Extraction Of Cellulose Research Articles

Extraction of phenolic compounds from rice husk via ethanol-water-modified supercritical carbon dioxide

Rice husk, a rice processing byproduct generated in large quantities (∼20% of the grain weight), creates a major disposal problem for the rice industry. However, rice husk contains high-value bioactive compounds that can provide potential health benefits. The objective of this study was to extract high-value phenolic compounds from rice husk using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) technology. In this study, the effects of different extraction conditions, namely, temperature (40 and 60 °C), pressure (30 and 40 MPa), and ethanol concentration (15 and 25%, w/w) on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) were investigated. The extraction of phenolic compounds was also studied using different SC-CO2 modifiers, i.e., ethanol and ethanol-water. The highest TPC, TFC, and AA were achieved with 30 MPa, 60 °C, and 25% ethanol-water (50%, v/v) cosolvent mixture as 1.29 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, 0.40 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g, and 0.23 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g, respectively. Increasing water content up to 50% (v/v) in the cosolvent significantly improved the extraction yield. p-Coumaric, ferulic, and syringic acids were the predominant phenolic acids in the extracts obtained by cosolvent-modified SC-CO2 and methanol extractions. In addition, ethanol-water-modified SC-CO2 increased rice husk's porosity, which could be a potential pretreatment to enhance cellulose extraction. Thus, ethanol-water-modified SC-CO2 can be utilized to recover polar bioactive compounds from food processing byproducts for developing functional foods while eliminating the use of toxic organic solvents.

Synthesis of microcrystalline cellulose from sugarcane bagasse and its incorporation into Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) matrix to test the composites mechanical properties

Plastic pollution and energy consumption are two of the most significant problems facing modern society. While the non-degradability of plastic leaves negative impacts on Earth’s ecosystem, fossil fuel usage as an energy source greatly contributes to air pollution and consequently human health. Scientists are focusing efforts on biodegradable materials and energy-neutral methods to develop a replacement for plastics and fossil fuels. This study was conducted to extract cellulose from bagasse, synthesize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and apply it to composites formation, and finally examine their mechanical properties. Furthermore, modified starch E1404 was used as a reference reinforcement agent in two distinct ways: solid starch and hydrated starch. Results show that Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) film with 10% microcrystalline cellulose MCC reinforcement has the lowest tensile strength value based on ATSM D882 standard reaching a mean value of 3.92 MPa in stress peak (nearly half the value of pure PVA). Regarding the starch composite, hydrated starch composites show better tensile strength than solid starch composites at higher starch content (PVA/Starch 6:4).

Preliminary study on the blending of citrus fruit pulp under vacuum to extract cellulose nanofibers

In this study, agricultural waste-derived cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was extracted from parenchyma cells of citrus fruit residue by chemical pulping and fibrillation by a kitchen blender. By changing the pulp blending conditions such as carrying under negative pressure and alkaline aqueous medium, it was possible to obtain CNF morphology at an affordable cost and in a relatively short time.

Waste Orange Peels as a Source of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Their Use for the Development of Nanocomposite Films.

To date, approximately 30-50% of food is wasted from post-harvesting to consumer usage. Typical examples of food by-products are fruit peels and pomace, seeds, and others. A large part of these matrices is still discarded in landfills, while a small portion is valorized for bioprocessing. In this context, a feasible strategy to valorize food by-products consists of their use for the production of bioactive compounds and nanofillers, which can be further used to functionalize biobased packaging materials. The focus of this research was to create an efficient methodology for the extraction of cellulose from leftover orange peel after juice processing and for its conversion into cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) for use in bionanocomposite films for packaging materials. Orange CNCs were characterized by TEM and XRD analyses and added as reinforcing agents into chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (CS/HPMC) films enriched with lauroyl arginate ethyl (LAE®). It was evaluated how CNCs and LAE® affected the technical and functional characteristics of CS/HPMC films. CNCs revealed needle-like shapes with an aspect ratio of 12.5, and average length and width of 500 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy confirmed the high compatibility of the CS/HPMC blend with CNCs and LAE®. The inclusion of CNCs increased the films' tensile strength, light barrier, and water vapor barrier properties while reducing their water solubility. The addition of LAE® improved the films' flexibility and gave them biocidal efficacy against the main bacterial pathogens that cause foodborne illness, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica.

