly solution to both waste management and industrial sustainability. The findings support the growing recognition of eggshells as a recyclable resource in various industries, including construction, and highlight their potential to reduce waste accumulation while promoting sustainable development.

An Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Cement by Zeolite in M25 Concrete

This research project focuses on the experimental investigation of using zeolite as a partial replacement for cement in M25 grade concrete. Zeolite, a naturally occurring mineral with pozzolanic properties, has gained attention as a sustainable alternative to cement in concrete production. The study aims to assess the effects of incorporating zeolite on the properties of M25 concrete, such as compressive strength, durability, and workability. Through a series of laboratory tests and analysis, the project intends to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing zeolite in reducing cement content while maintaining the required performance standards of M25 concrete. The findings of this research could contribute to promoting eco-friendly practices in the construction industry by reducing the environmental impact of cement production.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НАБОРА ПРОЧНОСТИ ТЯЖЕЛОГО БЕТОНА В АГРЕССИВНОЙ СРЕДЕ. С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СУЛЬФАТОСТОЙКОГО ЦЕМЕНТА

Experimental data are presented on changes in the compressive strength of heavy concrete using sulfate-resistant cement, Crimean aggregates and additives based on polycarboxylate ethers when kept in an aggressive environment - liquid from water treatment facilities in an urban-type settlement Gvardeiskoe, Simferopol district, Republic of Crimea. Compositions of heavy concrete have been developed using hyperplasticizing (polycarboxylate) additives that are capable of increasing their physical and mechanical characteristics over time when operating in aggressive environments. It is relevant to further develop the theoretical and experimental foundations for the production of cement concrete using the latest generation of superplasticizing additives based on polycarboxylates for wastewater treatment and recreational facilities. The durability of cement concrete is a key issue when using it in wastewater treatment and recreational facilities. Cement concrete can be susceptible to sulfate corrosion. Sulfates have a complex mechanism of action on the chemically active component of concrete - cement stone. Sulfates have a complex mechanism of action on the chemically active component of concrete - cement stone. The corrosive effect can increase or decrease depending on the concentration of aggressive components, with varying levels of exposure to salt solutions on the concrete structure, periodic drying, and partial immersion. This is due to the fact that the chemical processes of interaction between an aggressive environment and cement stone in concrete are influenced by physical processes of mass transfer of soluble components and crystallization of corrosion products or soluble components, which can accelerate or inhibit chemical processes. The parameters of the strength characteristics of the optimized compositions at different periods of strength gain have been established, and the average density and water resistance of the optimized concrete compositions have been established.

Experimental study of the effect of senilia senilis as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production: towards sustainable construction materials

The world today, is plagued by several environmental problems including air pollution and global warming. These aforementioned environmental problems are prominently associated with the consumption of natural resources in manners that have proven to be unsustainable. The construction industry has been seen to play a major role in contributing to the natural resources consumption and environmental problems, at large. Cement production brings about the emission of toxic gases that pollute the atmosphere, thereby promoting these environmental problems. Consequently, concrete technology findings have been directed toward realizing alternative sustainable materials for utilization in the construction industry. Seashell waste has proven promising in the partial replacement of cement in concrete. This study had carried out experimental investigations on senilia senilis shell as a partial cement replacement material in concrete production. The senilia senilis shell was crushed into senilia senilis powder (SSP), processed, and utilized to partially replace cement at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% in concrete. Fineness, Initial and final setting, and specific gravity tests were carried out on seashell powder to ascertain its suitability for cement replacement. Physical and mechanical tests were carried out on the concrete samples produced. The mechanical properties of the various concrete specimens were also analyzed in this study. Also, the elemental composition and morphological analysis of the SSP and the various concrete specimens were examined in this study with the use of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The results of this study indicate that SSP concrete at 10% to 20% replacement of cement, can be utilized for various mix ratios in the construction industry.

Assessing the Usage of Barytes Powder and Cuddapah Stone Dust as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete of Grade M30 and M35

This research studied the effects of using Barytes powder and Cuddapah stone waste as substitutes for cement in M30 and M35 grade concrete using OPC. Cement production is known to harm the environment and consume a lot of energy, making the search for alternative materials to replace cement in concrete important.In this study, different amounts of Barytes powder and Cuddapah stone waste were added to concrete mixes as partial replacements for cement. The resulting concrete was tested for compressive strength and compared to normal concrete. The experiment involved making concrete samples with varying percentages of cement replacement, ranging from 0% to 50%, using Barytes powder, Cuddapah stone waste and Combination. The samples underwent standard curing and testing according to Indian standards.The research analysed the results to find the optimum percentage of cement replacement that provided satisfactory mechanical properties. This study determined the feasibility and effectiveness of using Barytes powder and Cuddapah stone waste as partial replacements for cement in concrete production.

