Cellulose Composites Research Articles

Study on the characteristics of novel fiber extracted from Foxtail palm fruits – A steps towards the sustainable development

This study explores the properties of fibers extracted from the fruits of the Foxtail palm (FPF) and assesses their potential for advancing sustainable development. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that these fibers significantly inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica, with inhibition zones of 24 mm and 30 mm, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a predominantly crystalline structure, which is crucial for use as reinforcing materials, showing distinct peaks at 20° and 30° diffraction angles that signify the presence of cellulose I. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the fibers’ complex composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, indicated by the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aliphatic functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed a rough and irregular surface texture adorned with numerous microfibrils and cavities, which are beneficial for mechanical interlocking with polymer matrices. The densely arranged cellulose microfibrils, approximately 210 µm in diameter, lend the fibers high tensile strength and stiffness. Although some surface imperfections were observed, the inherent porosity of the fibers facilitates resin absorption, enhancing their reinforcement capabilities in composite materials.

Characterization of Polycaprolactone/<i>Eucomis autumnalis</i> Cellulose Composite: Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Analysis

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the preparation and characterization of PCL/EA cellulose composites. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results confirm the successful composite fabrication, indicating the absence of chemical reactions during melt-compounding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed distinct morphologies, with PCL forming a continuous phase and EA cellulose exhibiting a fibrous network. Despite successful embedding of EA cellulose fibers in the composite, fractured surfaces indicated poor interfacial interaction, potentially leading to fiber pull out. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed enhanced thermal stability in the composites, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated minimal impact on PCL melting behavior. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) further demonstrated enhanced crystallinity in the composites, highlighting increased order in PCL crystals. Mechanical testing revealed a modest increase in stiffness attributed to the rigid cellulose fibers. However, a decrease in yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break suggested reduced ductility and inferior mechanical properties, consistent with poor interfacial adhesion observed in SEM. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the structural, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of PCL/EA cellulose composites, offering a foundation for potential applications in various fields.

Cellulose‐enriched ascorbic acid for wound dressing application: Future medical textile

AbstractWounds infected by resistant microbes have become a cost and health problem worldwide. In modern wound care, healing mechanisms require particular strategies, such as adding natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in a biocompatible biopolymer matrix mimicking extracellular tissue such as cellulose. Here, ascorbic acid or Vitamin C is a promising bioactive as a topical drug loaded in a cellulose‐based composite matrix for skin tissue repair. Ascorbic acid, cellulose, or cellulose composites enriched with ascorbic acid have shown better biocompatibility and biological effects for accelerating wound healing, making them promising as sustainable medical textiles. Future challenges relate to the ideal engineered wound dressing design, raw material toxicity, and 3D printing technology.

Nonlinear properties of uni-directional cellulose nanofiber-reinforced poly (lactic acid) composite filaments: a multiscale computational study

In the quest to elevate the mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber-reinforced poly (lactic acid) composite materials for robust industrial applications, we conducted multiscale nonlinear finite element analysis rooted in homogenization theory. Our study delved into the intricate web of mechanical mechanisms and their pivotal influencers. This paper zeroed in on three paramount factors: the distribution of fibers, the fiber–matrix interface, and the aspect ratio of the fibers. For fiber distribution, we assumed fiber orientation control in fused filament fabrication and clarified the limit of material improvement by setting one-dimensional orientation as the upper limit. Our analysis of the fiber–matrix interface proposed a comprehensive three-scale structure, encompassing microstructures featuring intricate interfacial phases around the fibers, sub-microstructures with myriad dispersed fibers, and macrostructures subjected to external loads. The profound impact of the fiber–matrix interface on material properties was unveiled through a meticulous two-step homogenization process. Furthermore, we examined the substantial influence of the fiber aspect ratio on material properties. By unraveling the complex interplay among these critical factors, this research provided new design guidelines for fiber morphology to the performance of cellulose composites.

Influence of Hardwood Lignin Blending on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Based Carbon Fibers.

