Ratio Of Cellulose Research Articles

Radiation-assisted synthesis of hydroxyethyl cellulose and acrylic acid hydrogel modified with novel surfactants for Pb (II) removal

ABSTRACT In this study, hydrogels crosslinked with varying weight ratios of hydroxy ethyl cellulose and acrylic acid were synthesised via gamma rays with a 30 KGy. These polymers were further modified with two surfactants: a cationic surfactant, 1-hexadecyl-2-vinyl pyridinium chloride and an amphoteric surfactant, sodium salt of 2-(1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride-2-yl) ethane-1-sulphonate. The chemical structures of these surfactants were elucidated spectroscopically, while their morphologies and elemental analysis were examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), respectively. Batch adsorption parameters revealed that each improved hydrogel was effective in adsorbing Pb2+ ions. The best conditions of adsorption were achieved within 240 min at pH = 5 and v/m = 0.4 L/g. The selectivity of lead removal based on synthesised solutions (Pb, Zn and Co) using hydrogel materials was analysed for their potential application in environmental remediation efforts. The adsorption of lead (II) ions onto synthesised polymers was studied using kinetic modelling and adsorption isotherms. Results fit the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters, with enthalpy (ΔH) values of 28.50 to 43.46 kJ/mol and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values from −2.58 to −7.28 kJ/mol at 338 K, show the process is endothermic and spontaneous. The positive entropy (ΔS) values indicate increased disorder at the interface.

Reconstruction of drought and long-rain chronologies since the 17th century in central Japan using intra-annual tree-ring oxygen isotope ratios and documentary records

Abstract. Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of tree-ring cellulose and historical documentary records are widely used to explore the hydroclimatic conditions of the past. In this study, we attempted to reconstruct chronologies of local climate disasters spanning 4 centuries in central Japan using these proxy data. For tree-ring δ18O measurements, we prepared cellulose samples from a long-living cedar tree with continuously broad ring widths. To enhance the temporal resolution, we divided each annual ring into several (mainly six) segments. Analysis of the correlations with observed relative humidity and precipitation data revealed that the intra-ring δ18O variations in the sample tree reflected the hydroclimatic conditions from April to July in each year. Subsequently, we chronologically listed the occurrence of eight types of disasters in the 17th to 19th centuries in the area adjacent to the sample tree according to 20 titles of “Town/City history”, which is a compilation of historical documentary records from the local municipality. By comparison with the intra-ring δ18O data, we found that most of the major droughts and long rains recorded in the historical documents occurred in the Baiu rainy season (typically June–July) or pre-Baiu season, corresponding to the growing season of the sample tree. Based on an analysis of the intra-ring δ18O variation for documentary-based drought and long-rain years, we set thresholds of intra-ring δ18O values to identify and extract drought and long-rain years. Drought and long-rain chronologies obtained by applying these thresholds were temporally continuous, complementing those based on documentary records. They depicted the relationships between the frequency of these climate disasters and the occurrence of major famines and the long-term tendency of length and magnitude of the Baiu rainy season in historical times.

A long-term drought reconstruction based on oxygen isotope tree ring data for central and eastern parts of Europe (Romania)

Abstract. This study investigates the relationship between oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) in oak tree ring cellulose and past drought variability in Letea Forest, Romania. A δ18O site chronology spanning 1803–2020 was compiled from seven individual time series. δ18O values exhibited a significant negative correlation with moisture-related variables (cloud cover, relative humidity, and precipitation) and a positive correlation with temperature and sunshine duration. This confirms that δ18O from tree rings can be a good proxy for moisture availability. The strongest correlation was found between δ18O and the August Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index for an accumulation period of 9 months (SPEI9) for central and eastern Europe. This highlights SPEI9 as a superior indicator of drought compared to individual parameters like temperature or precipitation. Using a linear regression model, we reconstructed August SPEI9 variability for the past 200 years. The reconstruction captured interannual and decadal variations, with distinct wet and dry periods. Analysis of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns revealed a link between high δ18O values (indicating dry conditions) and a high-pressure system over the North Atlantic. Conversely, low δ18O values (indicating wet conditions) corresponded to negative pressure anomalies over Europe. Moreover, extreme values of δ18O are also associated with the prevalence of a hemispheric teleconnection pattern, namely wave number 4. This δ18O chronology and the corresponding August SPEI9 reconstruction offer valuable tools for understanding past climate variability and its relationship with large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns.