Evaluating the Impact of Cellulose Extraction via Traditional and Ionosolv Pretreatments from Domestic Matchstick Waste on the Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a hydrophilic derivative of cellulose whose large volumes have been used in textile processing, protective coatings, detergents, papers, and drilling fluids, while cellulose gum, which is the purified form of CMC, has extensive applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, this work reflects the production of CMC by extracting cellulose with traditional and ionosolv methods from domestic matchstick waste, providing an in-depth view of the overall process where two different kinds of cellulose were obtained from two different pretreatments, and the influence of cellulose on the profile of CMC was checked. All of the procedures have been performed under optimized conditions to reduce the cost and maximize the productiveness. The results depict that cellulose extracted by the ionosolv method using a protic ionic liquid, tetramethylguanidinium hydrogen sulfate (TMG-HSO4), is more degraded than that extracted by the traditional sulfide method using sodium sulfide (Na2S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Thus, the produced CMC-2 via ionic liquid-extracted cellulose has more yield, DS (2.3), purity (98.5%), and solubility with less salt and moisture contents than CMC-1 produced by the conventional method due to an effective substitution of the hydroxyl group by the carboxymethyl group. Further, instrumental analyses like FTIR, XRD, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and SEM emphasize the results that CMC-2 has more reduction of the hydroxyl peak in FTIR, a more amorphous structure in XRD, intense peaks in NMR, and the roughness of the surface in SEM.

LC-MS/MS analysis of elastin crosslinker desmosines and microscopic evaluation in clinical samples of patients with hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum

Ligamentum flavum (LF) pathologies often lead to severe myelopathy or radiculopathy characterized by reduced elasticity, obvious thickening, or worsened ossification. Elastin endows critical mechanical properties to tissues and organs such as vertebrae and ligaments. Desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDES) are crosslinkers of elastin monomers called tropoelastin. These crosslinkers are potential biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. As a biological diagnostic tool that supplements existing symptomatic, magnetic resonance imaging scanning or radiological imaging diagnostic measures for LF hypertrophy and associated pathologies, an isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with selected reaction monitoring mode for the quantitation of DESs in human plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and yellow ligamentum was investigated. Isotopically labeled IDES-13C3,15N1 was used as an internal standard (ISTD) for DES quantitation for the first time. The samples plus ISTD were hydrolyzed with 6 N hydrochloric acid. Analytes and ISTD were extracted using a solid phase extraction cellulose cartridge column. The assays were repeatable, reproducible, and accurate with % CV ≤ 7.7, ISTD area % RSD of 7.6, and % AC ≤ (101.2 ± 3.90) of the calibrations. The ligamentum samples gave the highest average DES/IDES content (2.38 μg/mg) on a dry-weight basis. A high percentage of the CSF samples showed almost no DESs. Urine and plasma samples of patients showed no significant difference from the control (p-value = 0.0519 and 0.5707, respectively). Microscopy of the yellow ligamentum samples revealed dark or blue-colored zones of elastin fibers that retained the hematoxylin dye and highly red-colored zones of collagen after counterstaining with van Gieson solution. Thus, we successfully developed a method for DES/IDES quantitation in clinical samples.

