Cellular Diameter Research Articles

Performance benchmark of different cell clones in discontinuous and continuous bioprocesses reveals critical impact of cellular diameter

Therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies are usually manufactured either in continuous processes such as steady-state perfusion or in discontinuous processes like fed-batch (FB). Thereby, both process formats have fundamentally different requirements for the utilized cell factories. This poses a problem as common cell line development programs are designed to select cell clones to perform well in FB cultivation. The aim of this study was to identify critical and easy to access cell line attributes for each process format and with that for the transfer of clones from fed-batch to perfusion. As a result, increased cell-volume specific productivity could be identified as beneficial within the FB not only impacting performance but as well diminishing media utilization and host-cell-proteins level. Within the perfusion, a stable cell diameter was identified as major beneficial characteristic, positively influencing cell viability, metabolite and glycan profile, as well as equipment utilization. Consistent with this, our data suggest that the inclusion of cell volume in the screening parameters is important for clone selection for both process formats and can lead to improved process design and robust cell line process transfer. Overall, this work gives valuable new insights in cell behaviour across discontinuous and continuous process formats to improve clone cell selection for both process strategies and streamline the process transfer from discontinuous towards continuous.

The optimization of roll-bond cold plate based on Taguchi-grey theory for server chips thermal management

The roll-bond cold plate, an economical and straightforward electronics liquid cooling approach, is highly promising to address the increasing electronics chip thermal management challenges. However, the roll-bond cold plate with staggered cellular flow channels, while having a sizable solid-liquid contact area and high heat dissipation potential, suffers from inadequate temperature uniformity and fluidity. This study addresses flow and temperature uniformity issues in current roll-bond cold plates by proposing a design—Direct Liquid Cooling Roll-Bond Plates (DLCRBP) tailored for high-performance server architectures. To investigate how regional combination, cellular diameter, and longitudinal spacing affect both thermal and flow performance, orthogonal experiments with diverse flow channel structures were conducted using the Taguchi-grey theory. COMSOL-based numerical simulation were used to analyze these experiment conditions. Multi-objective optimization, considering pressure drop, heat source temperature uniformity, and coolant temperature difference, was then performed using the grey correlation method. The optimized DLCRBP (A3B5C1) was fabricated, and its performance was compared with the staggered cellular DLCRBP (SCS), which is the control group without optimization, under various inlet flow velocities, heat source powers, and coolant inlet temperatures. Experimental comparisons illustrate that the optimized structure ensures outstanding temperature uniformity even at low inlet flow velocities. Specifically, at an inlet flow velocity of 0.2 m/s, the average and maximum temperature differences on the heat source's upper surface are 36.5 % and 75.3 % lower, respectively, compared to pre-optimization levels. Furthermore, A3B5C1's temperature uniformity improves with higher coolant inlet flow velocity and lower coolant inlet temperatures. At a coolant inlet flow velocity of 0.5 m/s or higher, A3B5C1 sustains the surface temperature of a 600 W chip below the thermal design's safe temperature of 77.8 °C, highlighting its enhanced performance.

Psychometric and cytomorphometric analysis of dental phobia in pediatric patients: Association between anxiety and cellular structure

ABSTRACT Background: Children frequently experience negative feelings, such as dental fear or anxiety, as a result of the stress of receiving dental care. Extremely anxious individuals resist therapy or completely avoid it, which exacerbates oral and other health issues. Aim: The goal of this study was to examine the cytomorphometric responses toward dental interventions and their potential interplay with psychometric indices of anxiety levels and previous dental experience, specifically anesthesia, and how they varied before and after the treatment in children. Materials and Methods: On informed consent, buccal mucosal samples were obtained from 20 children (33% males and females 67%) in the pediatric dentistry clinic before treatment and immediately posttreatment. Dental anxiety was assessed through specific questionnaires (Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale faces version) completed by the children. Results: On the cellular level: Cellular diameter (CD), nuclear diameter (ND), nuclear area (NA), and cellular area (CA) were assessed (Magnus Pro software and hematoxylin and eosin staining) while scores from the questionnaire established anxiety levels. Compared to pretreatment, mean CD, CA, and NA were decreased following treatment, while ND was higher at the recall. Dental anxiety questionnaire scores were also significantly correlated with each other which turned out to be positive. Conclusion: As a result, in response to environmental inputs, mitochondrial cells dynamically alter in terms of morphology and functionality. Chronic structural and functional variation in mitochondria can result in functional adjustments which were correlated by cytomorphometric and psychological investigation.

