Solubility Of Cellulose Research Articles

Microdigestion Techniques and Chemical Solubility Methods as Estimators of the Digestibility of Tropical Grasses

The nutritive values of pangola grass (Diptaria decumbens) and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), determined with sheep in conventional digestion trials, were compared with data derived from three indirect methods of estimating digestibility. In vivo measurements were digestible dry matter (DDM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible energy (DE), and cellulose digestibility (CD). Microdigestion techniques consisted of in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) by two stage fermentation, and nylon bag dry matter disappearance (NBDMD). Solubility was measured in terms of dry matter solubility (DMS) in IN H2S04 and cellulose solubility (CED) in cupriethylenediamine. Pangola grass was more digestible than kikuyu grass by all measurements made. Highly significant differences (P<.01) in nutritive values were detected by both in vivo and indirect methods. Significant differences (P<.01) were noted between microdigestion techniques and DDM. NBDMD was greater than IVDMD and DDM by 8.4 and 12.9 percentage units, respectively, while IVDMD was 4.5 percentage units greater than DDM. Correlations between animal data and both microdigestion techniques were highly significant (P<.01). Of the solubility tests, only CED showed consistently high correlation coefficients. In general, correlations between DMS and animal digestibility were insignificant and lower than CED. There was an unexplained negative relationship, insignificant except for CD (P<.05), between DMS and animal data in pangola grass. In kikuyu grass, correlations between DMS and animal data were insignificant, with the exception of DE (P<.05).

DISSOLUTION OF CELLULOSE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS IN THE PRESENCE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF AMINES AND SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

The dissolution of cellulose in 100 organic solvents in the presence of small amounts of amines and SO2 has been investigated.It is found that natural cellulose is dissolved in 34 solvents, while regenerated one is not dissolved under the conditions investigated. Microscopic observation of the dissolution process shows that the cellulose fibers are at first cleaved and then dissolved into the solution from the fracture surfaces without appreciable swelling.The specific conductivities of the tertiary and the related solutions, the solubility of cellulose in the solution which contains amine excess to SO_??_, and the IR spectra of the cellulose solutions are measured. Considerations on the properties of effective organic solvents and amines, together with the discussions on the results of above measurements, give the conclusions: 1) organic solvents which act as electron acceptor are effective for the dissolution, and 2) cellulose is dissolved by forming the tertiary complex, a small fraction of which dissociates to Cell-O-SO_??_2N_??_R3H.

Rheological properties of emulsion viscoses: 2. Influence of cellulose origin, carbon disulphide ratio and temperature

Celluloses of different origins or carbon disulphide of different ratios may affect different structural and apparent viscosities, thixotropy and antithixotropy indices for the produced viscoses. Change of temperature for the viscose flow measurements alone, or together with that for the viscose reaction may also have a similar effect or even convert one type of flow to the other, i.e., thixotropy into antithixotropy or vice versa. Apparent viscosity is affected by a change in structural viscosity, free space, cellulose solubility, degree of degradation and amounts of carbon disulphide included.

Evaluation of Forages in the Laboratory. V. Comparison of Chemical Analyses, Solubility Tests, and In Vitro Fermentation1,2,3

Samples of 56 hays (alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, bromegrass, orchardgrass, reed canarygrass, and timothy) with in vivo digestible dry matter (DDM) data were used to compare the following as predictors of digestibility: a) crude protein; b) acid-detergent fiber; c) acid-detergent lignin; d) cell-wall content; e) cellulose solubility in cupriethylene diamine (CED); f) dry matter solubility in 1.0 N H2SO4 (DMS); g) cellulose digestion in vitro; h) dry matter digestion in vitro (rumen fluid followed by pepsin). Correlations between in vivo DDM and laboratory tests for all 56 forages were 0.37**, −0.53**, −0.46**, −0.47**, 0.67**, 0.54**, 0.75**, and 0.88** for methods a) through h), respectively.Of the chemical components studied, lignin gave the most satisfactory correlations (−0.66 to −0.95) within forage species. None of the chemical components or solubility methods studied should be used to compare forages of different species. It was concluded that for estimation of in vivo DDM of all forage species and mixtures by one regression equation, best results could be expected with the two-stage in vitro digestion (Method h).

Estimation of the Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Forages by Cellulose and Dry Matter Solubility Methods3

An improved procedure has been developed to determine the solubility of forage cellulose in cupriethylene diamine (CED). Values obtained with this method were highly correlated with the D.M. digestibility, energy digestibility and NVI of grasses and mixed forages, but not legumes. An additional chemical analysis, dry matter solubility (DMS) of the forage in 1.0 N H2SO4, was found to be well correlated with the relative intake as well as D.M. digestibility, energy digestibility and NVI for grasses, mixed forage and legumes. When the data from all types of forages (39 samples) were combined and correlated against the CED and DMS methods as well as the product ( CED × DMS) of the two methods, the best correlations obtained were as follows: D.M. digestibility (CED × DMS), 0.87; Energy digestibility (CED × DMS), 0.88; NVI (DMS), 0.83; and Relative intake (DMS), 0.78.

