Cells Of Various Sizes Research Articles

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of palisading adenocarcinoma: The first cytology report of a newly described salivary gland neoplasm.

Here, we report the first cytology findings of the newly characterized entity, palisading adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland, diagnosed in the sublingual gland of a 61-year-old female. The liquid-based cytology showed a moderately cellular aspirate containing three-dimensional clusters and trabeculae of tumor cells of various sizes. The cells had dark ovoid nuclei, finely granular chromatin, inconspicuous to punctate nucleoli, and ample cyanophilic cytoplasm with indistinct cell borders. In conventional smears, the cells displayed frequent crush artifacts and anisonucleosis resembling endocrine-type atypia. The background was clean, devoid of secretions, and contained singly dispersed tumor cells with stripped nuclei. Interestingly, concentrically laminated globules of extracellular matrix surrounded by the tumor cells were identified. Mitotic figures and tumor necrotic debris were absent. The cytologic findings correlated with the histologic findings of the excision specimen. The cytologic differential diagnosis and tumor grading of palisading adenocarcinoma were briefly discussed.

A facile single-cell patterning strategy based on harbor-like microwell microfluidics

Single-cell analysis is an effective method for conducting comprehensive heterogeneity studies ranging from cell phenotype to gene expression. The ability to arrange different cells in a predetermined pattern at single-cell resolution has a wide range of applications in cell-based analysis and plays an important role in facilitating interdisciplinary research by researchers in various fields. Most existing microfluidic microwell chips is a simple and straightforward method, which typically use small-sized microwells to accommodate single cells. However, this method imposes certain limitations on cells of various sizes, and the single-cell capture efficiency is relatively low without the assistance of external forces. Moreover, the microwells limit the spatiotemporal resolution of reagent replacement, as well as cell-to-cell communication. In this study, we propose a new strategy to prepare a single-cell array on a planar microchannel based on microfluidic flip microwells chip platform with large apertures (50 μm), shallow channels (50 μm), and deep microwells (50 μm). The combination of three configuration characteristics contributes to multi-cell trapping and a single-cell array within microwells, while the subsequent chip flipping accomplishes the transfer of the single-cell array to the opposite planar microchannel for cells adherence and growth. Further assisted by protein coating of bovine serum albumin and fibronectin on different layers, the single-cell capture efficiency in microwells is achieved at 92.1% ± 1%, while ultimately 85% ± 3.4% on planar microchannel. To verify the microfluidic flip microwells chip platform, the real-time and heterogeneous study of calcium release and apoptosis behaviours of single cells is carried out. To our knowledge, this is the first time that high-efficiency single-cell acquisition has been accomplished using a circular-well chip design that combines shallow channel, large aperture and deep microwell together. The chip is effective in avoiding the shearing force of high flow rates on cells, and the large apertures better allows cells to sedimentation. Therefore, this strategy owns the advantages of easy preparation and user-friendliness, which is especially valuable for researchers from different fields.

Tunable viscoelastic size-based particle separation in straight microchannels with triangular cross-sections

In recent years, viscoelastic particle manipulation within microfluidic systems has received much attention due to the ease with which micron-sized objects may be maneuvered and isolated on the basis of size. While several factors, including both fluid and particle properties, regulate the precise locations and trajectories of micron-sized species flowing along a microchannel, the role of channel cross-section shape is critical, since it directly influences the fluid velocity profile and thus the direction and magnitude of hydrodynamic forces. It is therefore surprising that this parameter has not been comprehensively investigated for cell-based separations, especially since most viscoelastic microfluidic systems are only able to efficiently sperate cells over limited size ranges. To address this shortcoming, we present a viscoelastic microfluidic system integrating a triangular cross-section microchannel, for efficient and tunable size-based separations of micron-sized species. We find that particle focusing patterns can be controlled by simple variation of volumetric flow rates, which allows for the efficient separation of particles and cells of variable size. To showcase the efficacy of the approach, we present a size-based separation of various blood components, including white blood cells, platelets, and rare cells. By quantifying the number of particles collected at the outlets, we achieve recovery efficiencies of over 98%.

Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers with Micro-Hole Inter-Etch and Sealing Process on (111) Silicon Wafer.

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUTs) have gained significant popularity in the field of ultrasound ranging and medical imaging owing to their small size, low power consumption, and affordability. The scar-free "MIS" (micro-hole inter-etch and sealing) process, a novel bulk-silicon manufacturing technique, has been successfully developed for the fabrication of pressure sensors, flow sensors, and accelerometers. In this study, we utilize the MIS process to fabricate cavity diaphragm structures for PMUTs, resulting in the formation of a flat cavity diaphragm structure through anisotropic etching of (111) wafers in a 70 °C tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution. This study investigates the corrosion characteristics of the MIS technology on (111) silicon wafers, arranges micro-pores etched on bulk silicon around the desired cavity structure in a regular pattern, and takes into consideration the distance compensation for lateral corrosion, resulting in a fully connected cavity structure closely approximating an ortho-hexagonal shape. By utilizing a sputtering process to deposit metallic molybdenum as upper and lower electrodes, as well as piezoelectric materials above the cavity structure, we have successfully fabricated aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer arrays of various sizes and structures. The final hexagonal PMUT cells of various sizes that were fabricated achieved a maximum quality factor (Q) of 251 and a displacement sensitivity of 18.49 nm/V across a range of resonant frequencies from 6.28 MHz to 11.99 MHz. This fabrication design facilitates the achievement of IC-compatible and cost-effective mass production of PMUT array devices with high resonance frequencies.

Efficient broadband sound absorption exploiting rainbow labyrinthine metamaterials

In this work, we demonstrate in a proof of concept experiment the efficient noise absorption of a 3D printed panel designed with appropriately arranged space-coiling labyrinthine acoustic elementary cells of various sizes. The labyrinthine unit cells are analytically and numerically analysed to determine their absorption characteristics and then fabricated and experimentally tested in an impedance tube to verify the dependence of absorption characteristics on cell thickness and lateral size. The resonance frequency of the unit cell is seen to scale approximately linearly with respect to both thickness and lateral size in the considered range, enabling easy tunability of the working frequency. Using these data, a flat panel is designed and fabricated by arranging cells of different dimensions in a quasi-periodic lattice, exploiting the acoustic ‘rainbow’ effect, i.e. superimposing the frequency response of the different cells to generate a wider absorption spectrum, covering the target frequency range, chosen between 800 and 1400 Hz. The panel is thinner and more lightweight compared to traditional sound absorbing solutions and designed in modular form, so as to be applicable to different geometries. The performance of the panel is experimentally validated in a small-scale reverberation room, and an absorption close to ideal values is demonstrated at the desired frequencies of operation. Thus, this work suggests a design procedure for noise-mitigation panel solutions and provides experimental proof of the versatility and effectiveness of labyrinthine metamaterials for tunable mid- to low-frequency sound attenuation.

Intraoral lipoma with degenerative changes mimicking atypical lipomatous tumor: an immunohistochemical study

Lipomas are mesenchymal neoplasms relatively uncommon in the oral cavity. Lipomas can exhibit histopathological features mimicking atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT) or dysplastic lipoma (DL) in the presence of degenerative changes. Relevantly, immunohistochemistry assists in the correct diagnosis. Herein, we present the case of a 54-year-old male with a sessile nodule located on the dorsum of the tongue. The histopathological analysis showed a diffuse, non-circumscribed adipocytic proliferation constituted by cells of variable size containing cytoplasmic vacuoles and displaced nuclei, some resembling lipoblasts supported by fibrous connective tissue stroma. By immunohistochemistry, tumor cells were positive for vimentin, S100, FASN, CD10, and p16. Rb expression was intact. Moreover, CD34, p53, MDM2, and CDK4 were negative. After 2-year of follow-up, no alteration or recurrence was observed. In conclusion, MDM2, CDK4, p53, and Rb immunomarkers can be used reliably to differentiate benign lipoma with degenerative changes from ALT and DL.

Single Red Blood Cell Hydrodynamic Traps via the Generative Design.

