Cellular Operators Research Articles

Machine learning techniques for received signal strength indicator prediction

The advances made in wireless communication technology have led to efforts to improve the quality of reception, prevent poor connections and avoid disconnections between wireless and cellular devices. One of the most important steps toward preventing communication failures is to correctly estimate the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of a wireless device. RSSI prediction is important for addressing various challenges such as localization, power control, link quality estimation, terminal connectivity estimation, and handover decisions. In this study, we compare different machine learning (ML) techniques that can be used to predict the received signal strength values of a device, given the received signal strength values of other devices in the region. We consider various ML methods, such as multi-layer ANN, K nearest neighbors, decision trees, random forest, and the K-means based method, for the prediction challenge. We checked the accuracy level of the learning process using a real dataset provided by a major national cellular operator. Our results show that the weighted K nearest neighbors algorithm, for K = 3 neighbors, achieved, on average, the most accurate RSSI predictions. We conclude that in environments where the size of data is relatively small, and data of close geographical points is available, a method that predicts the coverage of a point using the coverage near geographical points can be more successful and more accurate compared with other ML methods.

MPKIX: Towards More Accountable and Secure Internet Application Services via Mobile Networked Systems

Nowadays, both Internet Application Service (IAS) providers and users face various security threats and legal issues. Due to the lack of reliable user information verification mechanisms, adversaries can abuse IASs to launch various cyberattacks, such as misinformation distributing and phishing, by using fake user accounts. IAS providers may thus inadvertently offer inappropriate content to restricted users, thereby suffering a serious risk of prosecution under local or international laws. Also, IAS users may suffer from nefarious ID theft attacks. In this paper, we proposed a novel security framework, MPKIX, designated as Mobile-assisted PKIX (Public-Key Infrastructure X.509). MPKIX secures both IAS providers and users by leveraging the broadly used PKIX services and mobile networked systems. It not only provides IAS providers with a reliable user verification mechanism while simultaneously enabling cross-IAS user privacy protection, but also largely mitigates the possibility of ID theft attacks and benefits other involved parties, such as cellular network operators and PKIX service providers. We further conduct a security analysis of MPKIX and implement an MPKIX prototype. The evaluation results based on the prototype confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of MPKIX with low overhead.

Implementing Carrier Aggregation on 4G Long Term Evolution-Advanced Network in a Dense Urban Area: A Techno-Economic Assessment

The implementation of mobile cellular networks of the fourth generation, known as 4G Long Term Evolution-Advanced (4G LTE-A), is accelerating throughout the globe. Thus, the number of users in any given area is bound to rise with technological advancements. However, internet connec-tivity has become challenging in Indonesia, particularly in the dense urban area of Central Jakarta, due to network conges-tion caused by the region’s enormous population of users and limited existing frequency. Therefore, this research aims to utilize the 2100 MHz frequency band as an additional fre-quency for the 4G LTE-A network in the dense urban Cen-tral Jakarta region. Furthermore, this research employs a techno-economic assessment of the deployment of 4G LTE-A with and without carrier aggregation (CA). The purpose is to see if expanding the 4G LTE-A network in the study area by adding the 2100 MHz frequency and utilizing the CA method is feasible and beneficial. According to the results, using the CA technique leads to fewer eNodeB requirements in the dense urban area of Central Jakarta than without the CA technique. Furthermore, through network simulation soft-ware, Forsk Atoll, good quality of the Key Performance Indi-cators (KPI) is obtained. In addition, based on the business perspective, this research acquired good Net Present Value (NPV), and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) values are ob-tained, with returns on capital in the range of two to three years. Overall, these findings indicate that deploying 4G LTE-A technology in the planning region using 2100 MHz as an additional frequency with the CA technique is feasible and beneficial for cellular operators.

