Cells In Subcutaneous Tissue Research Articles

An investigation of the dose-dependent safety of bemiparin sodium: A cell culture study

Aim: Fibroblasts are common cells in subcutaneous tissue and they have an important role on healing process. Although patients who are receiving first-generation low molecular weight heparins are more likely to experience skin responses, there is no study evaluating the effect of bemiparin sodium on subcutaneous fibroblasts following administration. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of bemiparin sodium on fibroblast cell viability in cell culture model. Material and Methods: The L929 cells were incubated for 12 hours in 96-well culture dishes. Fresh medium containing different concentrations of bemiparin was added in five different concentrations (Dilution I: 3,500 IU; Dilution II: 1,750 IU; Dilution III: 875 IU; Dilution IV: 437.5 IU; Dilution V: 218.75 IU). A control group was established with drug-free culture medium. Cell viability analysis was performed after 48 hours of incubation by the standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The change in cell morphology was examined at each dilution by direct and acridine orange/propidium iodide staining. Results: The highest cytotoxic effect was observed in dilution I compared to the control group (p<0.05). There is a clear deviation from the fibroblastic morphology of the cells in dilution I. The cells have a round morphology with degeneration and nuclear condensation. Conclusion: Although it seems that high doses of bemiparin may have a negative effect on fibroblast cells in subcutaneous tissue, it can be considered that the cytotoxic effects of high concentrations of the drug at the application site will not be clinically significant due to using a single dose per day.

Histological Evaluation of Arthritis in Mice

Arthritis is one the almost commonly prevalent painful diseases which cause limit the movement of joints. This study conducts to investigate histological alterations resulted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-induced in mice and estimating the levels of some serum biomarkers including serum IL-6, CRP and RF. Totally, 30 were purchased, acclimated, and divided into two groups; control that injected distilled water, and arthritis that injected adjuvant (CFA). Post the 25th day of experiment, all study mice of both groups were subjected for collection of blood and right ankle joints. Serologically, the findings of IL-6, CRP and RF of arthritis group were elevated significantly when compare to control mice. Histologically, the findings observed in mice of control group were included the proliferation of chondrocytes of articular cartilage with moderate cellular and subchondral marrow space, infiltration few inflammatory cells in dermis, proliferation of chondrocytes in articular cartilage with absence of inflammatory reaction in synovial cavity, moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells in subcutaneous tissue, nearly normal articular cartilage with regular tidemark and absence of sclerosis in marrow spaces, regenerative articular cartilage and regular tidemark line with presence of very narrow distance between articular cartilage and marrow bone, and existence of normal bone trabeculae. In arthritis mice, there were an infiltration of inflammatory cells in subcutaneous tissues and dermis, marked increases in numbers of osteoclasts, sclerosis, regular tidemark and proliferation of chondrocytes, low amonunt of abscesses in subcutaneous tissue, thickness of bone trabeculae, fragments of bone, subchondral sclerosis, moderate distance between bone and articular cartilage. In conclussion, RA causes severe impacts on tissues of affected joints. Studying the mechanism of inhibition during different inflammatory process appear needed.

"MRI Distance Skin Subcutaneous Cell Tissue in Three Thoracic Segments Weight Reference for Children Aged 0 to Under 13 Years"

"MRI Distance Skin Subcutaneous Cell Tissue in Three Thoracic Segments Weight Reference for Children Aged 0 to Under 13 Years"

Use of Absorbable Suture in Subcutaneous Cell Tissue and Its Impact On The Reduction of Collections in Abdominal Surgical Wounds Experience At The University Hospital ‘’Dr. José Eleuterio González’’

Use of Absorbable Suture in Subcutaneous Cell Tissue and Its Impact On The Reduction of Collections in Abdominal Surgical Wounds Experience At The University Hospital ‘’Dr. José Eleuterio González’’

“Three-dimensional printed models used for personalized precision thoracic surgery"✰

Chest wall tumors are part of a heterogeneous group of lesions that can originate from bone tissue, subcutaneous cell tissue, or cartilage and may have a benign or malignant course. Within malignancies, we find those that invade the chest wall or those that produce metastases at this level.The creation of custom three-dimensional (3D) printed anatomical models, allows us to know the exact anatomy and facilitate the surgical planning.In this article, we present four cases were we used the 3D printing technology to make a surgical plan in patients who were to be intervened in our center.Our experience allows us to conclude that 3D printing could be a valid tool that can help plan and decide the surgical procedure in advance

Assessment of main complications of regional anesthesia recorded in an acute pain unit in a tertiary care university hospital: a retrospective cohort