This paper describes a generative design methodology for a micro hydrodynamic single-RBC (red blood cell) trap for applications in microfluidics-based single-cell analysis. One key challenge in single-cell microfluidic traps is to achieve desired through-slit flowrates to trap cells under implicit constraints. In this work, the cell-trapping design with validation from experimental data has been developed by the generative design methodology with an evolutionary algorithm. L-shaped trapping slits have been generated iteratively for the optimal geometries to trap living-cells suspended in flow channels. Without using the generative design, the slits have low flow velocities incapable of trapping single cells. After a search with 30,000 solutions, the optimized geometry was found to increase the through-slit velocities by 49%. Fabricated and experimentally tested prototypes have achieved 4 out of 4 trapping efficiency of RBCs. This evolutionary algorithm and trapping design can be applied to cells of various sizes.

Quad‐band circularly polarized super‐wideband MIMO antenna for wireless applications

In this article, a Super-wideband (2.6–22 GHz) two-elements multiple-input-multiple-output antenna (MIMO) is presented with a dimension of 49 × 54.5 × 1.6 mm3 on an FR-4 substrate. The antenna is also exhibited dual circular polarization (RHCP and LHCP) simultaneously at two separate ports at four frequencies of 5.2, 11.5, 14.66, and 16.75 GHz, which are extensively utilized for WLAN, X, and Ku-band applications. Four EBG cells of various sizes have been installed across the feed line to maintain the antenna's efficiency and control the specific absorption rate (SAR). The antenna has a minimum isolation of 17 dB (20 dB for the important portion) in Super-wideband (SWB) and excellent diversity performance. Simulated results of antenna-like return loss, isolation, and diversity parameters have also been verified experimentally, which are in the acceptable range. Also, the calculated maximum SAR at 10 g is 1.095 W/kg with the head voxel model at 3.5 GHz.

Effect of polydispersity on the dynamics of active Brownian particles.

We numerically study the dynamics and the phases of self-propelled disk-shaped particles of different sizes with soft repulsive potential in two dimensions. Size diversity is introduced by the polydispersity index (PDI) ε, which is the width of the uniform distribution of the particle's radius. The self-propulsion speed of the particles controls the activity v. We observe enhanced dynamics for large size diversity among the particles. We calculate the effective diffusion coefficient D_{eff} in the steady state. The system exhibits four distinct phases, jammed phase with small D_{eff} for small activity and liquid phase with enhanced D_{eff} for large activity. The number fluctuation is larger and smaller than the equilibrium limit in the liquid and jammed phases, respectively. Further, the jammed phase is of two types: solid jammed and liquid jammed for small and large PDI. Whereas the liquid phase is called motility induced phase separation (MIPS) liquid for small PDI and for large PDI, we find enhanced diffusivity and call it the pure liquid phase. The system is studied for three packing densities ϕ, and the response of the system for polydispersity is the same for all ϕ's. Our study can help understand the behavior of cells of various sizes in a tissue, artificial self-driven granular particles, or living organisms of different sizes in a dense environment.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА ПРАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ ІНТЕРПОЛЯЦІЇ ТОЧКОВИМ ПОЛІНОМОМ ГЕОМЕТРИЧНОЇ КОМПОЗИЦІЇ З КРАТНИМИ ТОЧКАМИ