Remodeling of Cardiomyocytes: Study of Morphological Cellular Changes Preceding Symptomatic Ischemic Heart Failure.

Although major pathogenesis mechanisms of heart failure (HF) are well established, the significance of early (mal)adaptive structural changes of cardiomyocytes preceding symptomatic ischemic HF remains ambiguous. The aim of this study is to present the morphological characterization of changes in cardiomyocytes and their reorganization of intermediate filaments during remodeling preceding symptomatic ischemic HF in an adult human heart. A total of 84 myocardial tissue samples from middle-left heart ventricular segments were analyzed histomorphometrically and immunohistochemically, observing the cardiomyocyte's size, shape, and desmin expression changes in the remodeling process: Stage A of HF, Stage B of HF, and Stages C/D of HF groups (ACC/AHA classification). Values p < 0.05 were considered significant. The cellular length, diameter, and volume of Stage A of HF increased predominantly by the diameter vs. the control group (p < 0.001) and continued to increase in Stage B of HF in a similar pattern (p < 0.001), increasing even more in the C/D Stages of HF predominantly by length (p < 0.001). Desmin expression was increased in Stage A of HF vs. the control group (p < 0.001), whereas it was similar in Stages A and B of HF (p > 0.05), and most intense in Stages C/D of HF (p < 0.001). Significant morphological changes of cardiomyocytes and their cytoskeletal reorganization were observed during the earliest remodeling events preceding symptomatic ischemic HF.

RAS gene mutations and histomorphometric measurements in oral squamous cell carcinoma

ABSTRACT Members of the RAS gene family frequently are mutated in cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We investigated the correlation of histological characteristics of OSCC with RAS gene mutations. We graded tumors and extracted genomic DNA from OSCC. The first two exons of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS genes were subjected to PCR amplification and DNA sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis to explore the structural and functional impact of the mutations on encoding of proteins. Cellular and nuclear diameters in histological sections were varied in all grades of cancer. Using sequence analysis, we identified nonsynonymous mutations in both HRAS (G12S, G15C, D54H, Q61H, Q61L, E62D, E63D, Q70E, Q70V) and NRAS (Q22P, K88R). Stop codon mutations, however, were observed in KRAS. Spatial orientation of substituted amino acids was observed despite conservation of overall structure of variant proteins. Our findings suggest that KRAS may be mutated more frequently in OSCC compared to HRAS and NRAS. Also, the histological features of nuclear and cellular diameter differed significantly between the KRAS mutated and unmutated cases.

Cellular diameter in desquamated cells of smokeless tobacco users

Background: Tobacco-induced mucosal changes have been identified in exfoliated cells. The morphology of the exfoliated cells depends on the nature of the changes taking place in the epithelial layer; conversely, alteration in cytological pattern may be attributed to the changes occurring in the epithelial layer. Applying this possibility, exfoliative cytological techniques have been applied to examine the effect of tobacco on the oral mucosa. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to study the alterations in the cellular diameter of buccal mucosal cells. Materials and Methods: In a case controlled study, 240 participants were divided into four groups according to their habit of consumption of tobacco leaves, tobacco with areca nut, participants with oral lesions, and participants without any such habit. The groups were, further, subdivided according to their age. Desquamated cells from the buccal mucosa of were collected and smeared on a slide. The cells were stained with Papanicolou (rapid kit). Fifty cells per slide were studied and photomicrographs were obtained at ×40 magnification. The cellular diameter was obtained using the Leica 1000 software. Results: The mean cell diameter was found to be highest in the group of normal subjects (49.51±7.31 micron), followed by the group of tobacco users (43.52±1.92 micron) and Gutkha users (39.05±3.57 micron). The mean cell diameter was minimum (24.97±3.13 micron) in the group of oral lesion patients. According to the ANOVA test, the difference in cell diameter among various groups is found to be highly significant (P&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: Tobacco used in any form can induce changes in the buccal mucosa. In our study, mean cellular diameter decreased from normal-cells to cells affected by oral lesions.