Recent Advances on Chemically Functionalized Cellulose-Based Materials for Arsenic Removal in Wastewater: A Review

Clean water is very important for the good health of society. In South Africa, it is estimated that people need 20 to 50 litres of safe water daily for basic hygiene, drinking, and cooking. In recent times, water bodies have harboured harmful pollutants, including oil, heavy metal ions, and dyes. As a result, this has become a major global concern. Societies with limited clean water are often forced to utilise contaminated water or buy filtered water, which might be a problem for poor residents. The health consequences that are related to contaminated water include Guinea worm disease, dysentery, cholera, etc. The side effects associated with the utilisation of unclean water are gastrointestinal diseases such as cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea. The wastewater disposed of by chemical industries contains toxic elements such as arsenic. Wastewater that is released directly without treatment causes serious damage to the environment. Chronic arsenic poisoning can lead to keratinisation of the skin and even cancer. Cellulose biomass materials have the potential to become the greatest bio-based materials used in wastewater treatment applications. There are two major reasons that validate this statement: firstly, cellulose is a low-cost material that is abundant in nature, and, secondly, cellulose is an environmentally friendly material. However, these are not the only reasons that validate cellulose as a good candidate for wastewater treatment applications. Cellulose has a unique structure a large surface area, good mechanical properties and is degradable, renewable, and biocompatible. Cellulose also has an abundance of hydroxyl groups on its surface. These hydroxyl functional groups allow cellulose to be chemically modified in various ways, which results in the fabrication of nanocomposites with tunable characteristics. Since arsenic pollution has become a serious global concern, this review uniquely provides a broad discussion of the work that has been accomplished recently on the fabrication of functionalised cellulose-based materials designed specifically for the removal of arsenic heavy metal species from wastewater treatment facilities. Furthermore, the functionalised cellulose materials’ arsenic adsorption capacities are also discussed. These adsorption capacities can reach up to a maximum of 350 mg/g, depending on the system used. Factors such as pH and temperature are discussed in relation to the adsorption of arsenic in wastewater. The removal of As(V) was found to be effective in the pH range of 3.0–8.8, with a removal efficiency of 95%. Moreover, the removal efficiency of As(III) was reported to be effective in the pH range of 6–9. However, the effective pH range also depends on the system used. The selective extraction of cellulose from various sources is also discussed in order to verify the percentage of cellulose in each source. Future work should be focused on how the chemical modification of cellulose affects the toxicity, efficiency, selectivity, and mechanical stability of cellulose materials. The use of cheaper and environmentally friendly chemicals during cellulose functionalisation should be considered.

High-Yield Alpha-Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by Optimizing Thermochemical Delignification Processes for Use as Microcrystalline Cellulose.

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are lignocellulosic materials that are a by-product of the palm oil industry, which have less use and utilization is still limited. OPEFB's high cellulose content could potentially develop into various bioproducts, especially biomaterials. The thermochemical delignification process can obtain high-yieldalpha-cellulose. The cellulose extraction process can be done by combining the bleaching process under acidic conditions and alkaline delignification to obtain high-purity cellulose. The bleaching conditions vary in the concentration of NaClO2, the length of bleaching, the temperature, and the number of stages. The research obtains high α-cellulose by optimizing bleaching conditions under acidic conditions in cellulose's OPEFB extraction with variability on NaClO2 concentration and bleaching time using response surface methodology (RSM). The bleaching process was implemented at an early stage with a concentration of 3% NaClO2 and a bleaching time of 2 hours as a center point with a bleaching cycle of twice at pH 4-4.5 using acetic acid. Bleached fibers were delignified using 10% NaOH for 2 hours at room temperature. The RSM analysis resulted in optimum bleaching conditions at a concentration of 3.22% NaClO2 for 1 hour, yielding OPEFB's cellulose of 82.96% ± 2.53, hemicellulose of 9.27% ± 2.28, and lignin of 1.68% ± 0.58. The validation and verification process in the bleaching conditions obtained cellulose of 84.87% and α-cellulose of 88.51%, with a crystallinity index of 70.55% and crystallite size of 2.35 nm. Scanning electron microscopy on surface cellulose morphology at optimum bleaching helped remove hemicellulose impurities, lignin, and inorganic materials and a more intensive opening of cellulose fibrils. The bleaching process optimization point was verified to improve the delignification performance and potentially produce high yield α-cellulose content for microcrystalline cellulose use.