Ice templating water-stable macroporous polysaccharide hydrogels to mimic plant stems.

Water-stable macroporous hydrogels, inspired by the structural and chemical characteristics of plant stems, are expected to open a wide range of possibilities in soft materials for passive liquid transport. However, obtaining efficient materials for these applications still poses a major challenge due to the complexity of shaping hydrogels at the relevant scale-length. Here, water-stable macroporous hydrogels were fabricated using alginate and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose via a new approach involving ice templating and topotactic ion-crosslinking with Ca2+. This approach fully avoids the energy-intensive lyophilization process and results in composite hydrogels with pore sizes akin to those found in celery xylem, a model we chose for plant stems. Importantly, the pore size could be tailored by adjusting both the ice-growth velocities and the ratios of alginate to oxidized cellulose. The resulting hydrogels displayed remarkable water stability along with viscoelastic properties and wettability that depend on the alginate and oxidized cellulose ratios. Mechanical properties, such as compression stress and toughness, consistently increased with higher alginate contents. In addition, liquid transport measurements on crosslinked hydrogels with varying compositions and ice growth velocities revealed rising speeds comparable to those observed in celery, confirming the ability of polysaccharide-based hydrogels obtained by ice templating and topotactic crosslinking as relevant materials to mimic the function of plant stems. Due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, the materials presented here offer significant potential for developing soft liquid transport systems suited for biological settings, with promising applications in both environmental and bioengineering fields.

A Sustainable Approach for the Development of Cellulose-Based Food Container from Coconut Coir.

The increasing demand for sustainable resources has revived the research on cellulose over the last decades. Therefore, the current research focused on the synthesis of biopolymers for the development of viable tableware utensils from cellulose of coconut coir. The synthesized biopolymer was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile strength, and contact angle. The synthesized biopolymer was converted to workable conditions through incorporation of starch, as a binder, at various ratios with cellulose, ranging from 1:9 to 10:0. Moreover, the most prominent features of the synthesized biopolymer were obtained by the addition of glycerin as a plasticizer and citric acid as a cross-linker. At 6:4 ratio of cellulose and binder showed excellent mechanical properties, and with the incorporation of cross-linker, the biopolymer possessed high tensile strength (18.6 MPa) and elongation (3.5%) in comparison to commercially available polystyrene polymer (1.5 MPa) and (2.6%), respectively. Furthermore, the cross-linker citric acid bestows with network structure that was confirmed with the change of contact angle (81°), FT-IR spectra, surface morphology, crystallinity index, and water vapor transmission rate (573 g/m2/d). TGA data revealed the improved thermal properties of the biopolymer, and the decomposed temperature was elevated from >223 to 238 °C in the presence of network structure proved by cross-linker. The degree of deterioration was assessed by soil burial test, highlighting the environmental compatibility of the tableware. The purpose of the study was to synthesize sustainable tableware from waste source coir fiber for the reduction of harmful effects of synthetic counterpart.

Development of Sustainable Bioplastic Composite Films from Cocoa Pod Husk Waste Cellulose and Kappa-Carrageenan

<p>Cocoa pod husk (CPH), typically considered agricultural waste, contains cellulose suitable for bioplastic production, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic plastics. Its reinforcement with kappa-carrageenan is designed to improve the properties of cellulose-based bioplastics while reducing agricultural waste. This study evaluates the effects of cellulose from CPH waste and kappa-carrageenan formulations on bioplastic properties. The cellulose was isolated through a delignification and bleaching process, while the bioplastics were prepared by varying the ratios of cellulose and kappa-carrageenan in six different formulations. The resulting films were evaluated for their physical, mechanical, and barrier properties, as well as their stability and biodegradability. The ratio of cellulose to kappa-carrageenan significantly impacts the films’ properties. Significant improvements in tensile strength were observed in P5 (2 g cellulose, 8 g kappa-carrageenan) and P6 (10 g kappa-carrageenan), increasing by 79% and 240%, respectively, as the cellulose concentration decreased and kappa-carrageenan increased. However, the significant drawback in barrier properties was found in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), with the higher kappa-carrageenan and lower cellulose concentrations films resulting in increased WVTR values by 13% (P5) and 17% (P6). The bioplastic with P1 (8 g cellulose, 2 g carrageenan), P2 (6 g cellulose, 4 g carrageenan), P3 (5 g cellulose, 5 g carrageenan), and P4 (4 g cellulose, 6 g carrageenan) formulations completely degraded in 3 weeks, while those with higher kappa-carrageenan content degraded faster, with P5 completely degrading in 2 weeks and P6 in 1 week. This study implies a potential reduction in environmental impact by replacing conventional plastics with the development of biodegradable materials derived from agricultural waste and promoting sustainable agricultural practices by utilizing CPH.</p>

Preparation of cellulose-based fluorescent aggregations with various morphologies and their microstructure-correlated fluorescence behavior.