Evaluation of the Cytonucleomorphometric Parameters for Cases Diagnosed as Squamous Cell Abnormality on Conventional Cervico-Vaginal Pap Smears.

The natural history of cervical cancer is unique that it is preceded by a precancerous condition for a long time. Morphometry as a tool can be used in early and accurate diagnosis of these precancerous and cancerous lesions. The present study aims at assessing the utility of cellular and nuclear morphometry in differentiating squamous cell abnormality from benign conditions and also differentiating the categories of squamous cell abnormalities. Forty-eight diagnosed cases of squamous epithelial cell abnormality, that is, 10 cases each of atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade SIL (HSIL), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and eight cases of ASC-H (ASC cannot exclude HSIL), were made the sample population and compared with a control population of 10 cases of negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM). Parameters like nuclear area (NA), nuclear perimeter (NP), nuclear diameter (ND), nuclear compactness (NC), cellular area (CA), cellular diameter (CD), cellular perimeter (CP), and nucleocytoplasmic (N/C) ratio were used. There was a significant difference in the six groups of squamous cell abnormality based on NA, NP, ND, CA, CP, and CD (P < 0.05) using one-way analysis of variance. Nuclear morphometry parameters like NA, NP, and ND were found to be the maximum for HSIL, followed by LSIL, ASC-H, ASC-US, SCC, and NILM groups in decreasing order. The mean CA, CP, and CD were found to be the maximum for NILM, followed by LSIL, ASC-US, HSIL, ASC-H, and SCC in decreasing order. On post hoc analysis, the lesions can be divided into three groups: NILM/normal; ASC-US and LSIL; and ASC-H, HSIL, and SCC, based on N/C ratio. In cervical lesions, holistic parameter of cytonucleomorphometry should be taken rather than taking nuclear morphometry only. N/C ratio is a highly statistically significant parameter that can differentiate between low-grade lesions and high-grade lesions.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Schistosomal Potential of Ginger-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Schistosoma mansoni: Histopathological, Ultrastructural, and Immunological Changes.

Chemotherapy is the most widely advocated method of Schistosome control. However, repeated chemotherapy leads to the emergence of drug-resistant Schistosoma strains. Therefore, efforts to find alternative drugs, especially those of natural origin, have risen globally. Nanoparticles (NPs) have received special interest as efficient drug delivery systems. This work aimed to investigate the anti-schistosomal potential of Zingiber officinale (ginger, Zingiberaceae)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GCsNPs) on Schistosoma mansoni experimentally infected mice that were exposed to 80 ± 10 cercariae/mouse. The study groups are: (G1) negative control; (G2) positive control; (G3) praziquantel in a dose of 500 mg/kg/day for two consecutive days; (G4) ginger in a dose of 500 mg/kg treated; (G5) chitosan nanoparticles in a dose 3 mg/kg (G6) GCsNPs in a dose 250 mg/kg; and (G7) GCsNPs in a dose 500 mg/kg. The anti-schistosome potential was assessed using histopathological scanning electron microscopically and immunological parameters. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in cellular granuloma count (p &lt; 0.05) and granuloma diameter (p &lt; 0.001) in all infected treated mice groups, in comparison to the infected non-treated group with the highest reduction in both G3 and G7. SEM of S. mansoni adult worm recovered from G3 showed mild edema of oral and ventral suckers with some peeling and blebs around them, while that recovered from G7 showed abnormal oedematous oral and retracted ventral sucker, edema of the tegument, rupture of many tubercles with vacuolation and complete loss of spines. All infected treated mice groups, in comparison to positive control G2, showed a significant reduction in IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α levels (p-value &lt; 0.001), especially groups G6 and G7 (p-value &lt; 0.05); both G6 and G7 values were nearer to the normal that indicated recovery of the liver tissue.