Carbon fibers (CFs) are fabricated by blending hardwood kraft lignin (HKL) and cellulose. Various compositions of HKL and cellulose in blended solutions are air-gap spun in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM OAc), resulting in the production of virtually bead-free quality fibers. The synthesized HKL-cellulose fibers are thermostabilized and carbonized to achieve CFs, and consequently their electrical and mechanical properties are evaluated. Remarkably, fibers with the highest lignin content (65%) exhibited an electrical conductivity of approximately 42 S/cm, surpassing that of cellulose (approximately 15 S/cm). Moreover, the same fibers demonstrated significantly improved tensile strength (∼312 MPa), showcasing a 5-fold increase compared to pure cellulose while maintaining lower stiffness. Comprehensive analyses, including Auger electron spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering, show a heterogeneous skin-core morphology in the fibers revealing a higher degree of preferred orientation of carbon components in the skin compared to the core. The incorporation of lignin in CFs leads to increased graphitization, enhanced tensile strength, and a unique skin-core structure, where the skin's graphitized cellulose and lignin contribute stiffness, while the predominantly lignin-rich core enhances carbon content, electrical conductivity, and strength.

Preparation of electrospun cellulose acetate/chitosan membranes for efficient sorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions

Guided by efficient utilization of natural abundant cellulose and chitosan as separation materials, it is desired to tailor the composition of electrospun cellulose acetate/chitosan (CL/CS) membranes to achieve their optimal application in the management of aquatic heavy metal pollution. In this work, CL/CS membranes with enhanced surface area of 11.3–38.6 m2/g were successfully fabricated via electrospinning technique by dissolving cellulose acetate and chitosan into the environmental-friendly electrospinning solvent of LiOH/thiourea/H2O. Electrospun CL/CS membranes allowed the efficient sorption of Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Cu(II) with favorable kinetics (8.0 h), and excellent capacities (127.6 mg/g for Cr(VI), 66.2 mg/g for Pb(II), 46.7 mg/g for Cu(II) at pH 5.0, T 298 K). Meanwhile, they presented favorable efficiencies in the removal of these multiple heavy metals from acid simulated wastewaters. The spectroscopic analysis results indicated that the sorption mechanism should be dominant by the surface complexation of heavy metals with hydroxyl O-/amino N-species, the electrostatic attraction (protonated NH3+ with negatively charged HCrO4-, deprotonated O- with positively charged Pb(II) and Cu(II)), as well as the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by surface reductive N-species. This work demonstrated the feasibility of electrospun CL/CS membranes as a promising choice for the remediation of aquatic heavy metals.

Preliminary hydrothermal treatment and steam explosion of cellulosic feedstock for the subsequent biotechnological transformation: A review

The use of renewable sources of cellulosic feedstock to produce high value-added products is a relevant issue. Cellulosic feedstock constitutes a natural matrix comprising cellulose (38–50 %), lignin (10–25 %), and hemicel-luloses (23–32 %). In order to break it down, pretreatment involving the removal of hemicelluloses and lignin is required. This process can change the chemical composition and structure of cellulose while increasing porosity. This review article provides an analysis of data on the hydrothermal treatment and steam explosion of cellulosic feedstock (sunflower straw, lawn grass, poplar sawdust, hay, reed, aspen, giant reed, silage, etc.) intended to convert it into substrates for the synthesis of biotechnological products (protein, biohydrogen, biogas, levulinic acid, methane, lactic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid). Hydrothermal treatment involves treating raw materials at 160–240 °С in water under high pressure. Pressure keeps water in a liquid state. During steam explosion, feedstock is treated with steam at a moderate temperature and pressure for a certain amount of time. Then, the pressure is rapidly released, and the fibers of cellulosic feedstock expand. The effectiveness of hydrothermal treatment and steam explosion depends both on the type of feedstock (chemical composition, solids concentration, and properties of solids) as well as on the conditions of hydrothermal treatment and steam explosion.

