Cement-free Binders Research Articles

The Impact of Fly Ash on the Properties of Cementitious Materials Based on Slag-Steel Slag-Gypsum Solid Waste.

This paper presents a novel low-carbon binder formulated from fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag, and desulfurization gypsum as a quaternary solid waste-based material. It specifically examines the influence of FA content on the mechanical properties and hydration reactions of the quaternary solid waste-based binder. The mortar test results indicate that the optimal FA content is 10%, which yields a 28-day compressive strength 11.28% higher than that of the control group without FA. The spherical particles of fly ash reduce the overall water demand and provide a "lubricating" effect to the paste due to their continuous gradation, improving the fluidity of the slag-steel slag-gypsum cementitious materials. The micro test results indicate that fly ash has minimal effect on the early hydration products and process of the solid waste-based cementitious materials, but after 7 days, it continuously dissolves silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons or aluminum-oxygen tetrahedrons, consuming Ca2+ and OH- in the system. After 28 days, the amount of ettringite and C-(A)-S-H gel generated increases significantly. The pozzolanic activity of fly ash is mainly stimulated by the Ca(OH)2 from steel slag in the later hydration stage. Additionally, spherical fly ash particles can fill the voids in the hardened paste, reducing the formation of cracks and weak zones, and thereby contributing to a denser overall structure of the hydrated binder. The findings of this paper provide data support for the development of low-carbon cement-free binders using fly ash in conjunction with metallurgical slags, thereby contributing to the low-carbon advancement of the construction materials industry.

Recycling of incinerated sewage sludge ash and waste glass powder in alkali-activated slag for sewer rehabilitation

A new era has dawned in the manufacturing of cement-free binders with appropriate mechanical strengths and durability to combat CO2 emissions. However, the assessment of their performance in extreme conditions is ongoing. Here, we attempted to use incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), a waste product of sewage sludge incineration that contains limited amounts of heavy metals, along with waste glass powder (GP) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), as precursors to produce cement-free binders through alkali-activation. The alkali-activated materials (AAMs) were then subjected to an intensified sewage corrosion test for 6 months. The aim was to utilize the heavy metals in the ISSA as biocides to resist the biogenic acid attack on the AAMs. The experimental results indicated that superior performance was achieved by using a ternary binder prepared with ISSA, GP, and GGBS under biogenic acid simulation. Such enhanced durability can be attributed to the low Ca content in the resulting alkali-activated gels, which also reduced the grain size of gypsum formed and prevented expansion deterioration. Furthermore, the slow release of heavy metals from the AAMs prepared with the ISSA, evidenced by the leaching test results, was able to inhibit microbial growth.

Development of ternary blend cement-free binder material for construction

This study aims to develop new ternary blend (TB) cement-free binder materials as an alternative to conventional cement by using Paper Sludge Ash (PSA) waste as the base material. During this research, the combined application of mechanical activation (grinding) and chemical activation by blending with pozzolanic: (silica fume; SF) and (rice husk ash; RHA), and high al-kalinity: (poultry litter fly ash; PLFA) and (cement kiln dust; CKD) materials were investigated. The research plan included four stages in which PSA was activated and replaced with the above-mentioned materials until reaching a ternary blend binder with the best performance (depending on the mortar compressive strength). Thereafter, the performance of this ternary blend binder was compared with the conventional cement by conducting compressive strength (at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The findings indicated that a cement-free binder material was developed by using a combination of 60% PSA that was blended with 20% RHA and 20% PLFA. The new binder has shown higher compressive strength than the conventional cement by about 12% after 28 days of curing.