The article shows the sequence of parameterization, along the coordinate axis, of the original discretely presented line (DPL) and is presented in general form by a point polynomial. Possible options for the appearance of multiple points are considered and the values of the parameters for these options are presented. It is indicated that with the appearance of multiple points on the DPL in the constituent elements of a point polynomial, uncertainties arise. It is proved that all these uncertainties are revealed, the limits of which, at the nodal points, are zero or one. It is shown that the uncertainties that arise with the appearance of multiple points on the DPC are not an obstacle to global interpolation using a point polynomial. That is, for any composition of three points, the construction and recording structure of a point polynomial remains unchanged. However, there are no restrictions on creating a composition of three points. This fact is proved in this article. A composite numerical matrix is presented in accordance with which conditional interpolation occurs. The elements of this compositional matrix are the values of the characteristic functions of the interpolant at the nodal points. It is shown that the elements of the compositional interpolation matrix do not change in the presence of any geometric composition of three points. Only the status of these elements can be changed. In one case, their values are accurate, and in the other, they can be the limit to which the value of the characteristic function of a point polynomial follows. Geometric modeling of volumetric objects of arbitrary shape requires the construction of its surface. Usually, the construction of surfaces is done by drawing a mesh on it. If a mesh is applied on the surface of a geometric body of an arbitrary shape, has a constant number of lines in the direct and transverse directions, then cells of various sizes, both large and very small, will appear. On large cells, the surface reproduction error will increase, and on small cells, the consumption of modeling resources will increase, and the efficiency and quality of modeling will decrease. Keywords: multiple points, geometric composition, compositional matrix, disclosure of uncertainties, point polynomial.

FPGA Implementation of Proficient 16-Tap FIR Filter Design Using Decision Tree Algorithm

Lately, channel is one of the key components in signal handling applications. Among different channels, Finite Impulse Response (FIR) channel is broadly utilized in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications for shifting/denoising. For enormous scope coordination (VLSI) execution of fixed-coefficient FIR channels, huge asset used customary multipliers that can be acknowledged by a solitary steady multiplication (SCM) and numerous consistent augmentations (MCM) square utilizing movement and include/take away tasks. For a proficient execution, a variable size apportioning approach is proposed in direct structure channel structure that devours less zone and 11% of decrease in basic way delay, 40% decrease of all out force utilization, 15% decrease of zone delay product(ADP), 52% decrease of vitality delay product(EDP), and 42% decrease of intensity territory product(PAP), on a normal, over the cutting edge techniques. In this paper, a state choice tree calculation is proposed to decrease unpredictability in channel tap cells of variable size apportioning approach. The proposed plot creates a choice tree to perform move and expansion/deduction and aggregation dependent on the consolidated SCM/MCM approach. This plan diminishes the quantity of postpone registers required for tab cells. The proposed snake design will be actualized in Xilinx Zed, Spartan and Virtex devices and Area, power and speed investigation will be performed.

FPGA Implementation of Proficient 16-Tap FIR Filter Design Using Decision Tree Algorithm

Lately, channel is one of the key components in signal handling applications. Among different channels, Finite Impulse Response (FIR) channel is broadly utilized in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications for shifting/denoising. For enormous scope coordination (VLSI) execution of fixed-coefficient FIR channels, huge asset used customary multipliers that can be acknowledged by a solitary steady multiplication (SCM) and numerous consistent augmentations (MCM) square utilizing movement and include/take away tasks. For a proficient execution, a variable size apportioning approach is proposed in direct structure channel structure that devours less zone and 11% of decrease in basic way delay, 40% decrease of all out force utilization, 15% decrease of zone delay product(ADP), 52% decrease of vitality delay product(EDP), and 42% decrease of intensity territory product(PAP), on a normal, over the cutting edge techniques. In this paper, a state choice tree calculation is proposed to decrease unpredictability in channel tap cells of variable size apportioning approach. The proposed plot creates a choice tree to perform move and expansion/deduction and aggregation dependent on the consolidated SCM/MCM approach. This plan diminishes the quantity of postpone registers required for tab cells. The proposed snake design will be actualized in Xilinx Zed, Spartan and Virtex devices and Area, power and speed investigation will be performed

Apoptotic Effects of Prunus persica (L) Batsch Leaves against Breast Cancer Cell Line (MDA-MB-231) and Cervical Cancer Cell Line (HeLa) In Vitro