Durability and mechanical properties of concretes with limestone filler with particle packing

This study aims to present alternatives to reduce the demand of cement in concrete production based on particle packing concepts. Physical and mechanical characteristics of concretes, as well as the resistance to chlorides action were analyzed. The tests conducted in this study included compressive strength, chloride migration, capillary absorption tests and wetting and drying cycles in 1M sodium chloride solution. Mixtures containing limestone filler presented satisfactory results compared to the reference mixture with particle packing. Excellent results were obtained for concrete with cement consumption of 253.34 kg.m-3 in terms of compressive strength, binder index, capillary absorption and depassivation time of rebars, thus reinforcing the concept that partial cement replacement by limestone filler yields positive results in these properties. Worse results were obtained for concrete with a cement consumption of 161.86 kg.m-3, because it had a higher proportion of filler than cement. The electrochemical monitoring of the steel bars also shows that the packing of the aggregates was essential to delay the initiation of corrosion.

Utilizing construction and demolition waste in concrete as a sustainable cement substitute: A comprehensive study on behavior under short-term dynamic and static loads via laboratory and numerical analysis

This study explores the utilization of recycled concrete powder (RCP) as a sustainable alternative to conventional cement in concrete production, focusing on its impact on mechanical properties and impact resistance. Two series of concrete mixtures were prepared: one without and one with 0.5 % polypropylene fibers by RCP-replacing cement at varying proportions (0 %–50 %). Methodologically, the research involved both laboratory tests and predictive modeling using artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL). Laboratory evaluations assessed compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths under static loads, as well as impact resistance through repeated drop weight impact (RDWI) tests. Key findings reveal that RCP-incorporation of 15 % leads to negligible reductions in compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths, while higher replacements significantly decrease performance. The addition of polypropylene fibers notably improved mechanical properties across all RCP replacement levels, enhancing compressive strength by up to 23.65 % and flexural strength by 27.49 % at the upper limits of RCP substitution. Accurate predictions of 28-day compressive strength were achieved via the ANN model with an average prediction error less than 1 %. The study also validates that the Weibull distribution effectively describes the impact resistance of concrete mixtures, confirming the advantages of combining RCP with fiber reinforcement to achieve sustainable and high-performance concrete solutions.

Features of water activation by ultrasound for the development of polymer building materials

Criteria for assessing the quality of activated water for the production of cement concrete and polymer concrete have been established, including redox potential and refraction. It is shown that the more significantly the values of these indicators differ from the initial ones, the higher the activity of the treated water in relation to the materials used and the higher the performance properties of the final polymer building materials.

Compressive Strength Study on Reactive Powder Concrete with 30% Quartz Sand and Variations in Fly Ash Composition as Partial Substitution of Cement

The concrete industry is considered environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable due to the significant consumption of natural materials. Currently, the industry predominantly uses Portland cement as its main ingredient, leading to an increase in Portland cement production. However, the use of fly ash can help make the concrete industry more sustainable in the future. Fly ash can be used as a partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete production. This study aims to determine the effect of fly ash variations on the compressive strength of reactive powder concrete. The research method used is experimental. The concrete mix design includes 30% quartz sand and fly ash variations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The compressive strength test specimens are cylindrical with a diameter of 7.5 cm and a height of 15 cm. The resulting test specimens have a compressive strength of more than 41.4 MPa, thus qualifying as high-strength concrete. The compressive strength test results for fly ash variations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% are 62.62 MPa, 66.27 MPa, 75.59 MPa, 68.78 MPa, 66.21 MPa, and 63.70 MPa, respectively.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СУПЕРПЛАСТИФИКАТОРОВ В МЕЛКОЗЕРНИСТОМ БЕТОНЕ С ЗОЛОШЛАКОВОЙ СМЕСЬЮ

