Extraction Of Cellulose Research Articles

Selective extraction of cellulose from xylose residue using ionic liquids/DMSO: COSMO-RS prediction and experimental verification

Efficiently dissolving and separating cellulose from xylose residue is beneficial to realize the high added-value of lignocellulosic waste. In this work, theoretical prediction by using COSMO-RS and practical experiments were combined to investigate the extraction selectivity of ionic liquids (ILs) for cellulose and lignin. Two imidazolium-based ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ([Emim]DEP) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl), were screened out from 425 ILs. These ILs were subsequently mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dissolve and separate cellulose from xylose residue. The cellulose extraction efficiency of [Emim]DEP/DMSO were optimized by regulating the content of xylose residue, dissolution temperature and time. As the cellulose content was 1.2 wt%, the dissolution temperature of 80 °C, and the dissolving time of 120 min, the cellulose extraction rate of xylose residue could reach as high as 99.3% in [Emim]DEP/DMSO, which is higher than that in [Amim]Cl/DMSO (95.4%). The higher cellulose and lower lignin dissolution capacities of [Emim]DEP indicated that [Emim]DEP was a promising solvent to realize the conversion and utilization of cellulose in agro-industrial residues. In addition, [Emim]DEP presents constant dissolution capacity even it was recycled for five times. Furthermore, the produced xylose residue cellulose film (XRCF) displayed a homogeneous and smooth morphology with a tensile strength of 55.9 MPa, which had great potential in packaging.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc-titanium oxide nanoparticles blended methylcellulose derived from Albizia tree as an antibacterial natural polymer composite

This paper seeks to synthesize antibacterial green polymeric composites utilizing extracted cellulose, a natural polymer sourced from biomass. The cellulose was obtained from local agricultural waste. Subsequently, the polymeric composites were synthesized, incorporating blends of nano zinc oxide and nano titanium dioxide in varying proportions. All synthesized samples undergo comprehensive characterization and examination through a range of tests encompassing structural and thermal testes. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the samples was assessed using the disc diffusion method, enabling the identification of the most effective formulations. The ultimate selection of the optimal composite was based on the collective outcomes of all tests, facilitating its potential utilization across diverse applications. In conclusion, the Albizia tree demonstrates a notable potential for efficient cellulose extraction, making it a viable candidate for such purposes. The cellulose extracted from Albizia tree holds the capability to yield methylcellulose. The bacterial activity assessment of Nano materials highlighted a distinct efficacy in the case of the 75% Nano TiO2 and 25% Nano ZnO mixture. However, it is worth noting that an excessive increment in Nano ZnO content exhibited adverse effects. Thorough thermal analyses verified the thermal stability of methylcellulose.

Carboxylmethyl cellulose produced from wood sawdust for improving properties of sodium alginate hydrogel in dye adsorption

Cellulose-based materials have shown immense potential for diverse applications because of their attractive properties such as excellent mechanical properties, rich hydroxyl groups for modification, and natural properties with recyclability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness. This study aimed to optimize cellulose extraction from wood sawdust using deep eutectic solution (DES) treatments for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and to evaluate the application of CMC in sodium alginate (SA) microgel for dye adsorption. Cellulose extractions were optimized in reduced chemical treatment conditions with high cellulose contents (88.19 %), and selectively increased lignin removal (87.23 %). The analyses by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR revealed that carboxymethylation has successfully transformed cellulose into CMC to facilitate the significantly improved water solubility and swelling ability. The TGA curve of CMC showed a higher thermal stability (residual weight of 52 % at 300 °C) compared to unmodified cellulose due to the decomposition of the amorphous regions during the carboxymethylation. The combined biodegradable SA and water-soluble CMC composite microgels were successfully fabricated via cross-linking with calcium chloride using a microfluidic approach. The incorporation of CMC into SA microgel had enhanced mechanical properties, adsorption capacities of 160.87 and 141.48 mg/g, and adsorption–desorption efficiencies of 96.84 % and 95.41 % for crystal violet and trypan blue respectively after five cycles. The adsorption processes of both dyes can be described by Sips adsorption isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, verifying the chemical interaction-assisted process. This simple green CMC/SA adsorbent has the potential to significantly enhance the adsorption capacity of dye removal from wastewater.