Role of cell wall polysaccharides in water distribution during seed imbibition of Hymenaea courbaril L.

Seed water imbibition is critical to seedling establishment in tropical forests. The seeds of the neotropical tree Hymenaea courbaril have no oil reserves and have been used as a model to study storage cell wall polysaccharide (xyloglucan - XyG) mobilization. We studied pathways of water imbibition in Hymenaea seeds. To understand seed features, we performed carbohydrate analysis and scanning electron microscopy. We found that the seed coat comprises a palisade of lignified cells, below which are several cell layers with cell walls rich in pectin. The cotyledons are composed mainly of storage XyG. From a single point of scarification on the seed surface, we followed water imbibition pathways in the entire seed using fluorescent dye and NMRi spectroscopy. We constructed composites of cellulose with Hymenaea pectin or XyG. In vitro experiments demonstrated cell wall polymer capacity to imbibe water, with XyG imbibition much slower than the pectin-rich layer of the seed coat. We found that water rapidly crosses the lignified layer and reaches the pectin-rich palisade layer so that water rapidly surrounds the whole seed. Water travels very slowly in cotyledons (most of the seed mass) because it is imbibed in the XyG-rich storage walls. However, there are channels among the cotyledon cells through which water travels rapidly, so the primary cell walls containing pectins will retain water around each storage cell. The different seed tissue dynamic interactions between water and wall polysaccharides (pectins and XyG) are essential to determining water distribution and preparing the seed for germination.

The key role of unique crystalline property in the hydrolytic degradation process of microcrystalline cellulose-reinforced stereo-complexed poly(lactic acid) composites

Stereo-complexed poly(lactic acid) (SC-PLA) has unique stereo-complexed crystallites (SC) and homogeneous crystallites (HC), but the effect of this special crystalline property on the hydrolytic degradation of SC-PLA has not been researched. In this study, the hygrothermal aging behaviour of injection-molded SC-PLA and SC-PLA/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composites at different temperatures (25 °C and 60 °C) was investigated from micro- and macroscopic perspectives. The results demonstrated that the hydrolysis of SC-PLA was sequentially dominated by the amorphous region, the homogeneous crystalline region, the stereo-complexed crystalline region (three stages). The hydrolytic degradation of SC-PLA only completed the first stage after 4 weeks aging at 25 °C, while it was in the third stage after 4 weeks aging at 60 °C. On this basis, the accelerating effect of 10 wt% MCC on the hydrolysis process of SC-PLA at different stages was investigated. It was found that MCC shortened the hydrolysis time in the stereo-complexed crystalline region by reducing the rearrangement of amorphous structure to form SC and causing cracks and interfacial deterioration by water absorption-swelling-degradation. In addition, the thermal properties and impact strength of SC-PLA and SC-PLA/MCC composites decreased dramatically due to rapid hydrolytic degradation at 60 °C. Overall, the results of this study can provide theoretical basis for the application of SC-PLA and SC-PLA/MCC composites in hygrothermal environment.

Prospects of mono cellulosic and cellulosic-glass hybrid fillers reinforced polypropylene composites

The objective of the study was to investigate the flexural mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with cellulose and glass particles. Polypropylene lacks sufficient strength and stiffness for many applications. By reinforcing it with cellulose and glass particles, the study was aimed at enhancing these mechanical properties, addressing the need for stronger and more durable materials. These composites are likely to find applications in the automotive industry where light weight, strong and heat resistant materials are needed for bumpers, dashboards, and interior trims. Additionally, these composites can be used for consumer goods where strong and lightweight materials are needed for various consumer products such as furniture, sporting goods, and appliances. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to explore the properties of the cellulosic composites and the experimental method was used to validate the results of FEA. The injection moulding process was used to fabricate the specimens for this study. The specimens were then characterized for their thermal behavior, morphology, and flexural properties. The thermal properties that were performed were thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, the morphology of the fabricated samples was examined using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composites were fabricated at filler volume fractions ranging from 0% to 50%. The flexural strength of both the wood powder/PP composites and the hybrid composites were found to be maximum for a filler volume fraction of 40% exhibiting 796.44 MPa and 1692.951 MPa, respectively. The research also noted from TGA that the melting temperature of all the fabricated samples were in the range of 150 °C to 160 °C. The glass transition temperature of neat polypropylene was around −20 °C.