We provided an efficient method for preparing fluorescent materials with high specificity. Firstly, the cellulose-based aggregations with adjustable morphologies and sizes were obtained by cross-linking copolymerization and self-assembly. Then, after encapsulating the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) into the hydrophobic microregions of the cellulose-based aggregations by ultrasound/dialysis method, a series of cellulose-based fluorescent aggregations with different morphologies was obtained. The flower-like, tentacle-like, microsphere, hollow sphere, coral-like and solid sphere fluorescent aggregations could be obtained by changing the mass ratio of cellulose to gelatin, the degree of alkylation and the length of the alkyl chain. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-vis and Zeta potential confirmed the formation of the cellulose-based aggregations with different morphologies and sizes, which provided basis for the successful encapsulation of FITC. The flower-like fluorescent aggregation showed the maximum fluorescence intensity. This was due to the rigid structure of cellulose, electrostatic repulsion, hydrogen bonding, and the larger surface area in flower-like aggregation, which was conducive to inhibiting π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interaction of FITC, thus promoting the electron radiative transition. Also, cellulose-based fluorescent aggregation could be processed into fluorescent fiber, coating and printing pattern, and had potential applications in information storage, scene warning, and special fiber.

The Influence of Length‐Diameter Ratio of Cellulose on Friction Characteristics of Screw Surface Investigated by EDEM Simulation

The Influence of Length‐Diameter Ratio of Cellulose on Friction Characteristics of Screw Surface Investigated by EDEM Simulation

Lifespan and bioactivity improvement of bacteriophages immobilized on carboxymethylcellulose - Cationic starch-coated paper for food packaging.

Bacteriophages (phages) have a great potential to target specifically foodborne bacterial pathogens, particularly in packaging materials. However, incorporating phages into packaging surfaces requires stabilizing their structure and maintaining their infectivity during the papermaking process. In this study, several coating formulations containing various ratios of carboxymethyl cellulose, cationic starch, and glycerol were applied to a base paper to assess phage stability. The anti-Listeria phage preparation LISTEX™ P100 was applied to the coated paper surface and then dried under a laminar airflow. Physical analyses of the base paper modifications were carried out and water absorption properties of the various coatings were analyzed. As the humidity level is also a critical factor for maintaining phage activity, the coated papers were stored at various relative humidity levels. The most effective coating for maintaining phage activity contained 2 % carboxymethylcellulose, 2 % cationic starch, and 5 % glycerol. The coated phage-containing paper was 16 μm thin, optically identical to base paper but heavier in grammage (15 % increase). The phage titers on the surface of the coating were maintained at 104 PFU/cm2 for 14 days when stored at 4 °C with 75 % relative humidity.

Major moisture shifts in inland Northeast Asia during the last millennium

Abstract Previous paleoenvironmental data synthesis indicates that arid central Asia (“westerlies Asia”) and mid-latitude East Asia (“monsoonal Asia”) show anti-phased moisture variations over the last millennium. However, there are very few records from inland Northeast Asia, which obscures the spatial extent of or the boundary between the two domains and hinders the assessment of climate change impacts and consequences across the region. Here, we present a multi-proxy record that combines peat properties, plant macrofossils, and isotopic ratios of Sphagnum moss cellulose from a unique precipitation-fed peatland in northern Northeast China to fill this critical data gap. The results show major centennial-scale moisture anomalies at this site, with drier and wetter conditions during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age, respectively, which resemble the pattern of moisture changes in “westerlies Asia”. During the period of rapid anthropogenic warming, the site is much drier, with isotopic evidence for threshold-like summer desiccation of peat-forming Sphagnum mosses. This study provides the long-term context and identifies the large-scale pattern of moisture variability in an inland region home to carbon-rich peatlands, forests, and permafrost soils, and highlights their potential vulnerability to future warming-enhanced drying that can be transmitted widely through atmospheric teleconnection.

