Cellular Mobile Communication Research Articles

An optimized cooperative data transmission scheme in relay‐enabled cellular communication networks

SummaryCooperative transmission is of great significance in data transmission and resource schedule in mobile cellular communication networks. To attain the desired network transmission performance objectives over the whole cellular network system, we propose an appropriate cooperative data transmission scheme to optimize the data delivery efficiency in terms of the transmission time consumption for each and every transmission group. The proposed transmission optimization scheme includes the tasks of determining the transmission group, allocating the channel rate resource, specifying the cooperative transmission mechanism, and performing resource allocation and schedule as well. Firstly, we propose a utility function based rate allocation scheme to optimize the channel rate resource utilization for all those transmission groups over the cellular communication network. Based on it, we further present a cooperative data transmission scheme to deal with the data delivery and reception for all those subgroups with high efficiency over the whole network system. Particularly, we propose a resource efficiency function‐based coordination scheduling (EFCS) scheme to conduct the cooperative data transmission and resource schedule as well for each transmission group within the network. The EFCS scheme facilitates to determine the subgroups for schedule over each scheduling cycle, which can produce the best data transmission efficiency across both the direct and cooperative transmission hop. Both the theoretical analysis and the simulation evaluation results verify the superior performance of our proposed cooperative data transmission scheme.

Experimental Investigation of Characteristics and Development of Nonlinearity Models for FR1-Range Radio-Frequency Amplifiers

Experimental studies of nonlinear properties of low-power radio-frequency amplifiers similar to those used in 4G/5G mobile communication equipment of the FR1 frequency range are carried out. The measurements of the characteristics of the amplifiers are performed by using the double-frequency testing technique at frequencies of the n7 band (2500–2570 / 2620–2690 MHz), which is allocated in Belarus for 4G mobile communication systems, and the n78 band (3300–3800 MHz), which is planned to be used in Belarus for 5G mobile communications. Based on the results of the measurements of double-frequency characteristics of the amplifiers, their single-tone amplitude characteristics, as well as two-tone characteristics and values of the dynamic range of 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9th order intermodulation in the first harmonic zone, high-order polynomial models of transfer characteristics of the investigated amplifiers are synthesized. The synthesized models are suitable for use in a wide dynamic range of input signals in case of simultaneous modeling of nonlinear effects of all kinds that pose a danger to radio reception in a complex electromagnetic environment created in the frequency bands of mobile (cellular) communications: both “subtle” effects (intermodulation) and “rough” effects (desensitization, cross-modulation). When using the technology of discrete nonlinear analysis of the behavior of radio equipment in a complex electromagnetic environment, the obtained models provide high efficiency of simulation and quantitative analysis of nonlinear processes and radio interference occurring in 4G/5G/6G radio equipment and networks in a complex electromagnetic environment.

Converging Towards Open Radio Access Networks – A Comprehensive Review

Radio Access Networks (RAN) have been an integral part of the cellular mobile communication systems since the deployment of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks and later for the legacy Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. However, due to increasing demands of the users, throughput, ultra-lower latency, virtualization of the network and to cater the seamless connectivity of millions of wireless devices with the cellular networks, the advent of RAN needs to be brought under consideration. In this paper the traditional RANs are discussed with the necessity for their transition into the Open RAN (ORAN), considering all its essential parameters. The constraints of the legacy RAN architectures are explored with an overview of the RAN intelligent controllers, ORAN and its types. This paper additionally examines the function of artificial intelligence in Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), enhanched CPRI, and xApps in terms of use cases along with the challenges associated with their deployment. The paper also present challenges and future of ORAN.

Blockchain based mobile communication data privacy protection algorithm for cellular networks