On the Economic Viability of Solar Energy When Upgrading Cellular Networks

The massive increase of data traffic, the widespread proliferation of wireless applications and the full-scale deployment of 5G and the IoT, imply a steep increase in cellular networks energy use, resulting in a significant carbon footprint. This paper presents a comprehensive model to show the interaction between the networking and energy features of the problem and study the economical and technical viability of green networking. Solar equipment, cell zooming, energy management and dynamic user allocation are considered in the upgrading network planning process. We propose a mixed-integer optimization model to minimize long-term capital costs and operational energy expenditures in a heterogeneous on-grid cellular network with different types of base station, including solar. Based on eight scenarios where realistic costs of solar panels, batteries, and inverters were considered, we first found that solar base stations are currently not economically interesting for cellular operators. We next studied the impact of a significant and progressive carbon tax on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). We found that, at current energy and equipment prices, a carbon tax ten-fold the current value is the only element that could make green base stations economically viable.

Enabling Dynamic Autoscaling for NFV in a Non-Standalone Virtual EPC: Design and Analysis

Network function virtualization (NFV) is a novel concept that enables an architectural transition from dedicated hardware to orchestrated resource and function management. As an integral part of the core network, NFV offers a fine-grained network capability to cellular operators by scaling out or scaling in network resources in an on-demand manner to meet the performance requirements. However, designing an autoscaling algorithm with low operation cost and low latency in non-standalone networks, where legacy network equipment coexists with a virtual evolved packet core (EPC), is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a dynamic NFV instance autoscaling algorithm that considers the tradeoff between performance and operation cost. Furthermore, we develop an analytical framework to assess the performance of the scheme by modeling the hybrid network as a queueing system that includes both legacy network equipment and NFV instances. The virtualized network function (VNF) instances are powered on or off according to the number of job requests. Numerical results based on extensive simulations validate the correctness of the model and the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Feasibility Analysis Of Gsm-R System For Railways In Indonesia: Case Study Of Jakarta Bandung High Speed Train

High-speed railway technology development necessitates the development of a communication system that supports various components of train operation facilities, such as train control, safety communication, and others. The construction of fhigh-speed railway in Indonesia in the Jakarta-Bandung area uses the Chinese Train Control System (CTCS) Level 3 signaling system, which makes the Global System for Mobile Communication-Railway (GSM-R) a wireless signaling network system. Because there are already existing GSM-based public telecommunications services, known as public GSM, on the same frequency used by a number of cellular operators in Indonesia, the use of GSM-R poses implementation challenges. This will result in reduced service quality and revenue for protected cellular network operators due to the use of these frequency bands to support the operation of high-speed railway services in Indonesia. In this study, an evaluation was carried out to look for other potentials from using the GSM 900 MHz frequency band, which can be used as an option to be implemented on high-speed trains in Indonesia. The research begins with calculating the estimated potential loss of revenue from using telecommunications network operators. This data will be analyzed in terms of the economic feasibility of several other frequency band choices for implementing the GSM 900 MHz frequency band on high-speed trains in Indonesia, so that it is hoped that this will become a new consideration that can become a solution and recommendation in the application and use of GSM-R technology in Indonesia.

Analysis the Feasibility and Constraints of Implementing Next-Technology Mobile Networks in Bangladesh with its outcomes on Human Body

As the range of customers in cellular era will increase at a geometrical rate, the call for and complexity of the provider is rising, making sure within side they want for cellular operators to shift the provider using difficulty to their core technology with the intention to switch extra information with excessive speed. The 5G cell networks is that the consequences of this paradigm shift and is currently being deployed in advanced nations regardless of the reality that they may be capable of put in force 6G cell networks. However, maximum of the growing nations in addition to Bangladesh ( Middle-earnings country) are, or will be, the usage of 3G or 4G cellular networks very lately for which the general position is not but complete. In this study, we are now exploring how a lot emphasis can be positioned on setting up the 5G cell networks in Bangladesh in addition to health effect of 4G and upcoming 5G cellular networks. We first take note of display that there may be capability for tackling foremost technological demanding situations in Bangladesh while putting in place the 5G cellular networks. The numerous protection factors of 5G cellular networks were provided that is an ongoing hassle and Bangladesh goes to technologically ready to deal with many protection issues of it. At the same time, it has been proven that the context of the usage of 5G networks in Bangladesh is relevant at present. As a result, putting in place the 5G networks in Bangladesh will take now not than expected. Finally, the outcomes of the usage of 4G, 5G cellular networks on human health had been presented.