An integrated biorefinery approach for the valorization of water hyacinth towards circular bioeconomy: a review.

Water hyacinth (WH) has become a considerable concern for people across the globe due to its environmental and socio-economic hazards. Researchers are still trying to control this aquatic weed effectively without other environmental or economic losses. Research on WH focuses on converting this omnipresent excessive biomass into value-added products. The potential use of WH for phytoremediation and utilizing waste biomass in various industries, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and bioenergy, has piqued interest. The use of waste WH biomass as a feedstock for producing bioenergy and value-added chemicals has emerged as an eco-friendly step towards the circular economy concept. Here, we have discussed the extraction of bio-actives and cellulose as primary bioproducts, followed by a detailed discussion on different biomass conversion routes to obtain secondary bioproducts. The suggested multi-objective approach will lead to cost-effective and efficient utilization of waste WH biomass. Additionally, the present review includes a discussion of the SWOT analysis for WH biomass and the scope for future studies. An integrated biorefinery scheme is proposed for the holistic utilization of this feedstock in a cascading manner to promote the sustainable and zero-waste circular bio-economy concept.

Extraction and surface modification of cellulose fibers and its reinforcement in starch-based film for packaging composites

BackgroundCellulose extraction from gloss art paper (GAP) waste is a recycling strategy for the abundance of gloss art paper waste. Here, a study was conducted on the impact of ultrasonic homogenization for cellulose extraction from GAP waste to improve the particle size, crystallinity, and thermal stability.ResultsAt treatment temperature of 75.8 °C, ultrasonic power level of 70.3% and 1.4 h duration, cellulose with properties of 516.4 nm particle size, 71.5% crystallinity, and thermal stability of 355.2 °C were extracted. Surface modification of cellulose GAP waste with H3PO4 hydrolysis and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation was done followed by starch reinforcement. Surface hydrophobicity and mechanical strength were increased for H3PO4 hydrolysis and TEMPO oxidation starch–cellulose. No reduction of thermal properties observed during the treatment, while increment of crystallinity index up to 47.65–59.6% was shown. Neat starch film was more transparent, followed by starch–TEMPO film and starch–H3PO4 film, due to better homogeneity.ConclusionsThe cellulose GAP reinforced starch film shows potential in developing packaging materials and simultaneously provide an alternative solution of GAP waste recycling.Graphical

Extraction and Characterization of Fiber and Cellulose from Ethiopian Linseed Straw: Determination of Retting Period and Optimization of Multi-Step Alkaline Peroxide Process

Flax is a commercial crop grown in many parts of the world both for its seeds and for its fibers. The seed-based flax variety (linseed) is considered less for its fiber after the seed is extracted. In this study, linseed straw was utilized and processed to extract fiber and cellulose through optimization of retting time and a multi-step alkaline peroxide extraction process using the Taguchi design of experiment (DOE). Effects of retting duration on fiber properties as well as effects of solvent concentration, reaction temperature, and time on removal of non-cellulosic fiber components were studied using the gravimetric technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal studies. Based on these findings, retting for 216 h at room temperature should offer adequate retting efficiency and fiber characteristics; 70% cellulose yield was extracted successfully from linseed straw fiber using 75% ethanol-toluene at 98 °C for 4 h, 6% NaOH at 75 °C for 30 min, and 6% H2O2 at 90 °C for 120 min.

Bacterial Cellulose-Carboxymethylcellulose Composite Loaded with Turmeric Extract for Antimicrobial Wound Dressing Applications.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer whose properties have been intensively studied, especially for biomedical applications. Since BC has no antimicrobial activity, it is necessary to use bioactive substances for developing wound healing applications. Another drawback of BC is the loss if its water retention capacity after dehydration. In order to overcome these problems, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and turmeric extract (TE) were selected for the preparation of BC composites. Citric acid (CA) was used as the crosslinking agent. These composites were tested as potential antimicrobial wound dressing materials. TE-loaded BC-CMC composites were characterized in terms of their morphology, crystallinity, and thermal behavior. Swelling tests and curcumin-release kinetic analysis were also performed. All the composites tested had high swelling degrees, which is an advantage for the exudate adsorption from chronic wounds. The antibacterial potential of such composites was tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). The in vitro cytotoxicity toward L929 fibroblast cells was studied as well. The obtained results allow us to recommend these composites as good candidates for wound dressing applications.