Eco-friendly hybrid binders based on waste from the chemical industry

The purpose of the study is to show the possibility of using high-tonnage waste from the chemical industry in the production of building materials. Methods and materials. Methods of data comparison and analysis were used. Solid residues of distiller sludge with a moisture content of 25-30%, an active calcium oxide content of 12-13% and quartz sand with a grain size of 2.2, humidity of 5-6% were used as materials. Results. Compositions and methods for obtaining a cement-free binder based on the solid residue of soda and quartz sand production are proposed. The possibility of obtaining a binder based on the solid residue of distiller slurries according to two technological schemes: drying of the solid residue and grinding together with quartz sand; firing of the solid residue and grinding together with quartz sand, has been confirmed by our tests. The introduced concept of “Eco-friendly hybrid cements” (Eco-friendly hybrid binders (EHB)) emphasizes that they are binders made up of multicomponent mineral raw materials of secondary resources. Practical significance. Solid by-products of the chemical industry can be used as an auxiliary inorganic component. This will make it possible to create eco-friendly hybrid cements ready for use, which are sealed only with water, which contributes to the development of such binders by industry and the rational use of secondary mineral resources.

Effect of different activation techniques on the engineering properties of cement-free binder containing volcanic ash and calcium carbide residue

This study developed a cement-free binder using volcanic ash (VA) and calcium carbide residue (CCR) as an alternative binder to cement. First, the optimal proportions of VA and CCR were determined to achieve superior flow, compressive strength, and bulk electrical resistivity. After that, various activation techniques, namely physical (sieving the CCR on sieve No. 325), chemical (adding 1 % NaOH by binder mass to the paste), and thermal (curing the paste in an oven at 65℃ for 24 h), were used either exclusively or synergically to enhance the performance. The results show that the optimum VA:CCR was 95:5. The flow increased by chemical activation but decreased with physical activation. Using subsequent physical and chemical activation led to a slight increase in flow. Binders subjected to physical activation followed by thermal activation had the highest compressive strength of 31.2 MPa at 28 days of curing. In contrast, subsequent combined chemical and thermal activation produced superior bulk resistivity of 193 Ω.m at the same age compared to other activation techniques. Nevertheless, all activation techniques improved the strength and bulk resistivity. The calorimetric analysis confirmed that the emitted heat increased with different activation methods compared to the mix without activation, which agreed with compressive strength results. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the reaction products were calcium-silicate-hydrate and calcium-aluminate-silicate-hydrate gels. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed that different activation techniques resulted in a denser microstructure than the inactivated VA-CCR paste. This cement-free binder contributes to the ongoing efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based materials by finding sustainable alternative binders to cement.

Effect of low-calcium fly ash inclusion on long-term mechanical properties and durability of ground granulated blast furnace slag-based cement-free mortars

The present study focused on fabricating cement-free mortar based on ground granulated blast furnace slag incorporating low-calcium fly ash as precursors in an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The main purposes of the study were not only to find the optimum mixture proportions to confirm the fly ash role in contributing to the long-term mechanical properties and durability but also to expand the use of fly ash in cement-free binders based on ground granulated blast furnace slag. The ground granulated blast furnace slag was replaced with fly ash in the cement-free mortar at various levels of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70% by mass. The cement-based sample as a control sample was prepared for comparison purposes. Results showed that the cement-free mortar samples with fly ash had the more superior long-term mechanical properties (i.e. flexural and compressive strengths and volumetric compaction via ultrasonic pulse velocity test) and durability (i.e. total charge passed via rapid chloride penetration test and sulfate resistance via length change of samples exposed to sulfate solution), lower water absorption and porosity, and denser microstructure than the control sample up to 120 days. The 40% replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag by fly ash as an auxiliary source of alumina and silica was the optimum ratio in enhancing the long-term mechanical properties and durability of the cement-free mortar samples, which is in agreement with reducing the porosity and water absorption. The results of the environmental analysis indicate that using cement-free mortar samples has much lower environmental impacts. The cement-free mortar sample using 60% ground granulated blast furnace slag and 40% fly ash is found as an optimal mixture in terms of technical and environmental features.