Streaming From the Air : Enabling Drone-Sourced Video Streaming Applications on 5G Open-RAN Architectures

Enabling high data-rate uplink cellular connectivity for drones is a challenging problem, since a flying drone has a higher likelihood of having line-of-sight propagation to base stations that terrestrial UEs normally do not have line-of-sight to. This may result in uplink inter-cell interference and uplink performance degradation for the neighboring ground UEs when drones transmit at high data-rates (e.g., video streaming). We address this problem from a cellular operator's standpoint to support drone-sourced video streaming of a point of interest. We propose a low-complexity, closed-loop control system for Open-RAN architectures that jointly optimizes the drone's location in space and its transmission directionality to support video streaming and minimize its uplink interference impact on the network. We prototype and experimentally evaluate the proposed control system on a dedicated outdoor multi-cell RAN testbed, which is the first measurement campaign of its kind. Furthermore, we perform a large-scale simulation assessment of the proposed control system using the actual cell deployment topologies and cell load profiles of a major US cellular carrier. The proposed Open-RAN control scheme achieves an average 19% network capacity gain over traditional BS-constrained control solutions and satisfies the application data-rate requirements of the drone (e.g., to stream an HD video).

Paradigma Pembelajaran Daring Pendidikan Agama Hindu di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Pada Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Hindu STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the world of education, this influence is a challenge for academics to realize national education goals through Hindu religious education. It is felt that it is very important to research the online learning paradigm in Hindu religious education during the Covid-19 pandemic which was carried out in the Hindu religious education study program STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja. The purpose of this research is to find out the online learning paradigm, and to find out character strengthening through Hindu religious education during a pandemic. This research is a qualitative research that displays descriptive data consisting of words. An analysis was carried out based on the theory of social change, the theory of behaviorism and Technological Determinism. This study obtained the results, namely the problems faced by students when learning online were lectures getting bored quickly, constrained by cellular operator signals, reduced communication between students and lecturers, inadequate equipment, quota fees, communication with parents was not directed. The challenges faced are not accustomed to online and independent learning, limited internet network, internet access and electricity, lack of facilities and resources, non-conducive environment, children are enthusiastic with their friends, the ability of parents to accompany children to study is different. There is a digital education transition that is felt, namely before the pandemic learning was carried out face-to-face, during the pandemic it was carried out fully online, after the pandemic it is likely that offline and online systems will be implemented. The principles of online learning are learning is open, social, personal, augmented, multirepresented, and learning is mobile. Strengthening the character of students must be accustomed to carrying out positive habits starting at home from maintaining cleanliness and health, carrying out useful activities, praying diligently and respecting and being polite to parents.

Improving designing efficiency of antenna-mast structures for cellular communications based on design solutions assessment

A study of the individual and cumulative influence of factors on the indicators of metal consumption and unit cost of antenna-mast structures of cellular communication is presented. The high importance of wireless communication and the Internet, as well as the emergence of new faster generation networks in the country, requires construction of a large number of cellular antenna-mast structures. Due to changes in the requirements of cellular operators to bearing capacity of supports, it is necessary to review and adjust existing projects, and selection of new structural elements and sections for current construction conditions with further calculation of the load capacity. To reduce the complexity of design process, it is proposed to make a preliminary assessment of the adopted design solutions in terms of efficiency criteria, which are considered in the study as metal consumption and unit cost of construction and installation works. The numerical value of the criteria is formed in the course of analyzing the experience of building antenna-mast structures according to analogous projects. Based on the data of the conducted studies of quantitative assessment of factors affecting the metal consumption and unit cost, it was found that such indicators are the area, weight and average suspension height of the equipment mounted on the support. Correlation-regression analysis was used to find dependencies and build diagrams between individual factors and indicators of metal consumption and unit cost of construction within the benchmark price. The complex influence of all factors on the performance criteria can be taken into account using the multifactorial regression model formed by the authors. The use of the results of the study will improve the efficiency of designing antenna-mast structures for cellular communication.