One of the determining factors in the development of modern concrete science is the development of new resource-saving technologies for the production of cement concrete and products made from them using various industrial wastes, in particular ash and slag mixtures (ASM) formed at thermal power plants during the joint hydraulic or pneumatic removal of ash and slag into a dump during the process. burning coal in a dusty state. The problem of waste disposal is especially relevant for territories with limited free land, high population density and lack of mineral resources. Such regions include the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, in which one of the largest in Eastern Europe, the Moldavian State District Power Plant (MSDPP), operates, providing electricity to Transnistria and neighboring countries (Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria). During the operation of MSDPP, a zone of ash and slag mixtures with a volume of more than 10 million tons was formed on coal, the use of which in cement concrete technology can be based on the regulatory and technical documentation of the Russian Federation. The paper presents the results of studies of the structure and physicochemical properties (chemical and particle size composition, hydrosilicate and silica modules, quality factor) of the ASM MSDPP. An assessment of the effectiveness of naphthalene-formaldehyde and polycarboxylate superplasticizers was carried out according to the criterion of changing the strength of fine-grained concrete from the ASM MSDPP.

Assessment of flexural response of RC beams and unrestrained shrinkage of fiber-reinforced high-volume fly ash-based no-aggregate concrete and self-compacting concrete

The use of industrial byproducts as a substitute for cement in concrete production to improve its properties is becoming a widespread practice in producing sustainable concrete. Although research around the world emphasizes higher substitution levels of fly ash (FA) to accrue the benefits from the microstructure refinement, no attempt has been made to study the deflection behavior and drying shrinkage of concrete that is devoid of aggregates while supplementing 80% of cement with class F fly ash (F-FA). Two types of concrete are used to cast full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) beams of size 150×300×2200 mm. The first type is a novel no aggregate concrete (NAC) made up of 80% F-FA and 20% ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The second type is high-volume fly ash self-compacting concrete (HVFASCC), which has 60% F-FA as a cement supplement and is equivalent in compressive strength to NAC. The NAC is reinforced with polypropylene fibers (PF) in three varying volume fractions: 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%. All the beams are tested under a simply supported four-point loading condition. The drying shrinkage strain and mass loss are measured for prisms of size 75×75×300 mm up to 220 days exposed at 20% relative humidity (RH) and 50 ºC temperature in a humidity oven for all the mixes. The mechanical properties are also assessed along with the water absorption (sorptivity). The results indicate that adding PF to the beams with NAC delays the formation of the first crack and improves the peak load, the ultimate load, and the ductility of the NAC beam. Additionally, the beams with PF exhibit lower mid-span deflection and ductile failure mode, improving the overall structural performance. Regarding drying shrinkage, the HVFASCC prisms record the lowest shrinkage strains of all mixes. Adding PF to NAC increases the initial and ultimate drying shrinkage strains. However, adding PF to NAC inhibits the rate of shrinkage strain over the test duration. This research enhances understanding of how PF affects no-aggregate concrete behavior, paving the way for more comprehensive construction materials.

ENHANCING CONCRETE FLEXURAL STRENGTH: REPLACING CEMENT WITH FLY ASH AND BRICK KILN DUST

Concrete is now an essential building material for creation of any type of structural elements, including inflexible pavement as well as beams, columns, slabs, bridges, and girders. Cement is the most essential binding component in the manufacture of concrete because, when combined with water, it can bind both Coarse Aggregate (CA) and Fine Aggregate (FEA). The terms (BKD and FA, which have certain binding qualities when mixed with water, are waste products, as indicated by the paper's title. The researcher's objective is to show how FA and BKD mixed in the percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% are used to partially substitute Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 grade during the production of M25 grade of concrete mix design and to calculate the Flexural Strength in accordance with Indian Standards (IS). The outcome of this research analysis demonstrates that FA and BKD can be employed in the manufacturing of concrete with the objective of lowering both emissions of greenhouse gases and cement concrete production costs.

Reaction molecular dynamics study of calcium alumino-silicate hydrate gel in the hydration deposition process at the calcium silicate hydrate interface: The influence of Al/Si

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can partially replace cement in concrete production, forming calcium alumino-silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H). This enhances concrete durability while recycling waste. However, the early hydration reaction process of C-A-S-H and its deposition and aggregation behavior at the interface with the primary hydration product of cement, calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), remain unknown. Therefore, this study utilizes reactive molecular dynamics to model the deposition and growth behaviors of C-A-S-H precursors with different Al/Si ratios on C–S–H, and discusses the effects of the Al/Si ratio on C-A-S-H gel aggregation behavior and structural evolution at the C–S–H interface. The results show that increasing Al content significantly promotes the early hydration reaction rate of C-A-S-H gel, the degree of polymerization of silicate chains, and the amount of Qn(n ≥ 2) species. Moreover, higher Al content leads to the precursors aggregating among themselves rather than depositing on the C–S–H substrate surface. The incorporation of Al–O polyhedra can effectively bridge silicate chains on the C–S–H surface and alter the growth patterns of hydration products from linear chains to three-dimensional networks. This work provides molecular-level insights into the influences of the Al/Si ratio on the early hydration reaction process and interfacial deposition behaviors of C-A-S-H gel.