Background: Apoptosis is a normal physiological phenomenon that plays a pivotal role during embryonic development, retention of tissue homeostasis and pathology. The experimental investigation of apoptotic processes is still challenging and routinely based on the assessment of molecular events like chromatin fragmentation and caspase enzyme activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the apoptosis inducing effect of the Methanol, aqueous and chloroform extracts of Prunus persica leaves.
 Methods: Different extracts were obtained by cold extraction process using Methanol, water and Chloroform as solvents. Crude extracts were screened for different phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins, sugars, saponins, and glycosides etc. The apoptotic effect of Prunus persica leaves was examined by DAPI staining assay against MDA-MB-231 (Human breast cancer cell line) and HeLa (Human cervical cancer cell line).
 Results: The results of the studies revealed that the Chloroform extract have tremendous apoptotic activity on MDA-MB-231 cells and methanolic extract have good apoptotic activity on HeLa cells. Nuclear morphological changes assessed by DAPI shows changes in morphology, apoptotic body formation, cell shrinkage, nuclei that were broken into discrete fragments and cell budding that resulted in cells of various sizes.
 Conclusion: The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins, Saponins, steroids and flavonoids. The Chloroform extract has shown more effectiveness and less toxicity against MDA-MB-231 and Methanol extract was more apoptotic against HeLa in comparison to others. The present findings clearly indicated that Prunus persica leaves showed dose dependant cytotoxicity.

Modeling of the Dimensional Dependence of NMR Isotope Shift in Xenon

Reduction of optical quantum sensors in size, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyroscopes, implies primarily downsizing of the working gas cell. This paper considers the dependence of isotope shift in the balanced scheme based on NMR in xenon isotopes on the dimensions of the gas cell. With this aim in view, an experimental and theoretical studies of the factors affecting the relaxation rate of xenon isotopes have been carried out. The proposed numerical model allows predicting the magnitude of the isotope shift for cells of various sizes with variations in their basic parameters, namely, temperature and pressure of the gas mixture. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, recommendations are given for optimizing the basic parameters of the gas cell by changing its dimensions.

(Invited) Nanostructured Materials for Higher Energy and Higher Power Lithium-Ion Batteries

Energy density and cost of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) based on conventional intercalation compounds are closely approaching their limits. The reliance of conventional cathodes on the use of toxic metals additionally endangers health and safety of miners in developing countries. Conversion-type active materials offer an opportunity to double energy stored in LIBs, reduce their cost by the same factor, and improve cell safety. These materials may be produced from safer, cheaper and globally available resources and contribute to accelerated adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Critically important for the adoption by LIB manufacturing industry, novel materials must serve as drop-in replacements and be fully compatible with existing electrode and cell assembling technologies. Their use should not require additional steps or modified procedures, which often increase production cost and most importantly induce highly-undesired safety or yield risks. As such, all the critical limitations of novel conversion-type materials (large volume changes, undesirable interactions with electrolyte, mechanical instability, slow ion transport, slow electron transport, etc.) should be resolved on the individual particle level via formation of nanocomposites. In order to enable sufficiently low synthesis cost, such nanocomposite particles should be produced using the low-cost bulk reactors and well-established powder production methodologies. Such a strategy enabled success of Sila Nanotechnologies, Inc. to develop and commercialize production of silicon (Si) - based anode materials that experience minimal volume changes and remarkable electrochemical stability during cycling in matched full cells of various sizes.

Daily and short-term application of joint movement for the prevention of infrapatellar fat pad atrophy due to immobilization.

[Purpose] To mobilize the knee joint during cast fixation and to determine whether infrapatellar fat pad changes can be prevented. [Materials and Methods] We randomly allocated Wistar rats into 3 groups as follows: normal group, raised in normal conditions (n=5); contracture group, immobilized with cast fixation (n=5); and prevention group, treated with joint movement during immobilization (n=5). We immobilized the right hindlimb using cast fixation. Joint movement in the prevention group was accomplished by repeatedly pulling the right hindlimb caudally and then returning the leg to the bent position for 10 minutes every day for 2 weeks. We used a metronome to maintain a constant speed, with one set lasting 2 seconds (1-second traction and 1-second return). [Results] The contracture group had adipose cells of various sizes and fibrosis in the infrapatellar fat pad. These changes were also found in milder forms in the prevention group. We found significant differences in the cross section of adipose cells and in knee extension restriction between the groups. [Conclusion] Promoting joint movement may not only have a therapeutic effect on adipose cells but also a preventative effect.

