Cellulose Flour Research Articles

Fungi resistance of organo‐montmorillonite modified lignocellulosic flour/polypropylene composites

Three types of organo‐montmorillonite (OMMT) modified lignocellulosic fibers/flours reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared with wood flour (WF), cellulose flour (CF), and lignin flour (LF). The fungi resistance of the composites was tested in laboratory against brown rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white rot (Coriolus versicolor). The results showed that: (1) except for brown rot of LF/PP composites (with/without OMMT), all composites were showed weight loss after fungi decay. The values were ranging from 0% to 6%, suggesting very good fungi resistance for these composites; (2) the color changes and decreases in flexural property were found after fungi decay, indicating all the composites underwent biodegradation at different extents; (3) compared with brown rot, the composites were easier to be attacked by white rot; (4) for different types of lignocellulosic flours, the effects of OMMT modification were different. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3831–3840, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Comparison on properties of lignocellulosic flour/polymer composites by using wood, cellulose, and lignin flours as fillers

In this study, cellulose flour (CF) and lignin flour (LF) were separated from wood flour (WF) by nitric acid–ethanol method and ball-milling coupled with dioxane extraction method, respectively. The separated CF, LF, and the original WF were blend with two types of polymers, namely, polypropylene (PP) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to make composites. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the thus-filled composites were tested. The results showed that: (1) both CF and LF had significant influence on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of PP or PLA composites; (2) CF benefited to most mechanical properties of the composites, while LF reduced water uptake and improved thermal stability. WF was more hydrophilic and was easier to thermal degrade than CF and LF. However, the flexural modulus was high in WF groups; (3) for different polymer matrix, the interface bonding between WF components and polymer was different. The interaction between LF and PP was stronger, while it was more compatible for CF and PLA, which showed totally contrary influence on the crystallization behavior of PP and PLA.

Effect of chemical treatment of fibers on the mechanical properties of polyethylene-wood fiber composites

—Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was reinforced with chemithermomechanical (CTMP) aspen fiber, wood flour, and cellulose flour. Wood fibers were treated with isocyanate or a vinylsilane coupling agent to improve the adhesion between the fiber and polymer. Composites were made at different weight percentages of the fiber. Improvement in the tensile strength was achieved when vinylsilane- or isocyanate-treated fibers were incorporated in the polymer. The tensile modulus remained relatively unaffected by the fiber treatment. The Izod-impact strength (un-notched) decreased at higher concentrations of the wood fiber in the composite. The tensile properties of the LLDPE-wood fiber composites compared favorably with mica and glass fiber reinforcement.

The Efficiency of Cellulosic Fillers in Common Thermoplastics. Part II. Filling with Processing Aids and Coupling Agents

Abstract This paper reports on the effect of additives on the properties of injection moulded composites based on polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with wood and cellulose flour. Three types of additives were studied: dispersion aids, elastomeric additives, and adhesion promoting agents. Some of the dispersion aids were found to improve the filler dispersion and the impact strength. The modulus remained relatively unaffected while the strength was lowered. The high molecular weight elastomeric additives increased the impact strength and ductility, while the stiffness was reduced. An adhesion promotor based on a maleic anhydride modified polypropylene was found to behave as a true coupling agent, i.e. the strength and ductility increased, the melt strength was improved, and also the hot water resistance was raised. The experimentally determined composite moduli are found to agree relatively well with theoretical predictions. The effect of processing on the shape and size of the...

The Efficiency of Cellulosic Fillers in Common Thermoplastics. Part 1. Filling without Processing Aids or Coupling Agents

Abstract The paper reports on the processing and properties of composites consisting of thermoplastics and cellulose-based fillers. The plastics used were HDPE, PP, PS, SB, PA 6, and PA 12; the fillers were wood flour (white spruce), cellulose flour (bleached sulphate, pine) and cellulose fibre (bleached sulphate, birch). The mixtures were homogenized (kneader, alternatively single-screw extruder) before being injection moulded into tensile test bars. The modulus increased with the filler content, while the yield and breaking stress remained relatively unaffected. For HDPE, SB, and PA 12 a moderate increase in the strength level was noted. The extension at rupture and the impact strength fell sharply when the filler content was increased. The compounding method had no influence on the modulus. Kneader compounding, producing a higher homogeneity, gave in general higher strength and impact values than compounding in a single-screw extruder. The temperature dependence of the modulus was highly reduced, as was also the mould shrinkage. At processing temperatures in excess of 200°C, severe discolouration was noted. Cellulosic fillers may be regarded as low-reinforcing fillers comparable to untreated mineral products such as calcium carbonate. On the other hand, the materials used here have the advantage of a substantially lower density.

コイのアミノ酸要求に関する研究-VIII.

By repeated feeding experiments, amino acid test diets after the formulae both for salmonoid fishes and for channel catfish were found to be unable to sustain the growth of young carp. The hydrolyzates of casein after treatment with trypsin could not replace casein itself. A higher level of cellulose flour or agar-agar was effective in controlling the retention time of amino acid test diet in the intestine to the extent of that of the casein-gelatin test diet, but the growth of young carp was improved not at all. These results suggest that there is a specific aspect in the protein nutrition of young carp.

Effect of indigestible residue (cellulose) on elimination of endogenous and dietary cholesterol.

Effect of increasing the level of alpha cellulose flour in the diet from a 5% to a 20 or 25% level by dry weight on the elimination of endogenous and dietary cholesterol was studied in 6 dogs and 10 rats. The dogs were fed their meal by stomach tube once a day; the rats ate their isocaloric rations voluntarily and completely. It was found that in the dog, elimination of endogenous as well as total (endogenous + dietary) cholesterol was significantly increased by the high level of cellulose, but the calculated absorption of dietary cholesterol was not reduced significantly. In the rats, the increase in cellulose content did not alter the elimination of either endogenous or dietary cholesterol. The high level of cellulose was slightly laxative in the dogs, but not in the rats. When laxation occurs, the possibility that the absorption of endogenous as well as of dietary cholesterol will be decreased should be considered.

The Thiamine Requirement of the Albino Rat as Influenced by the Substitution of Protein for Carbohydrate in the Diet

The average daily thiamine requirement of ten, adult, male albino rats of the Wistar Institute strain weighing nearly 400 gm. and maintained in approximate energy equilibrium at 26°–30°C. on a diet containing 64% sucrose, 20% casein, and 10% hydrogenated cottonseed oil (plus cellulose flour, salts, and pure vitamin supplements) has been found to be 33 μg. (coef. var.=8%). On a diet high in protein (64% casein, 19.6% sucrose, 10% hydrogenated cottonseed oil; and representing a 9% decrease in the energy intake), nine of the ten rats had an average requirement of 20 μg. (coef. var. = 9%). A comparison of the two values demonstrates a 39% reduction in the daily requirement. The increase in the urinary pyruvate excretion (determined by the method of Lu) which indicates a possible disturbance in intermediary carbohydrate metabolism has been used as the index of subacute thiamine deficiency.