Research and evaluate the potential of rice husk ash and rice straw ash for soil improvement in Vietnam

Rice husk ash and rice straw ash are common agricultural wastes in developing countries. Currently, utilizing these wastes in the construction sector such as soil improvement and cement concrete production is a trend in many areas around the world. In Vietnam, with a rice production of more than 40 million tons/year, millions of tons of rice husk ash and straw ash can be generated. This is an abundant and a cheap material source. This article will research and evaluate the potential of rice husk ash and straw ash for soft soil improvement in Vietnam. Research results show that straw ash and rice husk ash are materials having high pozzolan activity. Various studies in the world and some studies in Vietnam showed that rice husk ash and straw ash not only improve some physical and mechanical properties of soil but can also partially replace the amount of binder. Vietnam has different types of soft soil and construction activities are increasing, so the demand for improving soft soil is also increasing. In which, improving soil with cement binder is one of the most popular methods. Therefore, rice husk ash and rice straw ash have great potential to combine with cement in improving soft soil in Vietnam. Utilizing these wastes not only helps reduce the negative impact their causes on the environment but also helps improve construction quality and reduce construction costs.

Assessing the performance of metakaolin-enriched bio-mineralized concrete

This research paper delves into an innovative approach leveraging pozzolanic material, particularly Metakaolin (MK), as a sustainable substitute for cement in concrete production. The study explores the integration of MK at various ratios, examining its impact on the creation of eco-friendly bio-mineralized concrete. By assessing MK ratios up to 15% by weight of cement, this work identifies a threshold—10% MK—that significantly enhances concrete properties, notably reducing permeability by 23.63% at 28 days. Incorporating bacteria at a concentration of 10^5 cfu/ml further amplifies these benefits, showcasing a 19% increase in compressive strength and a remarkable 43.23% reduction in permeability through calcium carbonate deposition. This synergy between MK and bio-mineralization not only fortifies concrete but also curtails cement content while maintaining or even enhancing its durability and strength. The research underscores the potential of MK and bio-mineralization as game-changing, eco-conscious solutions for concrete manufacturing, advocating for their adoption in construction to mitigate cement's environmental impact and address waste disposal, ultimately fostering sustainable growth in the industry. The study's findings spotlight a paradigm shift toward integrating biological processes into construction engineering, paving the way for a greener, more resilient built environment.

Activated Bentonite for Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Concrete—A Review

Bentonite mostly exists in many counties and studies reported employment of activated bentonite in the concrete improves concrete performance more than using raw bentonite. However, it is not well‐known which range of bentonite activation temperature and employment dose gives the best concrete performance for the sustainability of activated bentonite in construction materials. Therefore, the present study detail reviewed the effect of activated bentonite at different heating temperatures and replacement doses of bentonite on the durability, physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of concrete. Also, environmental and economic beneficiary of employing activated bentonite in concrete is evaluated. As the review of various studies reveals, activation of bentonite between 201 and 800°C increases the pozzolanic reactivity of bentonite. Hence, the activated pozzolana can easily consume free calcium hydroxide to form a secondary C–S–H gel that can improve the mechanical, microstructural, and durability properties of activated bentonite blended concrete in addition to lessening energy consumption compared to conventional concrete. Besides these, adding 15%–20% of activated bentonite in concrete significantly improves the mechanical properties; specifically, most studies found the optimum activated bentonite dose is 15% by weight of cement in concrete. This replacement indicates lessened energy consumption by around 45% compared to the total employment of ordinary Portland cement in concrete production.