Mechanical and microstructural study of slag based alkali activated concrete incorporating RHA

The objective of the present research is to evaluate the effect of incorporation of rice husk ash (RHA) into ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based alkali activated concrete (AAC) at ambient temperature to develop a cement free binder that composed of waste products. The hardened properties of AAC have been evaluated in accordance with Indian Standard code in terms of destructive tests such as compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength, as well as non-destructive tests such as rebound number, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and dynamic modulus. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the microstructural characteristics of AAC mixes were evaluated. The outcomes of the test indicate that the compressive strength of AAC achieves maximum strength when RHA component of up to 10% is incorporated into the AAC mixture. The compressive strength declined beyond 10% RHA, however the AAC has lower strength of 39.5 N/mm2 (M7 mix at 7 days) among all mixes, which was adequate for the structural applications. Corresponding to compressive strength, the split tensile and flexural strengths exhibit similar performance. Statistical analysis also carried out to determine the correlation between different parameters. The SEM test shows the formation of dense microstructure at a lower percentage of RHA content in the mix, whereas cracks and voids were detected in case of a higher percentage of RHA. Therefore, using GGBS with lower RHA content as binder cured at ambient temperature enhances the performance of AAC and also facilitates the use of AAC instead of ordinary concrete.

Designing low-carbon cement-free binders for stabilization/solidification of MSWI fly ash

Low-carbon and high-efficiency binder is desirable for sustainable treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA). In this study, CaO or MgO was used to activate ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to form calcium silicate hydrate and magnesium silica hydrate gel for stabilization/solidification of hazardous MSWI FA. Experimental results showed that potential toxic elements (PTEs), such as Pb and Zn, significantly inhibited the formation of reaction products in CaO-GGBS system due to the complexation between Ca(OH)2 and PTEs, whereas PTEs only had insignificant inhibition on transformation from MgO to Mg(OH)2 in MgO-GGBS system, resulting in lower leachabilities of PTEs and higher mechanical strengths. Stabilization/solidification experiments demonstrated that MSWI FA (70 wt%) could be recycled by MgO-GGBS binder (30 wt%) into blocks with desirable 28-day compressive strengths (3.9 MPa) and PTEs immobilization efficiencies (99.8% for Zn and 99.7% for Pb). This work provides mechanistic insights on the immobilization mechanisms of PTEs in CaO/MgO-GGBS systems and suggests a promising MgO-GGBS binder for low-carbon treatment of MSWI FA.

Enhancing the properties of UPOFA-based geopolymer mortar via the incorporation of eggshell ash and silica fume

The aim of this study is to utilize the largest amount of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA) with the incorporation of additives namely eggshell ash (ESA) and silica fume (SF) in the manufacture of geopolymer mortar through the use of a statistical design program (Taguchi). The efficiency of UPOFA source material in the production of geopolymer products has been investigated via four factors, namely the NaOH concentration (moles), Na-silicate: NaOH ratio, eggshell ash (ESA) content, and silica fume (SF) content, where each factor contains three different levels. Each of these factors was examined on three levels in order to obtain an optimal mixture. Nine (9) geopolymer mortar mixtures were prepared according to the proposed [L09 (3 × 4)] matrix by the Taguchi method. The performance of the samples was evaluated by compressive strength, ultrasonic-pulse velocity (UPV), porosity (P%), water absorption (Abs%) and density. The results showed that the optimum mixture consisting of 77 wt% UPOFA, 11.5 wt% of ESA and 11.5 wt% SF, achieved a very high compressive strength of 125.4 MPa after 28 days of curing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses of the optimized UPOFA-based geopolymer mortar mixture indicated that the properties of the mixture were greatly improved with calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel as the main binding phases within the synthesized UPOFA-based geopolymer mortar. Therefore, through the production of this geopolymer mortar, a large amount of UPOFA in combination with ESA and SF could be one of the solutions for the environmental and landfill disposal problems in Malaysia, besides promoting greener Portland cement free binder with potentially superior properties and performance.

Recycling of Cement Industry Waste for Alkali-Activated Materials Production.