Production of eco-friendly adsorbent of kaolin clay and cellulose extracted from peanut shells for removal of methylene blue and congo red removal dyes

This present work targets the production of an eco-friendly adsorbent (hereinafter KA/CEL) from kaolin clay functionalized with cellulose extract obtained from peanut shells. The adsorbents were used for decolorization of two different types of organic dyes (cationic: methylene blue, MB; anionic: Congo red, CR) from an aqueous environment. Several analytical methods, including Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (surface properties), Fourier Transforms infrared (functionality), scanning electron microscope, Energy dispersive X-Ray (morphology), and pHpzc test (surface charge), were used to attain the physicochemical characteristics of KA/CEL. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to determine the crucial factors affecting adsorption performance. These included cellulose loading at 25 %, an adsorbent dose of 0.06 g, solution pH set at 10 for MB and 7 for CR, a temperature of 45 °C, and contact times of 12.5 min for MB and 20 min for CR dye. The adsorption data exhibited better agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich models. The Langmuir model estimated the monolayer capacity to be 291.5 mg/g for MB and 130.7 mg/g for CR at a temperature of 45 °C. This study's pivotal finding underscores the promising potential of KA/CEL as an effective adsorbent for treating wastewater contaminated with organic dyes.

Gelatin-based multifunctional composite films integrated with dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose and coffee leaf extract for active food packaging

In this study, dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC, 10 wt% based on gelatin) and varying contents of coffee leaf extract (CLE, 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt% based on gelatin) were incorporated into gelatin (GEL) matrix to develop multifunctional food packaging films. DCMC acted as a physical reinforcing filler through crosslinking with GEL matrix by Schiff-base reaction, CLE served as an active filler to confer film functional properties. The micro-morphology, micro-structure, physicochemical and functional properties of the GEL/DCMC/CLE composite film were investigated. The results demonstrated that mechanical, barrier properties and thermal stability of films were significantly improved by incorporation of CLE. Compared with pure GEL film, the GEL/DCMC/5%CLE film exhibited excellent UV light blocking while kept enough transparency, the best mechanical property, water resistance, water vapor and oxygen barrier, as well as thermal stability. GEL/DCMC/5%CLE film also possessed strong antioxidant activity and some antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Packaging application testing demonstrated that the resultant GEL/DCMC/5%CLE film effectively delayed the lipid oxidation of walnut oil and preserved the postharvest freshness of fresh walnut kernels under ambient conditions.

Bioactive Fiber Foam Films from Cellulose and Willow Bark Extract with Improved Water Tolerance.

Cellulose-based materials are gaining increasing attention in the packaging industry as sustainable packaging material alternatives. Lignocellulosic polymers with high quantities of surface hydroxyls are inherently hydrophilic and hygroscopic, making them moisture-sensitive, which has been retarding the utilization of cellulosic materials in applications requiring high moisture resistance. Herein, we produced lightweight all-cellulose fiber foam films with improved water tolerance. The fiber foams were modified with willow bark extract (WBE) and alkyl ketene dimer (AKD). AKD improved the water stability, while the addition of WBE was found to improve the dry strength of the fiber foam films and bring additional functionalities, that is, antioxidant and ultraviolet protection properties, to the material. Additionally, WBE and AKD showed a synergistic effect in improving the hydrophobicity and water tolerance of the fiber foam films. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicated that the interactions among WBE, cellulose, and AKD were physical, with no formation of covalent bonds. The findings of this study broaden the possibilities to utilize cellulose-based materials in high-value active packaging applications, for instance, for pharmaceutical and healthcare products or as water-resistant coatings for textiles, besides bulk packaging materials.

Extraction and Characterization of Micro-fibrillated Cellulose from Rice Husk Waste for Biomedical Purposes

Extraction and Characterization of Micro-fibrillated Cellulose from Rice Husk Waste for Biomedical Purposes

Cellulose-Based Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as an Alternative Filler for Latex Application: A Review

Cellulose is a natural polymer with good properties that have caught researchers' attention to utilize these natural resources' potential. Cellulose also has been widely used as an alternative filler to replace inorganic filler in polymer composites. This review discussed the extraction of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). This review focused on the OPEFB due to the emergence of palm oil plantations which creates a high amount of biomass, whereas OPEFB is one of the major contributors. The utilization of cellulose application in the polymer focused on alternative fillers in latex application. The postulate crosslink mechanism in latex films is also described to highlight the potential of OPEFB as fillers in latex application. The utilization of OPEFB cellulose has the potential to be explore as bio-fillers with also impact the crosslinks mechanism in latex system which can improved the properties in latex composites.

Valorization of waste chilli stalks (Capsicum annuum) as a sustainable substrate for cellulose extraction: insights into its thermomechanical, film forming and biodegradation properties

Valorization of waste chilli stalks (Capsicum annuum) as a sustainable substrate for cellulose extraction: insights into its thermomechanical, film forming and biodegradation properties

Sustainable microcrystalline cellulose extracted from biowaste Albezia lebeck L. leaves: Biomass exfoliation and physicochemical characterization.