The rapid development of mobile communication technology not only brings great convenience to users, but also brings the risk of user data privacy leakage. Due to the broadcasting nature of mobile communication transmission, open wireless interfaces have become a security vulnerability for mobile devices such as mobile phones, which can be easily eavesdropped. This article studied a data privacy protection algorithm suitable for mobile communication in cellular networks based on the anonymous mechanism of blockchain. This article first analyzes the overall framework and anonymity technology of blockchain data from the perspective of privacy and queryability. Then, based on blockchain technology, consistency mechanisms, privacy control, and access rights management are designed. Finally, mobile communication data privacy protection algorithms are designed and implemented through data encryption and verification. The latency of transactions under different task volumes and throughput at different nodes were analyzed to verify the reliability of several anonymous mechanisms in cellular network mobile communication data privacy protection in blockchain. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the reliability range of CryptoNote and the zero coin and zero currency protocol mechanism in the specified nodes was between 92 and 99%. This article utilized blockchain technology to distribute mobile communication data in nodes and achieve decentralized data transmission, thus protecting the privacy of wireless network communication data. By analyzing the reliability of anonymous mechanisms based on blockchain in mobile communication nodes, it was concluded that this method had certain research value.

Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Discontinuous Reception Scheme in 5G NR Communication Systems

The purpose of this work is to analyze the energy saving schemes of user equipment in the first releases (Release 15) of the fifth generation (5G NR) cellular mobile communication systems, as well as to identify possible ways to improve the energy efficiency of these systems. The paper describes the identified drawbacks of the existing discontinuous reception scheme (DRX-scheme) used for user equipment energy saving in 5G NR. The effectiveness of discontinuous reception scheme in reducing user equipment energy consumption was analyzed in detail by simulation study for various traffic models and a key scenario for the deployment of 5G wireless cellular mobile communication systems. Analysis of the simulation results shows that the discontinuous reception scheme does not reach the upper limit of possible energy saving for all the traffic models studied for a number of reasons described in this paper.

Assessment of the Contribution of Radiations of User Equipment to the Anthropogenic Electromagnetic Background Created by Mobile (Cellular) Communications

The declared increase in spatial density of user (terminal, peripheral, etc.) radiating equipment (UE) of mobile communications up to 0.1 UE/m2 in 4G (LTE) networks, up to 1.0 UE/m2 in 5G (NR) networks and up to 10 UE/m2 in promising 6G networks may cause an unacceptable increase in electromagnetic background and in corresponding forced risks to public health. The paper proposes a method for assessing the contribution of UE radiations to the level of anthropogenic electromagnetic background created by mobile communications. This method is based on the analysis of the electromagnetic loading on the area created by stationary and mobile radiation sources of mobile communications and determined by the area density of mobile traffic, its asymmetry in downlink and uplink data transmission, the degree of UE concentration in the observation point vicinity, the radio channels spectral efficiency, the size of base stations service areas and other characteristics. The calculated data are given, indicating that in places of UE concentration, the component of electromagnetic background formed by UE radiations may be predominant, many times exceeding the contribution of base station radiations, and determining the actual level of forced risks to public health, which requires consideration in the system of their hygienic rationing.

Path Difference Optimization of 5G Millimeter Wave Communication Networks in Malaysia

The development of intelligent transport systems, mobile cellular networks, microwave links, and vehicle communications has accelerated with the use of wireless connections as a communication channel in 5G wireless technology. Weather, including rain, fog, snow, sand, and dust, impacts wireless communication channels in various ways. These effects are more pronounced at the high frequencies of millimeter-wave bands. Recently, the 5G network has made it possible to support a variety of applications with fast speeds and high-quality content. To facilitate the use of high-millimeter-wave frequencies, a recent study investigated how sand and dust affect the 5G communication channel. In this paper, we consider the impact of frequent and heavy rainfall on millimeter-wave propagation and cross-polarization of the wave at various points along the propagation path caused by rainfall in urban and highway scenarios in Malaysia. We estimate rainfall attenuation, path loss, and link margin at various millimeter-wave frequencies. From our simulation results, it is evident that rainfall attenuation, path loss, and link margin depend on the operating frequency, path difference, and rainfall rate. In this paper, we estimate and compare the optimal path difference values under urban and highway scenarios both with and without rainfall attenuation.