Preparation and characterization of cellulose triacetate from cocoa pod husk

The valorisation of agricultural residues into a high value-added product is necessary to respond to the global environmental concerns caused by the pollution of agricultural waste. The objective of this study was to shed light on a new value-added usage of cocoa pod husk (CPH) for the synthesis of cellulose triacetate (CTA). Alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (5 wt%) followed by bleaching process with (2 wt%) hydrogen peroxide was found effective for the extraction of cellulose from CPH. The percentage of cellulose obtained was 80.5% with a yield of 54%. The CTA was synthesised by a explore new way acetylation reaction in the presence of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and sulphuric acid. The CTA obtained had a degree of substitution of 2.87 and a percentage of acetylated group of 43.8%, as determined by titration. The result of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the appearance of the stretching of the ester and the acetyl groups, indicating the formation of CTA. X-ray diffraction showed that the crystallinity index of CPH cellulose was 38.4%, while indicating the semi-crystalline nature of CTA produced. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed a change in the morphology of CTA after acetylation. X-ray energy dispersive analysis showed that the CTA was mainly composed of carbon and oxygen.

Extraction of high-quality grade cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals from different lignocellulosic agri-food wastes

IntroductionPrompted by the increasing need for an intensified valorization of agri-food waste, in this work a three-step chemical procedure was used to extract high-purity cellulose from garlic stalk, corncob, and giant cane cut-up by a sequential removal of hemicellulose, lignin, ash, and organic compounds. Cellulose nanocrystals of potential interest for nanocomposite applications were then obtained through acid hydrolysis.MethodsThe purity of the cellulose was determined employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and infrared spectroscopy, whereas dynamic light scattering, optical, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used for morphological characterization. The high purity and crystallinity of cellulose was confirmed by comparison with the ultra-pure bacterial cellulose originating from K. sucrofermentans, irrespective of the waste used.Results and discussionAt the end of the extraction procedure, cellulose yields of 35.73, 37.15, and 39.10%, for garlic stalk, corncob, and giant cane cut-up, respectively, were achieved. Dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy analyses showed that the length of the whisker-like nanocrystals depended on the raw material (from ~100 nm up to > 2μm), while the final yield was ~40–50% for all three wastes. The versatility and effectiveness of the method here proposed can be profitably used for a wide range of agro-waste feedstocks.

Medicinal plants as a cellulose source for the fabrication of poly(lactic acid) composites: A mini-review

More recently, natural polymers produced by living organisms have received considerable attention due to their unique properties such as eco-friendliness, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. These polymers possess similar properties to conventional plastics, making them suitable potential plastic substitutes for sustainable development and conservation of finite oil resources. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is comparable to commonly used plastics but is inferior, thus limited applications. However, PLA can benefit from the incorporation of various polymer components with complementary properties to yield improved physical properties. The fabrication of fully bio-based nanocomposites such as that of PLA and cellulose is of particular interest to research scientists. Incorporating organic fillers such as nanocellulose in a PLA matrix gives rise to improved composite properties. Because plant cell walls comprise semicrystalline cellulose molecules embedded in matrices, the crystalline portion of the stiff chains extracted from medicinal plants is currently exploited for potential filler roles. In this review, the use of medicinal plants in bio-based composite applications is covered. Several medicinal plants as sources of cellulose, different cellulose extraction methods, as well as the resulting fiber properties, are discussed. Although tremendous progress has been made in developing biocomposites, a lot of research still needs to be carried out.