There is a focus on sustainability when manufacturing materials. Utilizing biobased materials and replacing fossil-based products is the main research focus. Bio-composite materials are applied to packaging, filler coatings, and pharmaceuticals. Here, we used the leaves of the agro-waste plant Albizia lebeck L. to extract cellulose. Chemical treatment causing strong acid hydrolysis successfully extracted the cellulose content from the leaves. The cellulose obtained was then strengthened with polylactic acid to make a biobased film for future applications. Fourier transform spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, particle size analysis, visible UV and elemental analysis were all used to characterize the extracted cellulose. SEM and mechanical property analysis were used to check and describe the quality of the reinforced biofilm. The greatest cellulose yield from this raw material was 50.2%. The crystallinity index and crystallite size (CI 70.3% and CS 11.29 nm) were high in the extracted cellulose. The TG (DTG) curve analysis derivative revealed cellulose particle breakdown was initiated around 305.2°C and can endure temperatures up to 600°C. Biofilms reinforced with polylactic acid cellulose (1, 2, 3, and 5% by weight %) exhibited a smooth and parallel surface. As the filler concentration increased, minor agglomeration occurred. The tensile strength of pure polylactic acid (PLA) (34.72 MPa) was extended up to 38.91 MPa for 5% filler. Similarly, Young's modulus also increased to 5.24 MPa. However, the elongation break decreases with the increase of filler content, and the least value of decrease is 7.5 MPa. Concerning prospective implementations, it is expected that the biobased film and cellulose particles will prove to be more functional.

BIODELIGNIFICATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE AS THE SUBSTRATE TO PRODUCE LACCASE ENZYME FROM TRAMETES VERSICOLOR

Agro-industrial waste in Indonesia is a significant problem for the environment. Optimization of agro-industrial waste utilization is an exciting thing to be researched further. This study aims to utilize agro-industrial waste to optimize laccase enzyme production. The agro-industrial waste used is in the form of bagasse, rice straw, and corn stalks. The waste is used as biomass and treated to extract cellulose through bio-delignification. Cellulose serves as a substrate substance in the production of laccase enzymes. Laccase enzymes can be applied as a biocatalyst in the environmental, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Cellulose from agroindustry waste was synthesized by heat treatment using steam explosion with the operation conditions 200°C and 10 bar for 10 minutes. The production of laccase enzymes was done using the green technology submerged fermentation method for 32 hours at 25°C. The optimal result in producing laccase enzyme is using substrate from corn stalks and adding nutrients with an activity value of 25.46 U/mL. The reaction kinetics of laccase enzyme and commercial enzyme against 0.1 M substrate were modelled using the Euler method, and the k value was 2x10-4 min-1 (crude laccase) and 1.9x10-2 min-1 (commercial laccase).

Cellulose extraction from rice straw waste for biodegradable ethyl cellulose films preparation using green chemical technology

A green process was devised to effectively extract cellulose from recycled rice straw waste, subsequently ethylating and modifying it into ethyl cellulose (EC), and ultimately blending the EC with ethanol to obtain biodegradable films. The optimal process conditions at each stage were investigated. An assessment was conducted on the crystallinity and thermal stability of rice straw cellulose (RSC), the degree of substitution of EC, and the biodegradability and mechanical properties of EC-ethanol films. The results demonstrated the following: The optimal process conditions resulted in a 95.73 % yield of extracted RSC, a type I crystalline structure, a 31.20 % increase in relative crystallinity, and thermal stability with a main weight loss peak at 340 °C. Under ideal ethylation conditions, the EC production reached 79.60 %, while the degree of substitution ranged from 2.0 to 2.5. After being landfilled in soil for 100 days, the EC-ethanol films degraded at rates of 6.77 %, 4.78 %, and 3.13 % (film concentrations were 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 g/mL (w/v, EC/ethanol), respectively). Based on the analysis of the films' FT-IR and SEM images, it was concluded that the EC-ethanol films exhibit favorable biodegradability. Moreover, the tensile strength of 0.04 g/mL film reaches up to 44.60 MPa. Hence, the EC-ethanol films in this research could be an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to plastic films.