BackgroundRegional anesthesia has been increasingly used. Despite its low number of complications, they are associated with relevant morbidity. This study aims to evaluate the incidence of complications after neuraxial block and peripheral nerve block. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted, and data related to patients submitted to neuraxial block and peripheral nerve block at a tertiary university hospital from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2017 were analyzed. ResultsFrom 10,838 patients referred to Acute Pain Unit, 1093(10.1%) had side effects or complications: 1039 (11.4%) submitted to neuraxial block and 54 (5.2%) to peripheral nerve block. The most common side effects after neuraxial block were sensory (48.5%) or motor deficits (11.8%), nausea or vomiting (17.5%) and pruritus (8.0%); The most common complications: 3 (0.03%) subcutaneous cell tissue hematoma, 3 (0.03%) epidural abscesses and 1 (0.01%) arachnoiditis. 204 of these patients presented sensory or motor deficits at hospital discharge and needed follow-up. Permanent peripheral nerve injury after neuraxial block had an incidence of 7.7:10,000 (0.08%). The most common side effects after peripheral nerve block were sensory deficits (52%) and 21 patients maintained follow-up due to symptoms persistence after hospital discharge. ConclusionAlthough we found similar incidences of side effects or even lower than those described, major complications after neuraxial block had a higher incidence, particularly epidural abscesses. Despite this, other serious complications, such as spinal hematoma and permanent peripheral nerve injury, are still rare.

English

Profound social changes that have occurred in recent decades in rural society have led to the abandonment of ethno veterinary practices and knowledge, traditionally used to treat and prevent animal diseases. The main objective of this ethno botanical work is to document the traditional veterinary uses of plants in the Montaña Palentina region (Palencia, Spain). The data obtained has been compiled through 139 semi-structured interviews, with a total of 187 people, of whom 97% were over 60 years old. The results of the study collect a total of 61 plant species with veterinary uses, belonging to 32 botanical families, with Asteraceae being the family with the highest representation in terms of number of species (13), and also in terms of number of records of use (72). There were a total of 202 records of use, distributed in 11 use categories, with the result that the treatment of diseases of the digestive system had the highest number of recorded uses at 56 (28% of the total), followed by skin and subcutaneous cell tissue uses at 44 (22% of the total). The plant species with the highest number of records of use was Gentiana lutea (33), divided between the cure and prevention of diseases of the digestive (20) and respiratory systems (8), and infectious and parasitic diseases (5). The study may help to preserve traditional ethno veterinary knowledge in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as promote studies that consider clinical herbal medicine in animal health care. Key words: Ethnoveterinary, veterinary herbal medicine, traditional knowledge, Palencia, Iberian Peninsula.

Linfedema penoscrotal primario, una entidad clínica inusual: reporte de un caso

Caso clínico: Masculino de 52 años a quien se diagnostica linfedema penoscrotal primario tardío gigante, que fue tratado con linfangiectomía más reconstrucción de los genitales. En su seguimiento de un año, no ha habido recurrencia de la enfermedad y se logra conservar la función sexual.
 Relevancia: El linfedema penoscrotal gigante es una condición patológica de muy baja incidencia, pero con alto impacto en la morbilidad; Se desencadena por la acumulación de líquido rico en proteínas en el tejido celular subcutáneo, que genera deformidad, pérdida de la función sexual e infecciones por repetición.
 Implicaciones clínicas: Esta entidad clínica condiciona deterioro de la calidad de vida en los pacientes, ya que provoca malestar para la deambulación y sobre todo produce deterioro de la función sexual.
 Discusión y conclusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico de esta afección representa actualmente la mejor opción terapéutica, ya que previene la progresión de la enfermedad, la deformidad y preserva la función. La mejor de las técnicas es la linfangiectomía más la reconstrucción de los genitales, la cual se describe en el presente caso con evolución favorable.

Skin and subcutaneous cell tissue bacterial infections in newborns

Bacterial skin infections are especially common in children of tropical regions, varying clinically from a process superficial (such as folliculitis), to a deeper infection (such as necrotizing fasciitis). Infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue are frequent reasons for medical consultations in primary health care services and hospitalization in pediatric patients. In neonates several factors confer an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections of the skin and its complications. Herein, we review essential aspects of the main bacterial skin infections in newborns and nurselings.