The cement industry is recognized as an environmental nuisance, and so there is a need to not only minimizes the consumption of cement, but also to completely recycle the waste of the cement industry. This paper’s originality lies in the fact that, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the structure formation of alkali-activated materials (AAM) based on aspiration dust and clinker dust has been carried out. The tasks for achieving this goal were to characterize cement production waste as a new binder and comprehensively research the microstructure, fresh, physical, and mechanical properties of alkali-activated material based on a cement-free binder. Grains of cement production waste are represented by coarse volumetric particles with pronounced cleavage, and a clear presence of minerals is observed. The mineral composition of cement production waste is characterized by calcium silicates, which guarantee good binding properties. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples (based on the alkaline-activated cement-free binder using clinker dust and aspiration dust) confirmed the presence of calcite, quartz, feldspar close to albite, micas, and zeolites. The obtained products of the chemical interaction of the binder components confirm the effectiveness of the newly developed AAM. As a result of comparing several binders, it was found that the binder based on aspiration dust with Na2SiO3 and Na2SiF6 was the most effective, since, for specimens based on it, a density of 1.8 g/cm3, maximum compressive strength of 50.7 MPa, flexural strength of 5.6 MPa, minimum setting time (starting at 24 min and ending at 36 min), and water absorption of 12.8 wt. % were obtained. The research results will be of interest to specialists in the construction industry since the proposed recipes for eco-friendly, alkali-activated materials are an alternative to expensive and energy-intensive Portland cement, and they provide for the creation of strong and durable concrete and reinforced concrete composites.

Demolition Waste Potential for Completely Cement-Free Binders.

Due to renovation and fighting in the world, a huge accumulation of construction and demolition waste is formed. These materials are effectively used as aggregates, but there is very little information about the use of scrap concrete to create cementless binders. The purpose of the work is to be a comprehensive study of the composition and properties of concrete wastes of various fractions with the aim of their rational use as cementless binders. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the nature of the processes of structure formation of a cementless binder based on sandy fractions of the screening of fragments of destroyed buildings and structures, as a complex polyfunctional system, has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. Different percentages of non-hydrated clinker minerals in concrete scrap were determined. In the smallest fraction (less than 0.16 mm), more than 20% of alite and belite are present. Waste of the old cement paste is more susceptible to crushing compared to the large aggregate embedded in it, therefore, particles of the old cement paste and fine aggregate predominate in the finer fractions of the waste. Comprehensive microstructural studies have been carried out on the possibility of using concrete scrap as a completely cementless binder using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and differential thermal analysis. It has been established that for cementless samples prepared from the smallest fractions (less than 0.315 mm), the compressive strength is 1.5–2 times higher than for samples from larger fractions. This is due to the increased content of clinker minerals in their composition. The compressive strength of the cementless binder after 28 days (7.8 MPa), as well as the early compressive strength at the age of 1 day after steaming (5.9 MPa), make it possible to effectively use these materials for enclosing building structures.

Application of cement-free media binder for the deep mixing method of CMD–SOIL

A cement-free eco-friendly porous media binder was developed as a cement replacement material (CRM) to be applied in the deep mixing method (DMM) for CMD–SOIL. We measured compression strengths for various mixtures and found that the compression strength of CMD–SOIL was 1.00–1.08 times higher than that of blast furnace slag cement (BFSC) and 1.410–1.945 times higher than the reference strength (2.0 MPa), depending on the moisture content, dosage, and water/binder ratio (W/B). The strength increment ratio (1.730) was slightly lower than that of BFSC (1.780), thereby proving its merit over BFSC as a binder for the DMM.

Influence of alkali content and silica modulus on the carbonation kinetics of alkali-activated slag concrete

Carbonation is inevitable process during the service life of concrete structures, where CO2 causes decalcification of the calcium-bearing phases. These changes affect the durability of concrete and accelerate the corrosion of reinforcement. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are alternative, cement-free binders based on aluminosilicate rich precursor and alkaline activator. The interest in AAMs increased during the last century, due to the production process with low CO2 footprint comparing to Portland cement (PC) concrete, the possibility to use wide range of industrial by-products as precursors and comparable performance to PC concrete. Despite the extensive research in this field, the carbonation resistance of AAMs needs to be better understood, due to the differences and complexity of binder chemistry compared to PC concrete. The propagation of carbonation process will depend on chemical composition of the precursors and the type and dosage of activators. This paper presents the results of microstructural changes of three alkali-activated concrete mixes after exposure to accelerated carbonation. Ground granulated blast furnace slag was used as a precursor and sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as activators. Three mixes have constant water to binder ratio and slag content, while alkali content and silica modulus were varied. The carbonation resistance was evaluated by testing carbonation depth after 7 and 28 days of exposure in carbonation chamber. Microstructural changes during carbonation were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry.