Biocompatible Polysaccharide‐Based Wound Dressing Comprising Cellulose Fabric Treated with Gum Tragacanth, Alginate, Bacterial Cellulose, and Chamomile Extracts

AbstractMedical fabrics and gauze are some of the most utilized functional fabrics. In this study, an appropriate wound dressing for quick wound healing is produced utilizing natural materials that are compatible with human skin. Because of its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxic characteristics, gum tragacanth demonstrates a wide range of applications in a variety of sectors, including healthcare, pharmaceutical, and other fields. Chamomile extract is chosen from a variety of extracts and essences for this study. In situ composition of materials and plant extract are employed on cotton fabric. The optimal sample, which contains 0.5 w% gum tragacanth, 0.5 w% alginate, and 0.5 w% bacterial cellulose, has the best antibacterial features while being biocompatible.

Lignin carbon-initiated Ni/K/Mo2C catalyst for efficient synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas

Bamboo lignin, the principal constituent of non-wood pulping black liquor, is ecologically and environmentally harmful due to its complex molecular structure and stability. Additionally, the syngas-based synthesis of higher alcohols is a desired industrial application, alleviating the dependency on petroleum resources. However, developing highly efficient catalysts with high space–time yield and selectivity towards higher alcohols remains challenging. Herein, for the first time, taking into account the permeable structure of bamboo lignin in paper-making black liquid resulting from cellulose and hemicellulose extraction, porous nano molybdenum carbide was manufactured by designed pretreatment and activation processes of the lignin, which was further doped by the K and Ni additive to create a highly efficient catalyst (Ni/K/Mo2C@LC) for the high alcohols synthesis reaction, yielding a surprising space–time yield of 0.455 g/gcat/h) to alcohol products under the optimal reaction conditions. Control experiments and characterizations were conducted over relevant catalysts, revealing that Ni and K could be integrated to regulate the adsorption property, acidity/basicity, and carbon chain growth ability of the catalysts. Also, the open mesoporous lignin carbon provided larger metal particles, enhancing the hydrogenation ability and better balancing the non-dissociative and dissociative active sites for the high alcohol synthesis reaction. These results provide insights into the structure design of carbide catalysts toward efficiently utilizing industrial lignin and other biomass-derived feedstocks, and the development of an efficient Mo-based catalyst for syngas conversion.

Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from wine waste

The study examined the potential of using wine waste from beetroot (BW) and pineapple (PW) as a source of producing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The study aimed to characterize the MCC obtained through hydrothermal (60 °C for I h, HT) and pulsed electric field (of treatment time 60 s, on: off - 50 ms and pulse width 100 μs PEF) treatments. The PEF-treated PW and BW showed promising results, with a high recovery yield of 33.63% and 28.55%, respectively. The results depicted that the PEF treatment enhanced the water holding capacity (WHC), reduced the bulk density, and showed poor flowability of MCC. The MCC from BW exhibits a spherical and irregular shape, whereas the MCC from PW had rod to oval shapes. The crystallinity of MCC was found to be high in the MCC obtained from HT-treatment of PW (34.76%) and BW (32.45%). DSC analysis revealed that the MCC from HT-treated PW had a higher thermal degradation temperature. The results of various parameters were compared with commercial MCC. These results demonstrated that the extraction of MCC from wine waste is feasible.

Optimization of extraction conditions for cellulose from jackfruit peel using RSM, its characterization and comparative studies to commercial cellulose

A high level of research effort is now being focused on the use of bio-based materials to address the 21st century's developing problems. Thus, the search for new possible source of cellulose has been explored in this scientific work. In jackfruit, the pulp accounts for 30 % and 70–80 % of jackfruit components are non-edible; about 60 % of them are the outer rind, perianth, and central core, which are usually discarded. So, in order to utilize this underutilized fruit, jackfruit peel has been taken into consideration as a source for cellulose (C6H10O5) n extraction. Cellulose extraction was improved using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach by optimizing the extraction parameters viz. concentration of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite respectively. The results showed that the best conditions for the highest production of 64–65 % of cellulose were 5 % of sodium hydroxide and 2 % of sodium hypochlorite. The presence of α -cellulose and the absence of hemicellulose and lignin were detected using FTIR frequencies. According to the results of the thermogravimetric investigation, the maximum decomposition occurred between 200 ºC and 300 ºC. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that jackfruit peel cellulose displayed 44 % carbon as compared to 3 % carbon in commercial cellulose, indicating a higher purity. Compared to commercial cellulose, jackfruit peel cellulose shows better water binding capacity and oil holding capacity. The findings imply that jackfruit peel has a considerable amount of cellulose and has the potential to be used in various industries such as food, paper, paints etc.