Biological Chemistry in Intermediate Lipid Metabolism Disorder

Any pathological process is accompanied by quantitative and qualitative changes in metabolism, which is the main form of life manifestation. Metabolism disorders (it is the permanent exchange of substances between the body and the environment) arise if the activity of the central nervous system is affected; the trophic function of the nervous system directs nutrition and metabolism. In this function, the coordinating role belongs to the central nervous system and is made by means of the endocrine glands. Lipids introduced into the body are digested mainly with the help of the pancreatic and intestinal juice and are resorbed through the walls of the small intestine. Even in the intestinal wall, the re-synthesis of fatty acids and glycerine fat occurs. A certain amount of neutral fat is probably resorbed without being split into fatty acids and glycerine. Fats are mainly resorbed through the lymphatic system, in part (about 30%) by means of the portal vein system; the entire fat emulsion penetrates into the blood and its main mass is deposited in certain fat deposits: the adipose subcutaneous cell tissue, the epiploon and the mesenterium of the abdominal cavity, as well as in the fatty layers of the various organs. In fat deposits, processes of lipid formation from carbohydrates and of transformation of higher fatty acids can occur. Lipids from fat deposits are subject to oxidation, especially at the liver level.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans en región perianal: estudio de un caso, revisión y actualización

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a low-grade sarcoma typically originating in the dermis but with local invasion of subcutaneous cell and muscle tissue. We report a case of perianal dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in a 41-year-old male complaining of anal pain and constipation. To date, only two cases of perianal dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans have been reported. The unusual location hinders surgical treatment. The characteristic translocation t(17;22)(q22;q13) leading to the formation of COL1A1/PDGFβ fusion transcripts is not only of diagnostic value but also enables an alternative imatinib-based therapy in inoperable or metastatic cases. The pertinent literature is reviewed.

Nevo lipomatoso cutáneo superficial. Comunicación de 4 casos incluyendo una presentación inusual asociada a lipoma gigante y lipomatosis difusa

Nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis is a rare, hamartomatous disorder, characterized by the presence of ectopic mature adipose tissue within the superficial dermis. Lesions occur within the first three decades of life. We report four new cases, including a patient with the most extensive affectation reported to date, which was associated with massive lipomas in the subcutaneous cell tissue and diffuse lipomatosis. To our knowledge, it is the first report of this disorder in Cuba.

Retiform purpura caused by the use of cocaine, that was probably adulterated with levamisole.

Dear Editor: Retiform purpura is a dermatological condition characterized by reticulated, stellate, or serpentine shaped purple lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. New, multiple cases of retiform purpura after the use of levamisole adulterated cocaine have been reported. Levamisole is an anthelmintic drug with immunomodulatory and immunostimulating properties. It has been used in humans to treat rheumatoid arthritis, cancer of the colon and nephritic syndrome in children. It was withdrawn from use in the United States in 2000 because of the risk of agranulocytosis1. We report the case of a 52-year-old woman receiving treatment with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. Two days after consuming cocaine, she developed painful skin lesions with arthralgia on both wrists. Physical examination revealed plaques and papules infiltrated to touch, purpuric on the edges and necrotic in the center, with reticular and stellate lesions on both cheeks, the tip of the nose, outer left ear, and lower limbs (Fig. 1). Biopsy revealed thrombotic vasculopathy of the small and medium blood vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous cell tissue (Fig. 2). Blood tests revealed leukopenia, neutropenia, and lymphopenia. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA, titer 1 : 1.280) in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCAs) against myeloperoxidase with a p-ANCA pattern (titer, >100 [0~5]), and ANCAs against proteinase 3 with a c-ANCA pattern (titer, 6.8 [0~5]) were also found. Hypocomplementemia of C3 was detected. The tests for thrombosis and coagulation, serology, cryoglobulins and antiphospholipid antibodies were normal or negative. Cocaine was detected in the urine sample. The results of chest radiography and urine sediment test were normal. A diagnosis of retiform purpura resulting from the use of cocaine, that was probably adulterated with levamisole was made. She was prescribed with low dose oral prednisone. The hematological symptoms cleared 5 days later, after one month, the skin lesions had healed without sequelae. Fig. 1 (A) A reticular plaque with purpuric edges and necrotic center on the left cheek. (B) Reticular and stellate plaques with purpuric edges and necrotic center on low limbs. Fig. 2 Hematoxylin-eosin staining image (×10) showing thrombotic vasculopathy of the small and medium blood vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous cell tissue. Levamisole is currently only used in veterinary medicine as an anthelmintic; however, it has recently begun to be used as an adulterant in cocaine in many countries, including Spain2. Levamisole poisoning should be suspected in the case of a young patient presenting bilateral cutaneous necrosis on the earlobes, cheeks, or nose, that may be accompanied with retiform purpura lesions, primarily on the legs3. There may also be signs of arthralgia, fatigue, and general malaise. In the literature, some cases showing convulsions, kidney failure, or pulmonary haemorrhage have also been reported. The most common alterations in laboratory tests are neutropenia, a p-ANCA pattern, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. More specific immune markers include antielastase antibodies. However, to confirm the diagnosis, levamisole detection in urine by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is required. However, most of the reported cases, including ours, are unconfirmed. This is because of the unavailability of testing techniques4 and the short half-life of levamisole (5.5~6 h)5. Two histological patterns have been documented: leukocytoclastic vasculitis and thrombotic vasculopathy. In most patients, skin lesions resolve spontaneously 2~3 weeks after stopping levamisole. However, the serological alterations may persist for up to 14 months3.