Strength, Shrinkage and Early Age Characteristics of One-Part Alkali-Activated Binders with High-Calcium Industrial Wastes, Solid Reagents and Fibers

Alkali-activated binders (AABs) are developed using a dry mixing method under ambient curing incorporating powder-form reagents/activators and industrial waste-based supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as precursors. The effects of binary and ternary combinations/proportions of SCMs, two types of powder-form reagents, fundamental chemical ratios (SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/SiO2, CaO/SiO2, and Na2O/Al2O3), and incorporation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers on fresh state and hardened characteristics of 16 AABs were investigated to assess their performance for finding suitable mix compositions. The mix composed of ternary SCM combination (25% fly-ash class C, 35% fly-ash class F, and 40% ground granulated blast furnace slag) with multi-component reagent combination (calcium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate = 1:2.5) was found to be the most optimum binder considering all properties with a 56 day compressive strength of 54 MPa. The addition of 2% v/v PVA fibers to binder compositions did not significantly impact the compressive strengths. However, it facilitated mitigating shrinkage/expansion strains through micro-confinement in both binary and ternary binders. This research bolsters the feasibility of producing ambient cured powder-based cement-free binders and fiber-reinforced, strain-hardening composites incorporating binary/ternary combinations of SCMs with desired fresh and hardened properties.

Incorporating industrial by-products into cement-free binders: Effects on water absorption, porosity, and chloride penetration

This study investigated the performance of cement-free binders incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), rice husk ash (RHA), and circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash (CFA). Changes in packing density, water absorption, porosity, chloride penetration, and their correlations were evaluated in specimens produced using four different RHA/(RHA + GGBFS) weight ratios (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%) and three different CFA/(RHA + GGBFS) weight ratios (10%, 20%, and 30%). The results indicate that changes in RHA and CFA proportions affected binder properties significantly. Furthermore, the high resistance to chloride penetration in the specimens support that these binders provide good durability.

Геополимерный бетон с использованием многотоннажных техногенных отходов

Introduction. Currently, in all countries, Portland cement is used as a binder in the production of concrete, and its global production accounts for 10 % of the total carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, Portland cement can be partially or fully replaced by new cement-free binders, made of large-tonnage technogenic waste with a cementing effect, for example, by finely ground blast furnace slag, fly ash generated by thermal power plants and ash formed during the combustion of rice hulls. Aqueous alkaline solutions (NaOH and Na2SiO3 or KOH and K2SiO3) should be used as activators of setting and hardening of such binders, and calcium sulfate dihydrate can be used to adjust the setting time. Concrete containing new cement-free binders is called geopolymer concrete. Materials and methods. In order to reduce mixing water consumption and maintain the required workability of the fine-grained concrete mixture, a polycarboxylate superplasticizer was introduced into its composition. All raw materials, except for the superplasticizer, were of the Vietnamese origin. The following research methods were used: the composition of the geopolymer concrete mixture was analyzed using the absolute volume method, the workability of the concrete mixture was determined according to ASTM C1611-18 и TCVN 3106:2007, compressive and tensile strength of the concrete, subjected to bending, were tested pursuant to GOST 10180-2012, and the average density of concrete was tested according to GOST 12730.1-78. Results. The co-authors have developed the composition of the geopolymer concrete containing the alkaline cement-free binder. As a result of the heat treatment of the 28-days-old concrete for 6 hours at 100 °C, its compressive strength reaches about 60 MPa; hence, it can be used in the hot and humid climate of Vietnam. Conclusions. This cement-free concrete, in addition to its high strength, has good water resistance and low water absorption. This concrete has economic benefits, and its production will help to protect the environment due to the lower consumption of natural resources and the applicability of large-tonnage technogenic waste.