Advancement of Concrete by Partially Replacing Cement by Zeolite & Fine Aggregate by Glass Powder

Using glass powder for partially replacing of fine aggregate in concrete helps to reduce the demand for natural resources like sand, promote recycling of glass waste and enhance the overall strength and durability of concrete, it can also improve the thermal and sound insulation properties of concrete. Zeolite is a naturally occurring mineral that can enhance the properties of concrete, and increase its strength and durability. It can also help with reducing the carbon footprint of concrete production. By partially replacing cement with zeolite, we can reduce the amount of cement needed, which in turn reduces the carbon emissions associated with cement production. Zeolite is a type of porous mineral that has unique properties, making it a potential substitute for cement in concrete production. When zeolite is used as supplementary cementitious material, it improves strength and durability of the concrete while reducing its environmental impact. This property helps to improve the workability of the mix and enhance the hydration process of cement. Additionally, zeolite can contribute to the formation of additional cementitious materials, which can further enhance the durability and strength of the concrete. By partially replacing cement with zeolite, we can reduce the overall amount of cement used in concrete production. Manufacturing of cement is a main source of co2 emissions, this reduction can help to mitigate the environmental impact of concrete manufacturing.

Synergistic effects of supplementary cementitious materials and compressive strength prediction of concrete using machine learning algorithms with SHAP and PDP analyses

In order to reduce the CO2 associated with cement production, this study explored the potential of rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) as supplementary cementitios materials for partially replacing cement in concrete production. The study aimed to analyze the synergistic effects of a cement-based mixture consisting of RHA and FA in different proportions on concrete's fresh, hardened, non-destructive and microscopic properties. In addition to the experimental work, this study successfully applied machine learning to predict the compressive strength of RHA-FA concrete using three types of algorithms: ANN (Analytical Neural Network), XGB (Extreme Gradient Boosting), and GBM (Gradient Boosting Model). A total of 138 data points were used for this prediction, and statistical and parametric analyses were performed to define the impact of input parameters on the outcome. Furthermore, both destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on hardened concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and rebound hammer. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was operated to analyze the microstructural characteristics of concrete. The compressive and split-tensile strength test results showed that the mixture with a higher percentage of fly ash and a lower percentage of rice husk ash achieved maximum strength. The X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed that both ashes contained a significant amount of silica, which gave them excellent pozzolanic properties. After 28 days, both the UPV and the rebound hammer strength align with the destructive compressive strength results. The study also employed SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and PDP (Partial Dependence Plot) analyses to identify the optimal range for each parameter's contribution to strength improvement. The machine learning models exhibited a strong correlation with the test results, achieving an R2 value of 0.84 for the XGBoost model.

Experimental investigation on properties of concrete with rice husk ash and water hyacinth ash

The purpose of this experimental investigation is to study the properties of concrete with Ricehusk ash (RHA) and Water hyacintha ash (WHA) when used as a partial replacement for cement. Ricehusk ash is a by- product of thermally treating rice husks. It is highly pozzolanic and has been used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production and Water hyacinth grows vigorously in ponds and doubles the quantity within two weeks. The studies have been done to evaluate water hyacinth ash in the replacement of cement. This study seeks to determine the effect of RHA and WHA on the strength and other properties of concrete. To conduct this investigation, a series of concrete mixtures were prepared with various percentages of RHA (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) for finding the optimum percentage. To the optimum concrete made with rice husk ash different percentage of cement is replaced with water hyacinth ash (5%,10%,15%,20%) and the optimum is obtained. The mix proportions were determined according to the standards. The mixtures were then tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete. The results of the investigation showed that the replacement of cement by RHA enhanced the strength properties of concrete in 15% replacement of cement with RHA shows the maximum compressive strength value. The replacement of cement by WHA 10% with optimum RHA 15% enhanced the strength properties of concrete. Replacement of cement by 10% WHA with optimum RHA shows the maximum compressive and tensile value.

One experimental research with cement substitution by fly ash

Compared to all other construction materials, concrete is by far the most utilized construction material worldwide today. Billions of tons of natural virgin materials have been mined and processed worldwide to produce concrete. Such industrial processes and facilities leave significant unfavourable ecological traces in nature. In addition, it is assumed that the concrete production industry together with the cement industry emits seven percent of the total CO2 emissions in the world. For every ton of cement produced, 0.9 ton of CO2 is released into the atmosphere. It is almost certain that there will be no reduction in concrete production in the world in the coming years, but the question arises as to how and in what way to reduce the use of cement in concrete production. One of the mineral additives to the binder is fly ash, which has pozzolanic properties and is produced as a by-product of thermal power plants and is available in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This research considers questions whether and to what extent it is possible to replace cement with fly ash and how this substitution affects the compressive strength of concrete using referenced concrete mix with local concrete ingredients.