Cellulose Solubility as an Estimate of Cellulose Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Grasses3

Cellulose Solubility as an Estimate of Cellulose Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Grasses3

Studies on the Emulsion Xanthation of Cellulose

The influences of various treatments (acid-hydrolysis, hypochlorite bleaching, alkali-ageing and cold alkali refining) upon the reactivity of wood cellulose in emulsion xanthation were investigated.The results were as follows : 1. The solubility of acid-hydrolyzed cellulose in emulsion xanthation was found to be the function of relative viscosity, and it was considerably affected by the conditions of hot alkali treatments (e. g. sulfate cooking and hot caustic purification) of wood cellulose.2. The solubilities of cellulose, which has been degraded to the same relative viscosity under various methods (acid-hydrolysis, hypochlorite bleaching and alkali-ageing) in emulsion xanthation were investigated.From this data, it seems that the content of the crystalline region has an effect upon the amount of undissolved residue after emulsion xanthation.3. It could be supposed that the fine structure of a cold alkali refined cellulose has a greater influence than α-cellulose content (90 g/l NaOH solubility) upon the reactivity of cellulose during emulsion xanthation.From these investigations, it seems that the solubility of cellulose in emulsion xanthation is dependent upon the fine structure under the conditions used in this experiments.As the behavior of cellulose during emulsion xanthation seems to agree with that of H3PO4 solubility, we think that the emulsion xanthation method appeared to be an useful relative yardstick for measuring the fine structure of cellulose.

The solubility of cellulose in quaternary ammonium bases

1. Cellulose is found to be completely soluble only in three bases: dimethylphenylbenzyl-, triethylbenzyl and triethylfurylammonium hydroxides. 2. A mechanism for solution of cellulose in quaternary ammonium bases is put forward on the basis of the experimental data.

Water Solubility of Ethyl Cellulose.

Water Solubility of Ethyl Cellulose.

The Solubility of Cellulose in Mixtures of Nitrogen Tetroxide with Organic Compounds

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Solubility of Cellulose in Mixtures of Nitrogen Tetroxide with Organic CompoundsW. F. Fowler Jr., C. C. Unruh, P. A. McGee, and W. O. KenyonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 7, 1636–1640Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1947https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01199a020RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views105Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (594 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Microscopic Examination of Cotton Fibres in Cuprammonium Hydroxide Solutions

It has been known for nearly a century that cupram monium hydroxide solutions have a pronounced effect upon the cell walls of plants. Many investigators have ob served, for example, that when cotton fibres are treated with this reagent, the bulk of the fibre appears to be dis solved, thereby producing a viscous solution from which cellulose can be precipitated by various means. The solu bility of cellulose under these conditions has been utilized industrially in the manufacture of artificial textile fibres, and also in the laboratory as a means of evaluating the quality of the fibre, especially as regards tensile strength. There are two different points of view concerning the behavior of the cellulose fibres when treated with cupram monium hydroxide solutions. According to one group of investigators the cellulose of the cotton fibres does not dissolve in the reagent but maintains a visible state of aggregation in the forma of diminutive particles, each of which is surrounded by cementing material which swells in cuprammonium solutions, thereby giving rise to a gel-like structure upon which many of the characteristic properties of the dispersion depend. The other group of investigators has supported the view that cellulose is dissolved in cu prammonium hydroxide, and that properties of the solu tions, such as viscosity, are functions of the chain-length of the cellulose molecule. Since the above viewpoints lead to widely different interpretations of the behavior of cotton in this solution, it appeared advisable to undertake a new investigation of the microscopically observable changes which cotton fibres undergo in this reagent. It was found that during the treatment of cotton with cuprammonium hydroxide solutions, the cellulose dissolves, leaving residues which vary in amount and in structure depending upon the degree of purification of the fibres. The undissolved residue from raw and from dewaxed fibres consists principally of fragmented shells which formed the outer surface of the fibres, and to a lesser extent of ma terial from the lumen. Both of these residues are isotropic and stain deeply with ruthenium red. Fibres from which both wax and pectic substance have been removed dissolve in cuprammonium reagent, leaving only a very small amount of isotropic residue which exhibits no definite cytological structure. When a steady flow of cuprammonium hydroxide solu tion is applied to fibres mounted on a slide, the initial swelling of the fibres is followed by the appearance of small ellipsoidal particles which range from 1-2 μ in size, appear bright between crossed nicols, and become dark in color when stained with iodine and sulfuric acid. Identi cal particles appear, however, when cuprammonium hydrox ide solution is drawn under the coverglass, in the absence of fibres. These particles, which result from the exposure of the cuprammonium hydroxide, reagent to the air, are then washed under the coverglass where they become inti mately associated with the fibre residue. Formation of these particles may be prevented by using a specially con structed cell which prevents exposure of the reagent. Under these conditions, no particles were observed during the slow passage, even for prolonged periods, of the cu prammonium reagent over the cotton fibres. 1. D. A. Clibbens and B. P. Ridge. J. T. 1., 19, T394 (1928). 2. R. L. Whistler, A. R. Martin and M. Harris. N. B. S. J. Rsch. In press. 3. W. K. Farr. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 10, 71 (1938). 4. W. A. Sisson. Ibid., 10, 113 (1938). 5. J. Compton. Ibid., 10, 57 (1938). 6. A. B. Corey and H. L. Gray. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 853, 1130 (1924). 7. R. K. Worner and R. T. Mease. N. B. S. J. Rsch., 21, 609 (1938). 8. R. L. Whistler, A. R. Martin and M. Harris. Ibid., 24, 13 (1940) ; RP1268. 9. R. T. Mease. Ibid., 22, 271 (1939) ; RP1179. 10. Report of the Fabrics Research Committee, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. His Majesty's Stationary Office, London (1933). 11. D. A. Gelibbens and A. Geake. J. T. I., 19, T77 (1928). 12. American Chemical Society. Committee on the Viscosity of Cellu lose of the Division of Cellulose Chemistry. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 1, 49 (1929). 13. L. Mangin. Compt. rend., 116, 653 (1893). 14. D. B. Anderson and T. Kerr. Ind. Eng. Chem., 30, 48 (1938).

Solubility of Cellulose in Water

PURE cellulose is generally regarded as being perfectly insoluble in water, but experiments recently carried out in this laboratory indicate that pure cellulose is slightly soluble in pure water.

Effect of Fine Division on the Solubility of Cellulose

Effect of Fine Division on the Solubility of Cellulose