Preparation and application of cattail residue-based magnetic cellulose composites for tetracycline antibiotics adsorption

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are widely present in wastewater and surface water due to their extensive use. Removal of TCs from water is urgent. In this study, magnetic cellulose (MC) composites were prepared from cattail residues to adsorb oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC·HCl), chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC·HCl), and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC·HCl) from water. The influence of Fe3O4 content on the antibiotics removal was studied. The synthesized MC composites were characterized using FTIR, XPS, zeta potential, SEM, and XRD. Adsorption mechanisms and characteristics were explored using classic isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models) and common kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models). Optimum adsorption capacity was achieved by MC2–1 (mass ratio of cellulose to Fe3O4 was 2:1), with a larger specific surface area (18.24 m2 g−1) and mesoporous structure. The adsorption processes were well described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. MC2–1 demonstrated maximum adsorption capacities of CTC·HCl (194.29 mg g−1), OTC·HCl (168.25 mg g−1), and TC·HCl (41.10 mg g−1). The results of models fitting and characterizations of the MC composites before and after the adsorption processes revealed that the main adsorption mechanisms were pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and metal complexation. This study proposes a practical approach for utilizing wetland plant residues as an effective adsorbent for tetracycline antibiotics removal.

Kombucha fungus bio-coating for improving mechanical and antibacterial properties of cellulose composites

Some microorganisms can produce biofilm to create survival conditions. These biofilms are highly resistant to different environmental conditions, and dealing with them is challenging. However, it significantly increases bacterial resistance. Hence, most relevant articles focus on destroying and preventing microorganisms' biofilm creation, and very few articles have been written on the use of microorganism biofilm for manufacturing (especially biocomposite manufacturing). Also, biofilm production by microorganisms on the intended surface (bio-coating process) is challenging. This study planned the conditions so kombucha fungus produces biofilm on a cellulose layer (bio-coating on the surface). As a result of this action, Kombucha biofilm created a biocomposite with good barrier properties and mechanical properties (tensile index: 59 k Nm/kg, burst index: 4.8 kPa.m2/g, air permeability: 189 ml/min, porosity percentage: %10, density: 0.85 gr/cm3, contact angle:72°)The composite has such strong antibacterial properties that a significant inhibition zone was formed in the well diffusion test, and a semi-inhibition zone was also observed. This inhibition zone for the Gram-positive pathogen (S. aureus) was 10.2 mm, close to the tetracycline control sample (11 mm). (the other antibacterial test results for S. aureus: MIC:15 µl, MBC:25 µl,R-number:8,and for E.coli MIC: 15 µl, MBC:25 µl, R-number7: inhibition zone:7.4 mm) These results, along with the results of the permeability and mechanical tests, further demonstrate the operational success of this surface modification. Also, due to its properties, this biocomposite can be suggested for use in wound dressing, pharmaceutical coating, and protecting food with high nutritional value and perishability.

Digestive Enzyme Activities in Mussel Mytilus californianus Endure Acute Heat Exposure in Air.

The mussel Mytilus californianus is an ecosystem engineer forming beds along the coastlines of Northeastern Pacific shores. As sessile organisms, they modulate their energy balance through valve movements, feeding, and digestive functionality. A recent study observed that activity of the digestive enzyme cellulase was higher than predicted in mussels high on the shore, where temperatures are characteristically high and food availability is limited compared to low-shore habitats. In the current study, we predicted that this scavenging behavior is induced to mitigate energy losses related to heat-shock responses-that cellulase and amylase will display hyperactivity for limited recourses in the face of aerial heating. In the laboratory, we acclimated mussels to three complex diets that differed in starch and cellulose composition, followed by two acute heat shocks (+8°C) in the laboratory. Results showed no hyperactivity of amylase and cellulase in heated mussels. These results differ from previous studies that showed lowered amylase activity following heat acclimation. This difference in amylase activity across heat-stress exposure time is important when analyzing mussel bed disturbances following heat waves that compromise energy balance or cause death within adult populations.