Stabilization/solidification of hexavalent chromium containing tailings using low-carbon binders for cemented paste backfill

This study investigates the stabilization/solidification (S/S) capacity of Cr(VI)-containing tailings using the low-carbon, cement-free binders. The isothermal calorimeter test indicated that the addition of Cr(VI) delayed the binder hydration in the initial stage. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis showed phase modifications with the formation of U-phase and Cr-containing hydrotalcite (Ht) like phase. Transformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was noticed from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which reduced toxicity and favored the immobilization of Cr(VI). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) indicated that Cr(VI) could be immobilized in S/S tailings using all the four binders in this work, but binders using calcined quarry dust as an activator presented better immobilization effect. Adding CaSO4 further in-creased the immobilization capacity due to more ettringite (AFt) generation. Partial replacement of slag by metakaolin did not significantly contribute to the hydration gels formation, but the best S/S tailings capacity was found. This was attributed to the better physical encapsulation effect due to lower porosity and water permeability. These findings have clear practical implications for S/S of hexavalent chromium containing tailings using low-carbon binders for cemented paste backfill.

Development of a cementless eco-binder as an alternative to traditional Portland cement in construction activities

In this research, the performance of a cementless eco-binder, a mixture of waste materials including slag, circulating fluidized bed combustion ash (CFA), and rice husk ash (RHA) was investigated, in which CFA acted as an activator. One hundred and twenty paste samples were prepared by using the RHA/(slag + RHA) ratios of 0, 15, 30, 45% while keeping a constant ratio of CFA/(slag + RHA) at 25%. The setting period, compressive strength, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and drying shrinkage of paste samples were determined at the samples’ age of up to 91 days. In addition, the microstructures of all paste samples were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the use of cementless eco-binder significantly increased the setting times, lower compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and UPV values compared to the control OPC sample. The maximum 91-day-old compressive strength gained by the binary binder of slag and CFA (R00C25) was 90% of that of the control specimen. Incorporation of RHA with higher replacement levels up to 45% resulted in a significant decrease in compressive strength up to 50%. Moreover, the SEM analysis revealed that there was a large difference in the microstructures of the control and the cementless eco-binder samples, in which the main hydration products were C-S-H/C-A-S-H gels and ettringite (AFt) due to relatively high amount of SO3 and SiO2 in the CFA and RHA, respectively. Thus, it can be realized that the potential for the use of slag, CFA, and RHA as a sustainable cement-free binder is promising in the construction industry, especially for lower strength or no required early high strength structures.
 Keywords:
 cementless eco-binder; circulating fluidized bed combustion; rice husk ash; slag; microstructure; compressive strength; drying shrinkage; setting time; ultrasonic pulse velocity.

Improvement in Slag Resistance of No-Cement Refractory Castables by Matrix Design

The corrosion resistance of spinel containing cement bonded castables has been extensively investigated in the past. However, corrosion of no-cement refractory castables (NCC) has not been widely studied since the use of NCC has been relatively limited up till now. This paper focuses on the slag resistance of NCCs, and the often-used spinel containing low cement castable (LCC) is used as the reference. Three different NCC binders were designed: (i) Al2O3 + MgO (alumina bond), in situ spinel formation; (ii) Al2O3 + SiO2 (microsilica-gel bond), mullite formation; and (iii) Al2O3 + MgO + SiO2 (MgO-SiO2 bond). Slag resistance tests were conducted using the static crucible method with ladle slag. The corrosion mechanisms were studied by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and thermodynamic simulations. The results confirmed that the mineral phases, microstructure, and liquid formation at a high temperature of the refractory materials had a strong impact on the corrosion resistance. The slag resistance was significantly improved when the cement was replaced by the cement-free binders.

ОПИЛКОБЕТОН НА БЕСЦЕМЕНТНОМ КОМПОЗИЦИОННОМ ВЯЖУЩЕМ

Abstract. The role and advantages of products based on a non-cement binder using wood waste compared to other types of materials and technologies are considered. The purpose of this work was to obtain a heat insulation material based on wood processing waste and non-cement binder. The cement-free binder material using sawdust as an aggregate is effective under real-world production conditions.