Frequency allocation algorithm

Wireless communication technology's quick advancement has facilitated the ongoing formation of numerous new communication business scenarios and the thorough connectivity of man-machine-object-space. The conflict between few channel resources and high demand is becoming more and more obvious, which adds to the stress on the entire network. In order to enhance communication quality with constrained frequency resources, more optimal channel allocation techniques are urgently required. This paper discusses the increasing demand for frequency resources due to the exponential growth of data traffic, which has necessitated more efficient channel allocation methods to optimize communication quality with limited frequency resources. The evolution of mobile wireless cellular communication systems from the first generation to the current fifth generation, and the imminent emergence of the sixth generation, are also discussed. The paper highlights the importance of ultra-dense networks and device-to-device communication in meeting the capacity and coverage requirements of 5G networks. The advantages and disadvantages of different frequency reuse methods, specifically Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) and water injection algorithm, are analyzed. The paper summarizes these methods' principles and application effects in specific situations, emphasizing the need for appropriate frequency reuse methods to achieve optimal channel allocation and communication quality.

Miniaturized Broadband Dual-Polarized MIMO Antenna Array With Stable Radiation Pattern for Base-Station Application

A wideband dual-polarized MIMO antenna array having small size and stable radiation performance for base station applications is introduced. The antenna element, which is formed by four folded dipole antennas arranged in a small square aperture, is introduced to obtain excellent impedance matching and steady radiation pattern within a broad bandwidth of 36.7% (0.69-1 GHz) with low profile. Based on the high-performance element, a compact broadband dual-polarized MIMO array for mobile communications is then designed. To stabilize the radiation pattern of the MIMO array, a new method of element-shared scheme and 90° phase compensation are introduced to design the MIMO array to obtain stable half power beamwidth (HPBW) of around 64° for desired 120° sector coverage of cellular mobile communications. A special feed network with good performance is designed to excite the MIMO array. The MIMO array introduces a broad bandwidth of 43.7% (0.68-1.06 GHz) for reflection coefficient < -15 dB, as well as good isolation of more than 25 dB between all the ports. Steady radiation pattern with HPBW of 64±7° as well as low sidelobe level of below -15 dB are observed, which is desirable for modern mobile communications.

Overview of Food Preservation and Traceability Technology in the Smart Cold Chain System.

According to estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), about a third of all food produced for human consumption in the world is lost or wasted-approximately 1.3 billion tons. Among this, the amount lost during the storage stage is about 15-20% for vegetables and 10-15% for fruits. It is 5-10% for vegetables and fruits during the distribution stage, resulting in a large amount of resource waste and economic losses. At the same time, the global population affected by hunger has reached 828 million, exceeding one-tenth of the total global population. The improvement of the cold chain system will effectively reduce the amount of waste and loss of food during the storage and transportation stages. Firstly, this paper summarizes the concept and development status of traditional preservation technology; environmental parameter sensor components related to fruit and vegetable spoilage in the intelligent cold chain system; the data transmission and processing technology of the intelligent cold chain system, including wireless network communication technology (WI-FI) and cellular mobile communication; short-range communication technology, and the low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN). The smart cold chain system is regulated and optimized through the Internet of Things, blockchain, and digital twin technology to achieve the sustainable development of smart agriculture. The deep integration of artificial intelligence and traditional preservation technology provides new ideas and solutions for the problem of food waste in the world. However, the lack of general standards and the high cost of the intelligent cold chain system are obstacles to the development of the intelligent cold chain system. Governments and researchers at all levels should strive to highly integrate cold chain systems with artificial intelligence technology, establish relevant regulations and standards for cold chain technology, and actively promote development toward intelligence, standardization, and technology.

Decision-Making Method Based on a Comprehensive Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Radio Frequency Spectrum

One of the main problems in the use of the radio frequency spectrum is its scarcity. This is due not only to its natural properties as a resource, but also to the inefficiency of its use. Work in this direction was carried out by scientists. In order to release the inefficiently used part of the radio frequency spectrum, it is necessary to develop management measures and mechanisms that create the most unfavorable conditions for the operation of this part of the spectrum by operators. The article discusses proposals for the implementation of the methodology, the model and criteria for a symbolic description of the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of the radio frequency spectrum, including information and software implementation of a multi-agent system that allows for automated decision making, for a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the use of the radio frequency spectrum. A model of the overall efficiency of using the radio frequency spectrum based on three types of efficiency has been proposed, and a scale of intervals for these types has been developed. An assessment of the efficiency of the radio frequency spectrum based on a reference network of cellular mobile communications has been performed. A decision making variant based on the results of evaluating this efficiency is presented.