ON VOLUME DATA REDUCTION FOR LIDAR DATASETS

Abstract. This paper discusses a current issue for several experimental science disciplines, which is the Big Data Problem (BDP). This research study focused on light intensity and ranging (LiDAR) datasets, which are collected for modelling spatial features found on the surface of the earth. Currently, LiDAR datasets are known to be extremely redundant for many applications. Using a formula that allows for calculating the variance of the target-induced error (so-called T-error) caused by the discretisation and quantisation of a 3D surface as a criterion for the quantitative assessment of the fidelity of a model, the use of a Q-tree-based split of the surface is proposed for cells of various sizes depending on the fidelity requirements. A LiDAR dataset representing a 1 km x 1 km terrain surface tile using approximately 12 x 106 points was used during the experiments. The initial LiDAR dataset was used to produce a digital terrain model (DTM) at a 0.5 m x 0.5 m resolution, which was used as a reference model. Subsequently, the initial LiDAR dataset was decimated at various rates, and the resulting DTMs were compared with the reference model. The Q-tree based data structure was utilised to illustrate that the Q-tree approach allows for the production of DTMs at a ‘controlled’ fidelity with a considerable reduction in data volume.

Investigating the influence of cells with various geometric parameters on the air flow in the channel

This paper experimentally studies the gas flow structure in a longitudinal flow around a honeycomb surface with hexagonal cells of various sizes and depths. The measurements are carried out using the PIV system for the developed flow in a flat channel with the cross-section of 21 × 150 mm and the length of 1000 mm. The flow is visualized, and the velocity and turbulence components are measured in a smooth channel and in the presence of honeycomb surfaces. It has been shown that a boundary layer with high gradient of velocity and turbulent pulsations is formed near the honeycomb.

Regulating positioning and orientation of mitotic spindles via cell size and shape.

Proper location of the mitotic spindle is critical for chromosome segregation and the selection of the cell division plane. However, how mitotic spindles sense cell size and shape to regulate their own position and orientation is still largely unclear. To investigate this question systematically, we used a general model by considering chromosomes, microtubule dynamics, and forces of various molecular motors. Our results show that in cells of various sizes and shapes, spindles can always be centered and oriented along the long axis robustly in the absence of other specified mechanisms. We found that the characteristic time of positioning and orientation processes increases with cell size. Spindles sense the cell size mainly by the cortical force in small cells and by the cytoplasmic force in large cells. In addition to the cell size, the cell shape mainly influences the orientation process. We found that more slender cells have a faster orientation process, and the final orientation is not necessarily along the longest axis but is determined by the radial profile and the symmetry of the cell shape. Finally, our model also reproduces the separation and repositioning of the spindle poles during the anaphase. Therefore, our work provides a general tool for studying the mitotic spindle across the whole mitotic phase.

Single-cell gene variation analysis method for single gland.

Single-cell analysis of heterogeneity has become the cutting-edge technology for profound understandings of relationships between cell populations. At present, common methods used in single cellular genomic research are mainly microfluidic technologies (Fluidigm) or based on microwells, both requiring a uniform size of cells at the entrance. However, the size of cells in specific tissues can vary from type to type. To address this issue, we need to establish a method to identify genomic features of individual cells of different sizes. In this paper, we developed a robust method in the analysis of single cellular genomic mutations among gastric tissues. Briefly, the single gastric gland was isolated from the whole tissue, and further enzymatically digested into single cells of various sizes by trypsin. These single cells were then spread on the polyethylene naphthalene slides and selected by the laser microdissection method. Whole genome amplification (WGA) and capillary electrophoresis were performed subsequently to detect single cell microsatellite. This method enabled us to detect the existence of microsatellite instability (MSI) of each single cell within the intestinal metaplasia, and to carry out a flexible and fine analysis of single cells with different sizes in tissues and glands. This reliable and practical method is well performed in both low and high-throughput genome analysis when combined with cell labeling methods, thus providing a novel and highly flexible way to study tissue heterogeneity on the single cell scale.