Analysis of subcutaneous and visceral fat after gastric balloon treatment.

Background and Objectives:This project is a continuation of a larger project entitled “Treatment with intragastric balloon (IGB) in patients with overweight and obesity in Recife” developed by Professor Dr. Gustavo Lopes de Carvalho. It is a project studying the effectiveness of treatment with IGB evaluating the loss of weight and body mass index and its impact on blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions. It also assesses the lifestyle of patients studying whether treatment with IGB interferes in smoking, alcohol consumption, eating habits and physical exercises performed by patients.The present study added a larger project, the separate evaluation of the different types of abdominal fat—visceral fat and subcutaneous cell tissue fat — and was conducted to discover which of the 2 types of fat undergoes the greater reduction after IGB treatment. To measure these 2 types of fat, we used the ultrasonography technique, because it has been shown to be accurate and noninvasive.Methods:Twenty-five patients were evaluated before and after 6 months of IGB treatment.Results:The patients' ages ranged from 20 to 61 years, with 60% being 40 years of age or older. The majority (72%) were women. All variables (weight, body mass index [BMI], VF, and SCTF) showed a significant reduction (P < .05) in mean values after treatment. The difference was highest in the SCTF (17.5%) and ranged from an 11.4% to an 11.6% reduction in all other variables. The average loss of SCTF was highest among the patients who had lost up to 10.0% of their initial weight (19.2% for the ≤10.0% group vs 15.9% for the >10.0% group); however, the difference was not significant (P = .66). The average loss of VF was higher in the subgroup of patients who had lost >10.0% of their initial weight (16.2% vs 6.3%; P = .003). The Pearson correlation between the reductions in SCTF vs VF was negative, low, and nonsignificant (−0.17; P = .41).Conclusions:After 6 months of IGB treatment, there was no significant difference between the reduction in abdominal SCTF and VF, but the results signify a possible correlation between the percentage of body weight loss and the type of abdominal fat reduced, as the impact on the VF was higher when the patients lost >10.0% of their initial weight.

Tumor testicular bilateral, tipo linfoma no Hodgkin de células T/NK extranasal

Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasia characterized by the proliferation of cells native to the lymphatic system. It makes up 1 % to 9 % of testicular neoplasia. Bilateral testicular tumor presentation was first described by Aberhouse in 1955. Extranodal nasal-type natural killer (NK) lymphoma is the most frequent variant of non-Hodgkin's tumors and presents with extensive vascular destruction and necrosis; the most common extranodal site is the upper respiratory system. It is characterized by poor outcome and systemic dissemination and does not respond well to current treatments.A 45-year-old man presented with bilateral increased testicular volume of 6-month progression, having received multiple treatments. Testicular ultrasound and abdominal computed tomography scan revealed increased testicular volume, retroperitoneal metastasis, and metastasis to the subcutaneous cell tissue. Tumor markers were negative. Right radical orchiectomy and biopsy of the left testis were performed. The definitive histopathologic diagnosis was extranasal- type NK/T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The patient was referred to the Hematology Service and chemotherapy and hormone replacement treatment were begun.This tumor represents 1 % of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and 5 % of testicular masses. Mean presentation age is 50 years and there is a higher incidence in Asia and South America. Twenty percent of the cases affect areas outside of the nasal cavity. There is no staging classification for this disease. Five-year survival is 60 % and 17 % for disseminated disease. None of the current treatments (orchiectomy, chemotherapy and/or chemo-radiotherapy) are considered the criterion standard.

Sonographic evaluation of visceral and subcutaneous fat in obese children.

ObjectiveTo evaluate sonographic measurements of visceral and subcutaneous fat in children, and to investigate the usefulness of preperitoneal fat (PF) and the abdominal wall fat index (AFI) as parameters to determine visceral fat and presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children.Materials and MethodsA case-control study of a sample including 44 children (22 cases and 22 controls) matched by sex and age. The Student t test and the Fisher exact test were utilized in the descriptive and bivariate analysis.ResultsThe sonographic parameters evaluated - subcutaneous cell tissue, PF and intraperitoneal fat, and NAFLD - presented high statistical association with body mass index. NAFLD was observed in eight obese patients (36.36%), and PF and AFI were the variables with highest statistical significance, with p < 0.0001.ConclusionUltrasonography is useful tool in the differentiation and quantification of visceral and subcutaneous fat in children. The measures of PF and AFI are useful in the assessment of visceral fat and NAFLD in obese children.