Total Utilization of Components Contained in Coconut Husk by Microwave-Assisted Thermal Hydrolysis and Deep Eutectic Solvent Treatment

Abstract Microwave-assisted thermal hydrolysis treatment (MW: 150 W for 0–10 min) was used to obtain water-soluble and ethanol-soluble antioxidants from coconut husk (CH). The water extract with a maximum amount of phenolic compounds, i.e. 57.3 mg-catechin equiv./g-dry treated CH, was obtained from treated CH at 150 W for 10 min. Next, to efficiently utilize the lignin and cellulose in CH, a comprehensive utilization system that includes deep eutectic solvent (DES) treatment, separation, enzymatic saccharification, and acetone extraction has been developed. The solid residue with a cellulose-rich residue fraction was obtained by effectively removing lignin and hemicellulose via DES treatment. After 0.5 h at 150 °C, the solid residue had a cellulose ratio of more than 40% and it was used as a substrate of enzymatic saccharification. The saccharification ratio raised considerably with the DES treatment; at a saccharification time of 24 h with a maximum value of 2.11 g/L, which was 6.8 times higher than untreated CH. Since the precipitate contains low-molecular-weight lignin that was isolated from the supernatant of the DES-treated CH, it can be utilized as a raw material of epoxy resin and curing agent. Graphical Abstract

Research on the effect of the ratio of beeswax, palm wax,and carboxymethyl cellulose (MW-CMC) on the physicochemical properties of film-forming preparation and the ability to preserve purple passion fruits

Research on the effect of the ratio of beeswax, palm wax,and carboxymethyl cellulose (MW-CMC) on the physicochemical properties of film-forming preparation and the ability to preserve purple passion fruits

Important role of cellulose and lignin in controlling the crystal structure of iron-carbon composite: Fe3C surpassing Fe0 in activating peroxymonosulfate

The mechanism of producing iron-carbon composites with different crystal structures by varied wood-based biomass remains unclear. Herein, cellulose and lignin as the important components of wood-based biomass were used to investigate the influence on the crystal structure of iron-carbon composites. Results showed that Fe3C could only be produced in cellulose-containing pyrolysis processes, while the pyrolysis of lignin could reduce the iron salt to Fe0. Additionally, prolonging pyrolysis time and increasing the ratio of cellulose to Fe also favored the production of Fe3C. When applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS), the Fe@Cel0.5-4 typically dominated by Fe3C showed better performance than Fe@Ln1.0-4 which was dominated by Fe0 in the aspects of adsorption, electron transfer, retaining the iron species, sustainability, adaptability to complex water conditions, and the catalytic capability to degrade diclofenac (DCF). Quenching experiments and electron spin resonance results indicated the presence of free radicals (OH, SO4−, SO5− and O2−) and non-radical (1O2 and electron transfer process) pathways in both processes. However, the degradation of DCF in Fe@Cel0.5-4/PMS process was mainly dominated by 1O2 and electron transfer while was contributed by radical and nonradical pathways almost equally in Fe@Ln1.0-4/PMS process. This study may cast some light on the development of iron-carbon composites using wood-based biomass as the carbon source to synthesize the highly efficient catalyst for PMS activation.

Saccharification of Different Delignified Sawdust Masses from Various Trees Along the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria

Sawdust, a major waste product of the forestry industry, is accumulating along the Lagos Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria, without it being effectively managed. Besides its use in The saccharification of sawdust could contribute to the development of renewable energy sources and feedstock for bioproduct development. The process is, however, not that straightforward as variables such as the type of cellulase enzyme, pretreatment of the cellulose substrate, and optimizing of cellulase to cellulose ratio are a few that need to be optimized for the process to be effective in terms of glucose production.manufacturing sound-absorbing boards to reinforce concrete beams and for energy purposes, its potential as a renewable energy source and feedstock for bio-product development has not yet been realized. Cellulose, a glucose biopolymer and structural component of cellulose can be hydrolyzed by a hydrolytic enzyme known as cellulase. During the process, the enzyme breaks the B-1,4-glucosidic bond, which keeps the glucose units together, and by acting on this bond, numerous glucose units are released. As part of sawdust, the cellulose molecule is not freely available for the degradation action of the cellulase enzyme as it is strongly associated with lignin, which acts as bio-glue, keeping cellulose and hemicellulose together. Delignification is an effective technique that was used to make the sawdust from ten different trees along the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria more susceptible to saccharification by cellulase isolated from the fungus Aspergillus niger. Delignified and non-delignified sawdust masses between 2 mg and 10 mg were incubated with the A. niger cellulase solution (2 mg.mL-1), whereafter, the amount of sugar produced by the cellulase action was determined. The percentage saccharification of each sawdust material was also linked with the amount of sugar produced during cellulase action. From these investigations was concluded that delignification increased sugar production when almost all the masses of different sawdust materials were degraded. It was also observed that the ratio of sawdust mass to enzyme concentration is an important variable that influences the effectiveness of the saccharification process. The percentage saccharification of the various sawdust materials was also determined, and it indicated that the highest percentage of saccharification was not obtained when the highest amount of sawdust was degraded, producing the highest amount of sugar.