Bioplastic from empty fruit bunch cellulose/chitosan/starch: Optimization through box-Behnken design to enhance the mechanical properties

This investigation was centered on the intricate processes of fabricating and fine–tuning the concentration of microcellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). The objective was to employ it as a reinforcing agent, with sorbitol serving as a plasticizer, and chitosan acting as both a plasticizer and a strengthening agent for the formulation of bioplastic films to gain higher value mechanically. The cellulose extraction involved a methodical delignification approach, extracting lignin and hemicellulose from OPEFB to yield brown pulp. Subsequent double peroxide bleaching was employed to reduce the lignin concentration in the pulp. Leveraging the Box–Behnken experimental within a response surface methodology framework, the study scrutinized the influence of independent parameters (additive concentrations) on the ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the fabricated bioplastic films. Noteworthy variations in ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus were discerned, underscoring the impact of microparticle loading on the mechanical attributes of the bioplastic films. The quadratic polynomial model derived from experimental data exhibited coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.8690 for ultimate tensile strength and 0.6793 for Young’s modulus, affirming the adeptness of the models in navigating the optimization space. Microcellulose was isolated (30 – 40) wt.% of OPEFB as the white pulp which revealed a homogenous dispersion with chitosan in the corn starch matrix. The superior tensile strength and Young’s modulus were observed at 6.84 MPa and 21.94 MPa respectively.

Sono-Microwave Assisted Chlorine free and Ionic Liquid (SMACIL) extraction of cellulose from Urtica dioica: A benign to green approach

The extraction of cellulose using eco-friendly solvents has been gaining significant attention for a couple of decades. This study investigated the impact of benign and green solvents on the extraction, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and crystallinity of cellulose extracted from Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) using a Sono-Microwave Assisted Chlorine free and Ionic Liquid (SMACIL) extraction technique. In this regard, the stalks were undergone through pre chemical treatment before starting bleaching them with hydrogen peroxide (HPO) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIM-Ac) having different mole ratios (5, 7.5, and 10) to expose cellulose. The Urtica dioica cellulose (UDC) was characterized using FTIR, tensile testing, FESEM, XRD, and TGA. The fibrillation and lumen can be seen in SEM images that confirm the extraction of cellulose. The results showed that the BMIM-Ac-10 gives the maximum cellulose yield (88 %) than other compositions. Moreover, the cellulose extracted using BMIM-Ac-10 has high mechanical strength which makes it a potential constituent for various applications in the field of materials science. These results have significant implications for the development of sustainable and efficient processes for the extraction of cellulose.

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel

ABSTRACT A commonly wasted agricultural waste, pomegranate peel has attracted attention as a useful biomaterial with a wide range of potential uses. Fruit and vegetable wastes create environmental difficulties, as well as a loss of valuable biomass and a financial cost to enterprises, due to its high biodegradability. This study focuses on the extraction and characterization of cellulose from both the outer and inner layers of pomegranate peel. The cellulose extraction process involves a multi-step approach, encompassing delignification and mercerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed characteristic peaks associated with cellulose, confirming its presence in the extracted material. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) depicted the morphological transformation of cellulose as non-cellulosic components were removed during the extraction process. Particle size analysis demonstrated that alkaline treatment reduced the cellulose particle size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated a significant increase in cellulose crystallinity due to the elimination of hemicellulose and lignin following the extraction process. The chemical composition analysis revealed that treated pomegranate peels contained higher cellulose content compared to their untreated counterparts. This study offers insightful information about the possible uses of pomegranate peel cellulose and its adaptability to a different application.

Renewable and high-purity hydrogen from lignocellulosic biomass in a biorefinery approach

Unprecedented efforts are being deployed to develop hydrogen production from bioresources in a circular economy approach, yet their implementation remains scarce. Today’s Challenges are associated with the shortage in the value chain, lack of large-scale production infrastructure, high costs, and low efficiency of current solutions. Herein, we report a hydrogen production route from cellulose pulp, integrating biomass fractionation and gasification in a biorefinery approach. Softwood sawdust undergoes formic acid organosolv treatment to extract cellulose, followed by steam gasification. High-purity hydrogen-rich syngas at a concentration of 56.3 vol% and a yield of 40 gH2/kgcellulose was produced. Char gasification offers the advantage of producing free-tar syngas reducing cleaning costs and mitigating downstream issues. A comprehensive assessment of mass and energy balance along the hydrogen value chain revealed an efficiency of 26.5% for hydrogen production, with an energy requirement of 111.1 kWh/kgH2. Optimizing solvent recovery and valorization of other constituents as added-value products in a biorefinery approach would further improve the process and entice its industrial takeoff.