Comprehensive single-shot biophysical cytometry using simultaneous quantitative phase imaging and Brillouin spectroscopy

Single-cell analysis, or cytometry, is a ubiquitous tool in the biomedical sciences. Whereas most cytometers use fluorescent probes to ascertain the presence or absence of targeted molecules, biophysical parameters such as the cell density, refractive index, and viscosity are difficult to obtain. In this work, we combine two complementary techniques—quantitative phase imaging and Brillouin spectroscopy—into a label-free image cytometry platform capable of measuring more than a dozen biophysical properties of individual cells simultaneously. Using a geometric simplification linked to freshly plated cells, we can acquire the cellular diameter, volume, refractive index, mass density, non-aqueous mass, fluid volume, dry volume, the fractional water content of cells, both by mass and by volume, the Brillouin shift, Brillouin linewidth, longitudinal modulus, longitudinal viscosity, the loss modulus, and the loss tangent, all from a single acquisition, and with no assumptions of underlying parameters. Our methods are validated across three cell populations, including a control population of CHO-K1 cells, cells exposed to tubulin-disrupting nocodazole, and cells under hypoosmotic shock. Our system will unlock new avenues of research in biophysics, cell biology, and medicine.

Modified hollow glass microsphere isocyanate-based polyimide foam composite with improved mechanical and thermal insulation properties

In this work, hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were introduced into the polyimide matrix as an effective reinforcement filler to improve the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the polyimide foams (PIF). The HGM was surface-modified with the silane coupling agent to enhance the interfacial compatibility with PIF. Experimental results revealed that the average cellular diameter of PIF decreased obviously with the addition of the modified HGM (M-HGM). The apparent density of foams also increased from 15.85 to 18.34 kg/m3 when the M-HGM combination was changed from 0 to 12 percent (wt.%). Compared with the pure PIF, the composite foams added 8 wt.% M-HGM showed high compression strength (65 kPa) and compression modulus (1147 kPa), resulting in a distinct enhancement in mechanical properties. Furthermore, the addition of M-HGM filler also improved the thermal insulation performance of PIF, which exhibited the minimum thermal conductivity of 29.48 mW·m−1·K−1 with 8 wt.% M-HGM. Thus, considering the improved mechanical and insulation properties of the prepared PIF, it could be a promising candidate for the high temperature-resistant thermal insulating applications.

Polyamide foams prepared by solution foaming approach and their adsorption property towards bisphenol A

Solution foaming technique was adopted to fabricate polyamide-610 (PA610) foams, in which anhydrous formic acid and sodium carbonate were selected as the acid/base for performing neutralization reaction to in situ produce CO 2 working as foaming agent. The major affecting parameters were investigated to adjust the cellular structure and diameter distribution, such as controlling the polyamide concentration, the sodium carbonate concentration and mixing rate (the rate to add carbonate solution into polyamide-610 solution) to tune the generation rate of CO 2 . The best foaming parameters were determined as 16 wt% PA concentration and 7 wt% sodium carbonate concentration, while the mixing rate was 1 mL/min. The resulting foams were subjected to diverse characterizations. SEM micrographs show that the foams have hierarchical open cell structures. The foaming process has effects on crystallization of the foams, further affecting foams’ thermal performance. The adsorption capacities of the foams towards bisphenol A (BPA) were tested, and the maximum adsorption quantity can be up to 94.84 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm fits better with Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption of the foams towards BPA. The adsorption kinetic follows the pseudo-second order model. After 3 adsorption-desorption cycles, the foams still have medium adsorption level towards BPA. • PA610 foams were prepared by solution foaming based on acid/base reaction. • The foaming process has advantages, particular the mild preparation conditions. • Cellular structure was easily adjusted by tuning experimental parameters. • The foams have good adsorption capacity towards bisphenol A.

Male subfertility effects of sub-chronic ethanol exposure during stress in a rat model.