Effect of Microbial Degradation Treatments on Lignocellulose, Cellulose, and Water-Holding Capacity of Four Typical Forest Fuels from Northeast China

Since forest fuel decomposes slowly and increases the risk of forest fires by accumulating over the years, forest fuel management to accelerate the decomposition process is essential to prevent forest fires and protect forest resources. In this study, we conducted experiments on forest fuels (Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica, Larix gmelinii, Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica) in four typical plantation forests in northeast China by adding Trichoderma spp. to investigate the decomposition process and the changes in cellulose, hemicellulose and the water-holding capacity of the fuels. The addition of Trichoderma spp. accelerated the decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the fuel. Trichoderma spp. promoted the ratio of water absorption and loss, as well as the water-holding capacity of the fuels. The ratio of water absorption and loss reached equilibrium when the decomposition time was up to 35 days, and the addition of Trichoderma spp. increased the maximal water-holding capacity of the fuel. The residual ratio of the four types of fuel degraded by the different treatments was inversely proportional to their maximal water-holding capacities and to the residual ratios of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The residual ratios of degradation of the four fuels under different treatments were linearly related to their maximum water-holding capacity, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin residual ratios. Trichoderma spp. had a positive effect on the degradation effect and water-holding capacity of fuel on the ground surface of four typical plantation forests. The study is of positive significance for the decomposition of fuel in forests, it promotes the development of biological fire prevention technology and provides a basis for the reinforcement of the management of fuel in forests and the protection of forest resources.

Statistical Design Approach for the Formulation And Optimization of Nanosponges Using Poorly Water-soluble Candidate.

Nanosponges are one of the most innovative ways to use the newest developments in nanodrugs delivery. Nanosponges can catch drugs that dissolve in water or ones that don't. This work uses statistical design to find the best nanosponges for drugs that don't dissolve easily and make them. It was looked into how to statistically make the most of the effects of independent factors. The ethyl cellulose ratio and stirring rate were chosen based on how they affected the dependent variables, such as particle size and how well they were trapped. FTIR, SEM, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and particle size data were used to test the nanosponges that were made. Using carbopol, the best lot of nanosponges was added to the gel. Using ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol as stabilizers in the emulsion liquid diffusion method, it was possible to make drug-loaded nanosponges. It was possible to make the nanosponges composition work better by using Central Composite Design. It has been seen that making drug-filled nanosponges improves stability. The study showcased the enhanced capacity of a formulation with decreased particle size and high entrapment efficiency to disseminate effectively.

Fabrication and Characterization of Andrographolide-loaded Microsponges to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Drug against Colon Cancer Using HT29 Cells

Background: The current research aimed to determine ways to improve the bioavailability of andrographolide (AGP) for use in colon cancer treatment by developing and evaluating microsponges loaded with the drug. Methods: Utilising the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion approach, microsponges containing AGP were synthesised. A total of ten formulations were prepared using different concentrations of drug, polymer and other excipients. Particle size, shape, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterise the microsponges that were created. To find out the rate at which the microsponges would expel their contents, researchers measured their release dynamics. In vitro anticancer activity of formulation was determined using HT29 cells Results: Results showed that the percentage yield of the formulations ranged from 10.85-41.03%. The highest drug concentration was achieved in formulation F8 with a particle size of 33.7 nm. SEM analysis demonstrated that the particles were round and possessed a rough and porous surface. Increasing the ratio of ethyl cellulose to AGP reduces surface roughness. The microsponge's DSC difractogram reveals prominent peaks at 18°, 24°, and 38° (2 θ) with reduced intensity, suggesting that the microsponges' crystalline character has diminished. In vitro drug release study showed 93.85% release upto 12 hours. Mathematical models showed normal release of the formulations with “n” values greater than 0.90 of all the formulations. Formulation F8 decreased the HT-29 cells' ability to survive. The percentage of cell cytotoxicity was 75.54 at 100μg/ml. Since AGP microsponges had a detrimental effect on the survival of colorectal cancer cells. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that prepared formulations possess anticancer properties against cancerous cells and can be used as an alternative anticancer drug.