Revolution in IoT with 5G Network

Abstract: Day by day Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining a huge popularity. With increase in popularity the technological advancement is required to fulfil its high data rate demand. The IoT devices will become primary need to next generation. The latest development of devices will build smaller but smart devices in field of IoT. With increase in demand of smart devices IoT architecture will become more complex. The 5G network will fulfil the need to these complex architectures. The 5G networks are expected to massively expand today’s IoT that can boost cellular operations, IoT security, and network challenges and drive the Internet future to the edge. This paper will review the revolution in IoT with introduction of 5G network along with its concept, use cases and security concerns.

Research and analysis of the efficiency fiber-optic communication lines using DWDM technologies

The performance indicators fiber-optic communication lines using spectral technology with separation communication channels are analyzed. The effectiveness of the use network resources optical telecommunication systems using spectral technologies based on the architectural concept of the next NGN (NGN, Next Generation Network) and future FN (FN, Future Network) networks has been studied. This work is devoted to the construction methods for calculating the indicators optical networks and the study methods and tools for improving the efficiency using network and channel resources fiber-optic communication lines using dense spectral multiplexing optical signals with separation communication channels. The problem ensuring effective management channel and network resources in optical communication networks are considered. As a result of the study technology spectral multiplexing, a new approach to the construction of a calculation method is proposed that describes the efficiency managing network and channel resources in fiber-optic communication lines, taking into account the numerous requirements their parameters and transfer characteristics. On the basis of the calculation method, analytical expressions are obtained that allow estimating the resources of the system, indicators informational and spectral efficiency of the functioning fiber-optic communication lines. The results of the research can be applied by cellular operators when designing an optical telecommunications network, in particular, to determine the optimal value of the capacity optical systems based on wavelength multiplexing technology and modulation spectral efficiencies.

Система мониторинга и анализа распределенных параметров и пожарная безопасность «Умного дома»

Система мониторинга и анализа распределенных параметров и пожарная безопасность «Умного дома»

Evaluasi Kebijakan tentang Penyelenggaraan Menara Telekomunikasi terhadap Penyedia Menara Telekomunikasi

Along with the growth of cellular phone subscribers in Indonesia, cellular network operators continue to strive to build infrastructure to establish broader service coverage areas, thus, increasing the quality of service. Regional Rules & Regulations in DKI Jakarta are intended to regulate the BTS towers within an area. However, they become a barrier for Telecommunications operators to meet the needs of good networks/signals. Changes in the zoning of telecommunication towers can meet the needs of operators and increase customer satisfaction. This study uses qualitative method analysis with an interview. The results show that policy evaluation regarding the implementation of telecommunication towers has yet to meet the needs of telecommunication tower providers (Tower Providers) and has been shown to cause areas that operator signal networks cannot cover. This situation impacts the satisfaction of particular customers and can threaten the business continuity of the operator. Conclusion of the Policy of the Governor of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta Number 14 of 2014, concerning the Implementation of Telecommunication Towers for Telecommunication Tower Providers, the annexse to the zoning of telecommunication towers needs to be reviewed because it has not been able to meet the needs of telecommunication tower providers and can pose a threat to business continuity.