Evolution of Cellular Mobile Communication Systems up to the Fifth Generation: An Overview

Evolution of Cellular Mobile Communication Systems up to the Fifth Generation: An Overview

Accurate Base Station Placement in 4G LTE Networks Using Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm Optimization

Cellular mobile communication network planning and optimization involve a complex engineering process that deals with network fundamentals, radio resource elements, and critical decision variables. The continuous evolution of radio access technologies provides new challenges that necessitate efficient radio planning and optimization. Therefore, the planning and optimization algorithms should be highly efficient, advanced, and robust. An important component of 4G LTE network planning is the proper placement of evolved node base stations (eNodeBs) and the configuration of their antenna elements. This contribution proposes a multiobjective genetic algorithm that integrates network coverage, capacity, and power consumption for optimal eNodeB placement in an operational 4G LTE network. The multi-objective-based genetic algorithm optimization has been achieved using the optimization toolbox in MATLAB. By leveraging the proposed method, the effect of different population sizes on the cost of placing the eNodeBs and the percentage coverage of the eNodeBs in a given cell is determined. As a result, the optimal selection technique that minimizes the total network cost without compromising the desired coverage and capacity benchmarks is achieved. The proposed automatic eNodeB antenna placement method can be explored to optimize 4G LTE cellular network planning in related wireless propagation environments.

Investigating the Impact of Digital Transformation on the Labor Market in the Era of Changing Digital Transformation Dynamics in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, limited studies have developed models related to measuring the impact of the digital economy on the labor market. This model concerns the agricultural, service, and industrial sectors in Saudi Arabia. This study further investigates the relationship between digitalization, labor productivity, and unemployment using the ARDL error correction method for time-series data obtained from the World Bank database for the period of 2001–2019. The findings of this study illustrate, digital variables such as fixed broadband subscriptions (LNFBS), mobile cellular subscriptions (LNMCS), and computer, communications, and other services (LNCCO) do not significantly affect the labor market in the agricultural sector. LNMCS and LNCCO do not influence the service sector. However, they are negatively influencing the industrial sector and labor productivity. In contrast, LNFBS has a positive impact on both the service and industrial sectors. Interestingly, all three digital variables significantly reduce unemployment in the long run in Saudi Arabia. However, in the short run, digitalization does not have a positive impact on the economy. This study hopes to benefit policymakers in considering how to reorganize the socioeconomic infrastructure to balance economic growth through greater technology and the utilization of the country’s human resources.

Перспективные инфокоммуникационные технологии и сетевые услуги

The essence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is not only the emergence of new technologies, but also the integration of existing ones in a single system available for widespread use. The technological revolution penetrates in all spheres of public life, automates production processes, and adjusts the connection between physical and computing resources. Such innovations as cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, robotics, cloud technologies, space technologies, virtual reality and some others supported these transformations. New digital technologies can have both a positive and a negative impact on various spheres of society, for example: unemployment, inequality, economic development, security and others. The aim of the work is to obtain a minimum level of understanding of digital breakthrough technologies, to reveal their potential and their connection with the systemic changes caused by the industrial revolution. When considering the impact of breakthrough technologies on the implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, a systematic methodology should be used. Promising technologies are considered that significantly affect the implementation of the industrial revolution. Discussion: graphical dependences of the speed of fixed communication networks in the implementation of their development concepts for the period 1960&amp;2030 and graphical dependences of the speed of cellular mobile networks of generations 1G&amp;6G for the period 1970&amp;2030 are given. It is noted that the change of concepts for the development of fixed communication networks and generations of cellular mobile communication networks since 2000 are consistent in time in accordance with the "10&amp;year rule". The evolution of technologies and services of cellular mobile and fixed-line networks is presented. In future networks, basic and composite network services are predicted. The paper briefly discusses basic network services with a list of necessary functions for the implementation of communications. Similarly, a brief analysis of composite network services and applications is presented, listing the network requirements for their implementation. In order to fully unlock the potential of innovative technologies and services of the industrial revolution, significant reforms are needed in the economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society.