Artificial cellulosic leaf with adjustable enzymatic CO2 sequestration capability

Developing artificial leaves to address the environmental burden of CO2 is pivotal for advancing our Net Zero Future. In this study, we introduce EcoLeaf, an artificial leaf that closely mimics the characteristics of natural leaves. It harnesses visible light as its sole energy source and orchestrates the controlled expansion and contraction of stomata and the exchange of petiole materials to govern the rate of CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere. Furthermore, EcoLeaf has a cellulose composition and mechanical strength similar to those of natural leaves, allowing it to seamlessly integrate into the ecosystem during use and participate in natural degradation and nutrient cycling processes at the end of its life. We propose that the carbon sequestration pathway within EcoLeaf is adaptable and can serve as a versatile biomimetic platform for diverse biogenic carbon sequestration pathways in the future.

A room-temperature ppb-level detection limit of NO2 sensor based on Cellulose/SnO2 heterojunction under UV illumination

In light of growing concerns over air pollution, particularly NO2 emissions from vehicular and industrial sources, there is a critical demand for advanced gas sensors. Traditional metal oxide semiconductors, while widely used, face challenges such as poor selectivity and high operating temperatures. In this work, we have achieved a high selectivity and room temperature NO2 gas sensor by composite of sponge-like porous cellulose with SnO2 nanoparticle. As a result, the gas sensor exhibits excellent performance in terms of high response (260.4 at 20 ppm), excellent selectivity and low detection limit (100 ppb) for NO2 gas, due to the unique sponge-like porous structure of cellulose with its high specific surface area facilitating the uniform distribution of SnO2 particles. This study not only highlights the superior sensing capabilities of cellulose-based sensors but also lays the foundation for further advancements in environmentally-friendly gas sensing applications.

Characterization of the structure, morphology, and optical properties of titanium dioxide thin film deposited by spray pyrolysis technique for self-cleaning glass

Abstract The research in material science has actively pursued the creation of self-cleaning materials, especially for windows. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is considered a promising substance for developing hydrophilic self-cleaning surfaces due to its photocatalytic activity. In this research, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using TiCl3 as the precursor and co-precipitation as the experimental method in order to obtain anatase phase. The nanoparticles, then, was deposited by spray pyrolysis technique with different spraying time; 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes and different types of TiO2 nanoparticles—synthesis and commercial—as the primary variations. TiO2 thin film was formed using ethyl cellulose as binder and isopropyl alcohol as solvent. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and deposited thin film were, then, characterized using XRD, Maud software, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, optical microscope, and SEM. The higher band gap energy value of TiO2 thin films was obtained with the average of 3.746 eV and 3.744 eV for TI(S) and TI(C), respectively, as a result of ethyl cellulose composition on the thin film. The thin film was categorized as hydrophilic.

The impact of the phase composition of bacterial cellulose on the low-temperature mobility of its molecules

We describe the properties of the bacterial cellulose of various origins obtained with the help of XRD, FTIR, and dielectric spectroscopy methods. The samples were produced by Gluconacetobacter bacteria (with Іα phase content of 36%) and a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts present in Kombucha fermented drink (with Іα phase content of 62%). An increase in the Іα phase concentration results in a decrease in the intensity of the low-temperature dielectric relaxation and its shift toward higher temperatures. We demonstrate that this dielectric relaxation occurs primarily due to the reorientation of the methylol groups on the surfaces of the cellulose crystallites. We also report that the concentration of the activated relaxers in Іβ cellulose allomorph exceeds that of the Іα allomorph.