Impact of Quality of Service on Customer Loyalty: A Critical Study of Cellular Mobile Broadband Sector in Pakistan

Quality of Service (QoS) is the degree to which a service provided by an operator promotes customer satisfaction. In telecommunications sector service quality is a set of specific parameters provided by service providers to their customers, which are necessary for achieving the required functionality of the requested service. In current global competitive telecommunication business market, the quality of a service is being considered as a differentiator for users if service features or price of services of service providers are similar. The potential of growth and scope for telecommunication services in general and mobile broadband services in developing countries like Pakistan is encouraging. The objective of this research work is to analyze the impact of service quality gaps with customer loyalty in the mobile broadband sector of Pakistan. The cellular mobile operators in Pakistan are facing issue of declining customer loyalty and increasing churn rate of customers in search of their expected quality of service. In this research the service quality gaps will be considered as independent variables while customer loyalty as dependent variable. The SERVQUAL model proposed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1988) will be used to probe the effects of five dimensions of service quality viz. tangibility, assurance, responsiveness, reliability, and empathy on consumer loyalty. Data of 200 current LTE broadband consumers using mobile service of four cellular mobile operators of Pakistan (Jazz-PMCL, Ufone-PTML, Zong-CMPak and Telenor) will be collected through structured questionnaires. The response received from end users of broadband services through these questionnaires will be analyzed through SPSS to determine the causal relationship of service quality dimensions and customer loyalty. The results of analysis will depict that the service quality dimensions will have significant and positive impact on customer loyalty.

Exploiting Short Block and Concatenated Codes for Reliable Communications Within the Coexistence of 5G-NR-U and WiFi

Unlicensed spectrum offers opportunities for cellular mobile network operators, where traffic can be offloaded from licensed to unlicensed bands. Modern heterogeneous technologies such as 5G and WiFi can simultaneously operate on ISM and UNII bands under strict coexistence rules. While satisfying harmonious coexistence has largely been studied in LTE/4G, an emerging issue for future deployment is to reduce latency and to guarantee reliable communications, in the direction of achieving URLLC. This work mainly focuses on the critical issues arising in the coexistence of LBT systems, sharing common infrastructure of 5G NR-U and WiFi when operating under imperfect energy detection sensing. We consider the application of short, concatenated and product erasure correcting codes to recover missing data due to collisions in LBT-based systems. The goal is to enhance spectrum utilization with reduced delay and to achieve reliable communications under various sensing impairments, with code parameters such as block length, rate and minimum distance. Using concatenation, we construct a series of sophisticated erasure block codes with less decoding complexity. Furthermore, we derive a closed-form expression using Gaussian approximation of spectrum utilization efficiency. The results are compared with the various LDPC correcting ensembles under various levels of user activities. We provide detailed comparisons of global throughput and failure probability of codes under varied number of coexisting users. Our results show that the proposed codes can achieve over 20% higher efficiency at 0.1 false alarm probability and 30% less failure probability under high contention scenarios.

CHURN ANALISIS PADA DATA PELANGGAN TELEKOMUNIKASI MENGGUNAKAN ENSEMBLE LEARNING

Intense competition in broadband services will create high opportunities for consumers to switch providers, such as conditions that arise in competition for SMS, telephone, and internet services. The churn rate is the percentage of consumers who stop subscribing to the service. Ideally, this churn percentage is only 5% – 10%, and if it exceeds this figure, it indicates the company's inability to retain customers. A high churn rate indicates a decline in the cellular operator's market share and affects the company's revenue. Based on these problems, it is necessary to analyze the churn behavior of broadband subscribers to determine the dissatisfaction factors of cellular telecommunications consumers. Then predictions are made for customers who tend to churn from provider companies and determine the characteristics of churn and stay customers. The ensemble method is used to detect churn, which consists of several methods, including random forest, boosting, and super learner. Random Forest is proven to produce the best classification method with an excellent ability to predict customer churn, which is 80.1%, with an average usage time of 3 years.