Optimized Design of Material Preparation for Cotton Linters-Based Carbon Black Dispersion Stabilizers Based on Response Surface Methodology.

Carbon black particles possess dimensions on the nanometer or sub-nanometer scale. When utilized, these particles have a tendency to aggregate, which compromises their stability under storage conditions. To address this issue, a dispersant was prepared using cotton short fibers as raw materials through etherification and graft polymerization with acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) as raw materials. The dispersant was then used to disperse carbon black to test its dispersing performance. A response surface optimization test was utilized to ascertain the influence of AMPS monomer mass, AM monomer mass, and potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator mass on the dispersibility of carbon black during dispersant preparation, and a set of optimal preparation conditions were obtained. The dispersion stability of carbon black in water was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), zeta potential analysis, high magnification scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements. Results revealed that the optimum mass ratio of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to AMPS to AM was 1:0.69:1.67, with the KPS initiator comprising 1.56% of the total monomer mass. By incorporating the dispersant at a concentration of 37.50%, the particle size of carbon black particles was observed to decrease from 5.350 μm to 0.255 μm, and no agglomeration of carbon black particles occurred even after 3 weeks of storage.

Development, optimization, and in-vivo bioavailability study of erlotinib hydrochloride loaded microsponge for colon targeting

The present investigation aimed to develop as well as optimize microsponge containing erlotinib hydrochloride (ETB) that was composed of ethyl cellulose (EC) and pectin. The water solubility and enzymatic susceptibility make it easier to fabricate the microsponge formulation. The ETB loaded microsponge was manufactured using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion process. By this technique, organic solution of the primary component is emulsified with stabilizing agents that are soluble in water. To design the formation of the microsponge, 32 factorial design was implemented. It was investigated how the response variables like particle dimension, entrapment efficiency, ETB diffusion at 12 ​h were influenced by independent variables such as rotation speed and the pectin to ethyl cellulose ratio. The optimal microsponge formulation loaded with ETB (F0) composed of 1:2.8 ratio of pectin to ethyl cellulose (EC) with stirring rate at 478 ​rpm. Particle dimension, entrapment efficiency, and ETB release at 12 ​h from optimized formulation were shown 104.89 ​± ​0.62 ​nm, 82.36 ​± ​2.85 ​%, and 85.49 ​± ​1.84 ​% respectively. The In-vivo pharmacokinetic study conducted on rabbit model shows a significant improvement in bioavailability. The optimized microsponge formulation has been found to have a higher Cmax than the ETB aqueous suspension. The stability of the formulation has been determined by the accelerated stability study of optimized microsponge formulation. This study indicated that the optimized formulation retained its stability even after 90days. In general, the present investigation demonstrated that drug loaded microsponge based formulation is a suitable method to improve the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of ETB.

Preparation and application of cattail residue-based magnetic cellulose composites for tetracycline antibiotics adsorption

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are widely present in wastewater and surface water due to their extensive use. Removal of TCs from water is urgent. In this study, magnetic cellulose (MC) composites were prepared from cattail residues to adsorb oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC·HCl), chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC·HCl), and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC·HCl) from water. The influence of Fe3O4 content on the antibiotics removal was studied. The synthesized MC composites were characterized using FTIR, XPS, zeta potential, SEM, and XRD. Adsorption mechanisms and characteristics were explored using classic isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models) and common kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models). Optimum adsorption capacity was achieved by MC2–1 (mass ratio of cellulose to Fe3O4 was 2:1), with a larger specific surface area (18.24 m2 g−1) and mesoporous structure. The adsorption processes were well described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. MC2–1 demonstrated maximum adsorption capacities of CTC·HCl (194.29 mg g−1), OTC·HCl (168.25 mg g−1), and TC·HCl (41.10 mg g−1). The results of models fitting and characterizations of the MC composites before and after the adsorption processes revealed that the main adsorption mechanisms were pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and metal complexation. This study proposes a practical approach for utilizing wetland plant residues as an effective adsorbent for tetracycline antibiotics removal.