Influence of Spatial Selectivity of Radiation of Mobile Communication Base Stations on the Level of Electromagnetic Background Introduced by them

Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from base stations is the main source of electromagnetic background generated by mobile (cellular) communication systems in residential areas; its intensity makes a significant contribution to the level of electromagnetic pollution of the habitat and determines the level of electromagnetic safety of the population. The previously proposed technique for estimating the average intensity of this background, based on the analysis of the territorial intensity of mobile traffic, takes into account the spatial selectivity of base station radiation in a simplified form by introducing the radiation directivity parameter U, equal to the inverse of the number of base station service sectors, assuming that the width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is equal to the width of this sector and without taking into account the radiation directivity in the vertical plane, which determines the pessimistic nature of these estimates. The paper presents a refined analysis of the values of the parameter U for a two-level models of antenna radiation patterns, which reflects the real values of the width of their main lobes in horizontal and vertical planes, the relative levels of side lobes and the ratio of radiation power of the main and side lobes. The analysis was performed both for stationary sector antennas of cellular communication systems and for adaptive phased antenna arrays of 4G/5G systems capable of providing service using narrow beams. The analysis showed that the value of the U parameter of sector antennas is 5–15 dB less than the inverse of the number of sectors of base stations, and for narrow beams of adaptive antenna arrays, this difference reaches 20 dB. If tilt angles of main lobes of antenna radiation patterns with respect to the horizon are less than 30°, then at estimation of the average electromagnetic background intensity the inverse of their antenna gain in the main lobe can be used as the U parameter value of the spatial selectivity (directivity) of base stations radiations.

Access once encountered TT&amp;C mode based on space–air–ground integration network

Abstract In order to deal with the shortage of spacecraft telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&amp;C) resources and the high complexity of planning and scheduling in the future, based on the current situation of the TT&amp;C network in China, the construction requirements of space–ground integration TT&amp;C network are put forward, and the basic framework is constructed. Referring to the random access mechanism of ground cellular mobile communication system, access once encountered TT&amp;C mode is designed. This work introduces its basic idea, gives an example of the implementation process in the new form, designs the protocol stack system of random access TT&amp;C, and probes into the key technologies, such as spacecraft access optimization selection strategy and panoramic (airspace) multi-beam and multi-target simultaneous TT&amp;C technology, for reference of further research.

An SM9-Based Secondary Authentication Framework for 5G Technology

As the latest generation of cellular mobile communication technology, the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology is proposed to build a network-based society. As a result, industry and academia are placing great emphasis on security research for 5G technology. 5G technology has higher security requirements than previous systems and the secondary authentication is an important technology to ensure the security of 5G. In this paper, we propose to incorporate the SM9 encryption algorithm with 5G secondary authentication to provide higher security assurance. Due to the high computational overhead of the SM9 algorithm, we further propose an acceleration strategy for the SM9 algorithm based on the non-adjacent form (NAF) representation method to improve the performance of the entire system.

Microwave radiations of environment: On the possibility of inhibition of malignant mitosis

From the standpoint of fundamental physical optics, clinical images and medical cases of a number of human viral diseases are considered under the influence of the environment on a sick organism, namely: Solar-geomagnetic disturbances and modern anthropogenic background. Microwave emission of the terrestrial ionosphere disturbed by flares on the Sun and during periods of magnetic storms was determined to be the agent of such an impact, and the anthropogenic influence is associated with the continuously increasing radiation of the microwave flux during the development of mobile cellular communications. Separately, new experimental results on the effect of weightlessness on the mitosis of cancer cells, including those created artificially are being studied. A unified interpretation of these results within the framework of supramolecular physics of the generation of supramolecular structures (water-containing associates) in a living organism is presented.

Emerging Trends in Cellular Mobile Communication Technologies and Its Applications

Mobile communication is an application of technology. It allows you to communicate with other people in different places without using any physical connection like wires or cables. Mobile communication makes our life easier and it saves time and effort. Next-generation wireless e-health technologies are a new and emerging topic in telemedicine and tableware systems. These technologies use mobile telecommunication technologies to eliminate the major disadvantages of wires in existing systems and provide better access to healthcare workers on the go. These technologies are gaining access to medical records and specialist care. This overcomes the limitations that exist these days among various clients using such medical statistics. One of the best blessings for all users is the greener use of assets and greater area freedom. In this paper, we will discuss these emerging areas and the developments of the rule and their synthesis for m-health systems. We can even discuss modern-day and future strategies for imposing this gadget in key fitness care fields and key scientific contexts.