Biowaste Valorization of Palm Tree Phoenix dactylifera L. for Nanocellulose Production.

The desire to reduce reliance on oil resources arises from the concerns about carbon footprint and nonrenewability. Conversely, the global presence of over 100 million palm trees poses a significant challenge due to the substantial amount of biowaste generated annually. Additionally, the use of nanocellulose (NC) as a cost-effective material is steadily gaining recognition for its growing adaptability over time. The main goal of this study is to biosynthesized NC from Iraqi date palm Phoenix dactylifera leaves waste with low-concentration acid-alkali treatment. The date palm leaves waste yields 20 g of NC from 100 g of leaves before acid hydrolysis treatment. The chemical components of biosynthesized NC were 47.90%, 26.78%, and 24.67% for α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, respectively. In order to study their properties, NC from raw date palm leaves was studied by microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM). SEM results revealed rod-like structured NC as well as combined long-fine fibrous structures rather than compacted bundles with sizes ranging between 31 and 74 nm. With EDX, all spectra exhibit the peaks of carbon and oxygen as the main elements with 63.8% and 10.44%, respectively, in their compositions, which relate to the typical composition of cellulose. The 3D image of AFM NC with a tapping mode presented a highly uniform distribution of NC with a size of ∼15 nm. The statistical roughness analysis shows that the obtained roughness average is 7.20 nm with the root-mean-square roughness value of 21.56 nm, which corresponded relatively with the micrographs of SEM. The results of this study demonstrate the promise of using date palm waste as raw material to produce NC as green nanocomposite from biodegradable nanomaterials for water purification and sustained drug delivery for biomedical applications. In this regard and because of the insufficient reports about the extraction of NC from palm tree leaves waste, the objective of this study was designed to fabricate NC biologically from fibers sourced from the waste of Iraqi date palm P. dactylifera leaves that left in agricultural lands or burned, which can be an ecological and health problem as a bionanocomposites in the medical and industrial field and as alternative resources of wood materials.

Enhancing biodegradable polymer surface wettability properties through atmospheric plasma treatmsurfaent and nanocellulose incorporation

This study investigates the effects of atmospheric plasma treatment on the surface properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) composites, aiming to improve their wettability and mechanical properties. The research utilizes a twin-screw extrusion process for fabricating PLA/CNC biocomposites, followed by surface modification using a custom-built, with a tenfold high-voltage atmospheric plasma system. The motivation of this treatment was to improved surface wettability and potential for enhanced adhesive bonding in ecological applications. These findings contribute to developing more sustainable composite materials by providing a method to improve the functionality of biodegradable polymers without compromising their environmental benefits.

Extraction of cellulose from halophytic plants for the synthesis of a novel biocomposite.

Cellulose nanofibers, a sustainable and promising material with widespread applications, exhibit appreciable strength and excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties. The preparation of cellulosic nanofibers from food or agricultural residue is not sustainable. Therefore, this study was designed to use three halophytic plants (Cressa cretica, Phragmites karka, and Suaeda fruticosa) to extract cellulose for the subsequent conversion to cellulosic nanofibers composites. The other extracted biomass components including lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin were also utilized to obtain industrially valuable enzymes. The maximum pectinase (31.56 IU mL-1), xylanase (35.21 IU mL-1), and laccase (15.89 IU mL-1) were produced after the fermentation of extracted pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin from S. fruticosa, P. karka, and C. cretica, respectively. Cellulose was methylated (with a degree of substitution of 2.4) and subsequently converted into a composite using polyvinyl alcohol. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of the composites. The composites made up of cellulose from C. cretica and S. fruticosa had a high tensile strength (21.5 and 15.2 MPa) and low biodegradability (47.58% and 44.56%, respectively) after dumping for 3 months in soil, as compared with the composite from P. karka (98.79% biodegradability and 4.9 MPa tensile strength). Moreover, all the composites exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Hence, this study emphasizes the possibility for various industrial applications of biomass from halophytic plants.