Stressful conditions increase alcohol consumption in men. Clinical studies link disruption of the neuroendocrine stress system with alcoholism, but the effect of alcohol in a stress condition on male fertility is still relatively poorly understood. This project was undertaken to evaluate the effect of sub-chronic alcohol in a stress condition on male fertility in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, a stress group that was exposed to restraint stress, an ethanol group that was injected with ethanol daily, and a stress+ethanol group that was injected with ethanol daily and was exposed to restraint stress, simultaneously. Furthermore, testis tissue was evaluated histomorphometrically and immunohistochemically for apoptosis using a TUNEL assay after 12 days. Epididymis sperm analysis was done. Blood cortisol and testosterone were measured and expression of hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1), RFRP-3, and MC4R mRNA were evaluated. Ethanol exposure during restraint stress did not alter body weight. Ethanol exposure decreased the cellular diameter and area, and stress increased the cellular diameter and area, in comparison with the control group. In the stress group, in comparison with the other groups, the number of seminiferous tubules decreased and the numerical density of seminiferous tubules increased. In addition, ethanol exposure and/or stress reduced semen analysis parameters (sperm viability and motility), but did not change serum testosterone concentrations. Apoptosis increased in spermatogonia with ethanol exposure, but spermatocytes were not affected. Our data present the novel finding that ethanol and stress reduced hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA expression, while ethanol exposure decreased hypothalamic RFRP-3 and MC4R mRNA expression. Ethanol decreased cortisol hormone level during the restraint stress condition and attenuated hypothalamic reproductive-related gene expressions. Therefore, ethanol exposure may induce reduction of sperm viability, increased sperm mortality, and increased apoptosis, with long-term effects, and may induce permanent male subfertility.

Shift in functional and morphological parameters of the Pacific oyster hemocytes after exposure to hypoxia

Bivalve mollusks are widely spread in shallow areas where they are subjected to fluctuations of dissolved oxygen concentration. The rapidly occurring hypoxia can represent a significant impact on bivalve immunity and functional status of the organism. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is an intensively cultivated introduced species in the Black Sea, which is poorly studied as a region for aquaculture. In this work the effect of 72 h hypoxia (2.1 mg O2L−1) on hemocyte functional parameters as well as immune markers of C. gigas were investigated. Hemolymph cellular composition, hemocyte proliferation level, mortality, and mitochondrial membrane potential, phagocytic capacity and spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated using flow cytometry and microscopy. Exposure to hypoxia significantly affected hemolymph cellular composition by increasing the number of agranulocytes. Granulocyte and hyalinocyte number did not change. After 72 h exposure period changes in hemocyte morphology and massive cell aggregation were observed on slides. Cellular and nuclear diameter of agranulocytes decreased upon exposure to hypoxia The non-stimulated production of ROS significantly decreased in all hemocyte types. Phagocytic activity, hemocyte proliferation and mortality level were not significantly influenced by oxygen deficiency. The results of the present work indicate a pronounced negative impact of 72 h hypoxia on physiological parameters of hemocytes, which, however, was not associated with a decrease of their immune capacity.

RETRACTED: Gas-foaming three-dimensional electrospun nanofiber scaffold improved three-dimensional cartilage regeneration

Repairing cartilage defect is always an intractable problem in joint surgery field. Tissue engineering, in the industry, is universally considered as a decent solution for overcoming this challenge. Especially the three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds play a significant role in cartilage repair. Thereinto, the electrospinning has become a very attractive method for the preparation of scaffolds. In recent years. However, these scaffolds are limited in terms of their three-dimensional (3D) applications due to their two-dimensional (2D) structure and pore size which are smaller than a cartilage cellular diameter and thus limit the cellular migration in these structures. To address this issue, this study will present an promising post electrospinning approach that can transform two-dimensional scaffolds into three-dimensional scaffolds via the way of insitu gas foaming within the pores of the nanofiber membranes as the driving force. Our previous study reported that agelatin/polycaprolactone (GT:PCL) ratio of 7:3 might be suitable for the cartilage regeneration [Zheng R, et al The influence of Gelatin/PCL ratio and 3D construct shape of electrospun membranes on cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials 2014;35:152-164]. Therefore, in the present experiment, we chose the above ratio (GT:PCL = 7:3) to realize two types of scaffolds (2D and 3D scaffolds) transition via the gas-foaming technique and investigated whether the three-dimensional structure was more conducive to cartilage regeneration than 2D.The experiment results have revealed that 3D scaffolds can achieve a larger pore size, higher porosity and higher biocompatibility than 2D scaffolds. In addition, both scaffolds which were implanted with chondrocytes all had formed mature cartilage-like tissues after 8 weeks of culturing in rabbits, and the 3D scaffold formed a three-dimensional structure, whereas the 2D scaffold only formed a thin layer of cartilage. As the macroscopic and histological results showed after 12 weeks postoperation, in the 2D scaffold group, the defect was full of fibrillar connective tissue, and as shown by HE staining, obviously there is no staining with Saf-O/FG and toluidine blue on the surface of repaired site. On the contrary, in the 3D scaffold group, homogeneous and mature cartilaginous tissue were found in the defect area. The defect was filled with numerous new chondrocytes, and the histologicalstaining revealed a large amount of regenerated cartilage tissue which was perfectly integrated with normal cartilage tissue. The results distinctly indicated that the 3D scaffold led to better cartilage repair effects than the 2D scaffold. Generally speaking, the current study demonstrated that a gas-foaming three-dimensional electrospun nanofiber scaffold would be a potential platform for cartilage regeneration and might provide a potential treatment option for repairing articular cartilage defects.