Brand Switching Behavior Influenced by Product Attributes and Variety Seeking with Consumer Trust as a Mediating Variable

The movement of cellular operators to other brands is of course a picture for the company. Therefore companies must be able to increase product innovation both from all aspects of the product attributes offered, such as service quality and pricing that meet consumer desires or needs for product variations. This study aims to determine whether brand switching behavior is really influenced by product attributes and also variety seeking, and researchers also use the consumer trust variable as a mediator. The research method used was a descriptive and explanatory survey with a total sample of 384 people. The results of the study prove that product attributes and variety seeking have a positive and significant influence in forming consumer trust, and consumer trust has a positive and significant effect in shaping brand switching behavior. It can be seen that this variable has the greatest test value so that it can be concluded that customer trust is a the biggest influence on brand switching on customers

5G NR Network Planning Analysis using 700 Mhz and 2.3 Ghz Frequency in The Jababeka Industrial Area

This research designed a 5G NR network using 700 MHz and 2.3 GHz frequencies with 30 MHz bandwidth in the Jababeka industrial area covering an area of 5600 hectares. The Propagation Model used by Urban Macrocell (UMa) in non line of sight (NLOS) conditions according to 3GPP TR 38901 standard with Synchronization signal-reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) and Synchronization Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SS-SINR) parameters. Coverage prediction simulation using Atoll 3.4 consists of 4 scenarios. Scenario 1 uses a frequency of 2.3 GHz downlink, scenario 2 uses a frequency of 2.3 GHz uplink, scenario 3 uses a frequency of 700 MHz downlink and scenario 4 uses a frequency of 700 MHz uplink. Parameters analyzed were signal strength (SS-RSRP > -110 dBm) and signal quality (SS-SINR > 5 dB). The simulation results of scenario 1 get a signal strength of 61% and signal quality of 73.71% from the Jababeka area. Scenario 2 gets 100% for signal strength and 75.35% for signal quality. Scenario 3 gets a signal strength of 72.27% and signal quality of 85.30%. Scenario 4 shows a signal strength of 100% and signal quality of 71.04% from the Jababeka area. Planning with a frequency of 700 MHz shows that the signal strength and signal strength parameters are better than the 2.3 GHz frequency, making it suitable for 5G networks in the Jababeka area. The findings of this study are intended to help Indonesian cellular operators plan and deploy their 5G network.

Mitigating Trade-Off in Unlicensed Network Optimization Through Machine Learning and Context Awareness

Unlicensed cellular networks are being deployed worldwide by cellular operators to meet the rising data demands. However, the unlicensed band has existing incumbents such as Wi-Fi and radar systems. This creates a highly dynamic environment, making harmonious unlicensed coexistence difficult. Consequently, conventional optimization techniques are not sufficient to offer latency-critical applications and services. A data-driven hybrid optimization approach is necessary for optimal network performance with low convergence times. However, a largely unexplored problem in dense unlicensed network optimization is the accuracy-speed trade-off, that is, achieving high accuracy in optimization objectives with minimal time costs. This work seeks to address this problem through a hybrid optimization approach that combines machine learning and network optimization. It investigates the use of more precise higher-order network feature relationships (NFRs) in optimization formulations and the consequent trade-off that arises between the increase in convergence time (Speed) and the nearness to optimal results (Accuracy). In addition, it demonstrates the relevance of context awareness of network conditions and the traffic environment to mitigate the trade-off. To that end, a context-aware network feature relationship-based optimization (CANEFRO) approach is proposed and validated through decision matrix analysis. The experiments were carried out on a coexistence testbed consisting of both unlicensed LTE standards (LTE-U & LAA) and two Wi-Fi standards (802.11n/ac) on multiple channel bandwidths. In addition, LTE-U & LAA are contrasted on signaling and user data traffic data models and resource block allocation performance. More importantly, CANEFRO demonstrates the impact of the network context on the degree of feature relationship ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2^{nd}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> & <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3^{rd}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degree polynomials), objective of optimization (SINR and Capacity), and the network use case (Accuracy vs. Speed). CANEFRO is also used to contrast LTE-U & LAA optimization performance. In particular, the decision matrix analysis demonstrates a higher decision score for LAA by as much as 42% compared to LTE-U.