Extraction of cellulose from agro waste – A short review

Agro waste is a major issue. Cellulose is a type of primary component found in plant cell walls. Oftentimes, cellulose is regarded as one of the most crucial natural resources. It discusses the history, features, application, and structure. Apart from this extraction of cellulose from agro-waste is all covered in this review. Moreover, the chemical composition of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, etc. is also discussed in this paper. Whereas the source of raw material and its utilization are mentioned in it. Food additives, paper manufacturing, other chromatography, paints, and explosives are just a few of the applications for cellulose and its derivatives.

Obtaining paper from composition of different fibers and its analysis

Cellulose and paper products are produced from cotton wool in our republic. Since 1995, the production of these products has increased several times. Nevertheless, 10% of the demand for pulp and paper products in our Republic is met. uring 1988-1993, this growth was 6%, which was 3 times higher than wood pulp production. Extraction of cellulose from annual plants is well developed in China and India. 77% of the world's cellulose obtained from annual plants is produced in these countries. The People's Republic of China gets 50% of its paper output from annual plants. Cellulose was obtained from plants containing cellulose, and their properties were studied. Paper products were obtained from the resulting pulps and its quality indicators were studied based on the standards applied to papers used in industry.

A one-step facile process for extraction of cellulose from rice husk and its use for mechanical reinforcement of dental glass ionomer cement

The extraction of cellulose was optimized using only hypochlorite and characterized and then utilized as a filler in glass ionomer cement where its strength and elasticity were studied.

Extraction of cellulose from paulownia plants and its simple ester carboxymethyl cellulose (na-kms) technology

In this experiment, Paulownia fiber plant is ground to 0.5-1 cm. In order to determine the optimum alkali solution concentration to extract cellulose from the raw material, the optimum degree of polymerization was determined by boiling in 25, 35, 50, 55 g/l solution. It can be seen from the table that certain properties of cellulose produced under the influence of different concentrations of alkali have different indicators. At alkaline concentration of 50 g/l, the cellulose yield was 49.6%, α-cellulose 89.5%, and the degree of polymerization was known in 1100 experiments. Ash content was a positive indicator of 1.78%. The scientific essence is that the cellulose is first soaked in isopropyl alcohol and mercerized in caustic alkali (NaOH) solution. Then, the alkylation process is carried out by adding a certain amount of monochloroacetic acid to the alkaline cellulose. Then, the alkylation process is carried out by adding a certain amount of monochloroacetic acid to the alkaline cellulose. The resulting carboxymethylcellulose is sent for purification. Na-CMC with 38-40% moisture content is washed in 53% ethyl alcohol and dried.

Extraction and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Walnut, Almond and Apricot Stone Shells

Walnut, Almond and Apricot stone shells are abundantly available agro wastes worldwide and are sources of cellulose. In this study microcrystalline cellulose were isolated from these renewable biomasses through acid hydrolysis method. Isolation of microcrystalline was performed due to its potential significance in cosmetics, medicine and food industries. Acid hydrolysis is carried out at different concentrations of sulphuric acid. Surface morphology and elemental composition of microcrystalline cellulose was characterized with Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. SEM clearly showed that microcrystalline cellulose obtained through high acid concentration has better structural similarities with commercial microcrystalline cellulose However microcrystalline cellulose obtained with low concentration of acid showed lower fibrillation. Elemental analysis revealed that amount of Sulphur impurity (1.17-1.18) is present in microcrystalline cellulose when hydrolyzed with high H2SO4 concentration while negligible (0.10-0.72) in microcrystalline cellulose treated with low concentration of H2SO4. It is also found that carbon and oxygen contents range in Walnut, almond and Apricot C; 50.89-58.73, 54.07-55.58, 54.19-55.62, O; 39.72-48.01, 43.54-43.71 and 41.75-44.34 respectively while FT-IR shows required functional groups in prepared MCC specifically representing beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage at 849 cm-1 that depicts improved cellulose content with in the sample. Thus, this work confirms that Walnut, Almond and Apricot stone are promising sources for microcrystalline cellulose.