Cytomorphometric Evaluation of the Epithelial Cells of Buccal Mucosa in Smokeless Tobacco Users

Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) used in various formulations induces certain oral mucosal lesions commonly known as oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). The prevalence of transformation of OPMD to oral squamous cell carcinoma is high. Thus, early diagnosis and prompt intervention may prevent this progression and further malignant transformation. Aim and Objectives: We aimed to assess the effect of tobacco chewing on epithelial cells of buccal mucosa in SLT users using cytomorphometry. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 90 patients divided into three groups (A, B, and C). The comparison of the cellular diameter, nuclear diameter, and the nuclear–cellular diameter ratio of epithelial cells of buccal mucosa of control group (A) with tobacco chewing habit but no oral mucosal lesion (B) and tobacco chewing habits and oral mucosal premalignant lesions (C) was carried out. Results: Univariate analysis of variance showed a significant group effect for cellular diameter, nuclear diameter, and ratio of nuclear–cellular diameter. Multiple comparison tests by Tukey's honestly significant difference procedure revealed a significant decrease in the mean cellular diameter, increase in the nuclear diameter, and ratio of nuclear–cellular diameter. Conclusion: Cytomorphometric changes could be the earliest indicators of cellular alterations. There is a progressive decrease in cellular diameter, increase in nuclear diameter, and ratio of nuclear–cellular diameter in epithelial cells of buccal mucosa from all smokeless tobacco users, as compared to normal controls. This indicates that there could be cause–effect relationship between tobacco and quantitative alterations.

Mechanical and flame‐resistance properties of polyurethane‐imide foams with different‐sized expandable graphite

AbstractPolyurethane‐imide (PUI) composite foams with expandable graphite (EG) of different sizes were prepared by a polyimide prepolymer method. EG particles were treated with a silane coupling agent to improve compatibility with the foam. The effect of EG particle size on cell morphology, thermal degradation, flame‐resistance and mechanical properties of PUI foams was investigated. Results showed that the mean cellular diameter of foams with EG particle was much higher than that of foams with surface‐modified EG particle at the same filler loading. When filler particle diameter increased from 20 to 90 μm, the compressive strength, density and closed‐cell ratio of foams increased, and then decreased when filler particle diameter further increased from 90 to 150 μm. Thermal stability of foams increased with the increasing filler particle diameter from 20 to 50 μm, and decreased with the increasing filler particle diameter from 50 to 90 μm. The limited oxygen index (LOI) value of foams with surface‐modified EG increased from 24.8% to 32.1% when EG particle diameter was below 90 μm. Foams with surface‐modified EG exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame resistance than foams with neat EG at the same loading.

Metoprolol and bisoprolol ameliorate hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes induced by high glucose via the PKC/NF-κB/c-fos signaling pathway.

Hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus could increase the risk of diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, to the best of our knowledge, the underlying mechanism of this process is still not fully explored. Thus, developing ways to prevent hyperglycemia can be beneficial for diabetic patients. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of metoprolol and bisoprolol on the cardiomyocytic hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were cultured in two types of media: One with low glucose levels and one with high glucose levels. Cardiomyocytes cultured in high glucose were further treated with the following: A protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, an NF-κB inhibitor, metoprolol or bisoprolol. The pulsatile frequency, cellular diameter and surface area of cardiomyocytes were measured. Protein content and [3H]-leucine incorporation were determined, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) mRNA levels were calculated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, while the expression and activation of PKC-α, PKC-β2, NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and c-fos were detected by western blotting. Metoprolol or bisoprolol were also used in combination with PKC inhibitor or NF-κB inhibitor to determine whether the hypertrophic response would be attenuated to a lower extent compared with metroprolol or bisoprolol alone. Cardiomyocytes cultured in high glucose presented increased pulsatile frequency, cellular diameter, surface area, and protein content and synthesis, higher expression of ANP and β-MHC, and lower α-MHC expression. High glucose levels also upregulated the expression and activation of PKC-α, PKC-β2, NF-κB, TNF-α and c-fos. Metoprolol and bisoprolol partly reversed the above changes, while combined use of metoprolol or bisoprolol with PKC inhibitor or NF-κB inhibitor further ameliorated the hypertrophic response mentioned above to lower levels compared with using metroprolol or bisoprolol alone. In conclusion, metoprolol and bisoprolol could prevent hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes cultured in high glucose by the inhibition of the total and phospho-PKC-α, which could further influence the PKC-α/NF-κB/c-fos signaling pathway.

Histomorphological effect of celecoxib on cellular diameter of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney with protective effect of lycopene in albino rats; an experimental study.

Objectives: To observe the cellular diameter of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney of albino rats on celecoxib induced kidney with protection by lycopene. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: BMSI (Anatomy Department), JPMC, Karachi. Period: 4th May 2015 to 3rd June 2015. Materials and Methods: Ninety to one twenty days old, forty healthy adult, male Albino rats of 200-220gm were taken for the study. The rats were divided into 4 groups, Group A was control group, Group B receive Celecoxib 50 mg/kg body weight orally, Group C receive Celecoxib 50 mg/kg body weight orally along with lycopene50 mg/kg body weight orally and Group D receive lycopene 50 mg/kg body weight orally for 30 days. At the end of study rats were sacrificed and renal tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Markedly increased cellular diameter of proximal convoluted tubules was observed in rats taking celecoxib. Slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed altered and degenerative changes in the renal parenchyma of cortex and medulla. Ballooning of cells, hemorrhage and moderate edema was seen in celecoxib group. Renal interstitium showed infiltration of mononuclear cells, congested and dilated blood vessels. However, renal architecture was improved and reversed in celecoxib along with lycopene receiving group. Conclusion: This study concludes that lycopene decreased the cellular diameter of proximal convoluted tubules in celecoxib treated group.

Stem cells combined 3D electrospun nanofibrous and macrochannelled matrices: a preliminary approach in repair of rat cranial bones

Repair of cranial bone defects is an important problem in the clinical area. The use of scaffolds combined with stem cells has become a focus in the reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects. Electrospinning became a very attracting method in the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds in the last decade, due to the unique nanofibrous structure of the electrospun matrices. However, they have a limitation for three dimensional (3D) applications, due to their two-dimensional structure and pore size which is smaller than a cellular diameter which cannot allow cell migration within the structure. In this study, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) membranes were spirally wounded to prepare 3D matrices composed of nanofibers and macrochannels. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells were injected inside the scaffolds after the constructs were implanted in the cranial bone defects in rats. New bone formation, vascularisation and intramembranous ossification of the critical size calvarial defect were accelerated by using mesenchymal stem cells combined 3D spiral-wounded electrospun matrices.

Study of Strategies for Forming Stainless Steel Objects with Cellular Structures by Selective Laser Melting

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology, which exhibits high printing resolution capacity, in used in order to prepare objects with cellular structures corrosion-resistant steel (316L). Cellular structures are considered as promising elements for topological optimization with the aim of reducing weight and giving an object special properties. The effect is studied in this work of strategies for laser beam scanning on an object being formed with a cellular BCC structure of steel 03Kh16N15MZ during SLM in an SLM280 unit. It is shown that depending on production regimes for object preparation with these structures there are changes in cellular structure strut minimum diameter, nature and distribution of defects, and mechanical properties.