Protocolo terapéutico de las infecciones primarias de piel y partes blandas

Skin and soft tissue infections constitute a wide assortment of clinical conditions that affect the skin, subcutaneous cell tissue and muscle, with a spectrum that extends from banal processes to life-threatening conditions. These infections are commonly bacterial, with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. and anaerobic bacteria the most frequently involved microorganisms. Two fundamental categories have been assigned in terms of the anatomical location: superficial and deep. The infections are also classified according to whether they affect the fascia and the muscle compartments and according to severity in simple (cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo and pyomyositis) and complicated or necrotizing infections (cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis). The objective of the following protocol is to describe each of these entities and review the recommendations for their diagnosis and management.

Disseminated cryptococcosis with widespread necrotizing fasciitis and cryptococcemia occurring in an immunosuppressed patient.

Dear Editor: Cryptococcosis is an unusual opportunistic infection, and is characterized by a high mortality rate, especially among those with cryptococcaemia1. Cryptococcal skin lesions are often polymorphous in appearance. However, widespread cutaneous lesions and necrotizing fasciitis (NF) have rarely been reported. Here, we present a case of disseminated cryptococcosis with widespread cutaneous lesions, NF and cryptococcemia, occurring in an immunosuppressed patient. A 41-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital, with a history of skin necrosis on the right lower limb and high fever for 17 days, and erythemas, indurations, and abscesses on the other three limbs for 14 days. She was diagnosed as NF in another hospital, and treated with meropenem empirically, but without noticeable effect. She suffered from chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic renal insufficiency, and was receiving maintenance immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone (30 mg/d). On examination, black necrotic skin, bare subcutaneous tissue and multiple abscesses, mainly situated on the right leg, were the most obvious clinical manifestation (Fig. 1). Multiple erythemas, indurations and abscesses could be found on the other three limbs. Chest x-ray demonstrated bilateral infiltration in the lung, with pleural effusion on the right. Incision and drainage of the abscess were performed immediately, and thorough surgical debridement was performed 3 days later. On the 7th hospital day, pathological examination reported encapsulated yeast in subcutaneous tissue, suggesting Cryptococcus neoformans (Fig. 2). This was also isolated and identified (VITEK 2-compact) from blood, and the wound. A follow-up culture of cerebrospinal fluid was negative. When the definite diagnosis of disseminated cryptococcosis, cryptococcemia, cryptococcal NF, bilateral pulmonary infection and renal failure had been established, intravenous fluconazole (400 mg daily) was initiated. This dosage of fluconazole was continued for one month, and was then reduced by half, for another month. An oral maintenance dose was then given, for a further 4 months. She was discharged 54 days after admission, with her wounds completely closed with razor-thickness skin grafts. Fig. 1 Black necrotic skin, bare subcutaneous tissue and multiple abscesses on right leg. Fig. 2 (A) H&E staining of the subcutaneous tissue (%400). (B) Periodic acid-schiff staining of the yeast cells in subcutaneous tissue (%400). (C) Electron microscope image of encapsulated cells of Cryptococcus neoformans (%5,000). Cutaneous dissemination occurs in approximately 10% of cases with cryptococcosis2. Most patients with cutaneous involvement have lesions, consisting of ecchymosis, papules, nodules, vesicles, ulcers, abscesses, and very rarely, NF3,4. The patients with cryptococcal NF are usually treated empirically for a presumed bacterial infection, without response, as in the present case. C. neoformans can be isolated from blood cultures in 10% to 30% of patients with cryptococcosis1. Previous studies of patients with cryptococcemia have shown a high mortality rate, which was reported to be between 31% and 41%1,5. Cryptococcaemia signifies a fulminant form of cryptococcal disease, and requires early diagnosis, and prompt antifungal therapy. Antifungal therapy is the cornerstone to treat disseminated cryptococcosis and cryptococcemia. However, for NF, and serious, large areas of cutaneous infections, surgical treatment is indispensable. Thorough debridement and drainage, reducing the chance of hematogenous spread, and preventing muscle necrosis, sepsis and death, were one of the keys to cure the patient. This report highlights the need to recognize this rare infectious disease and its clinical manifestations, especially among those patients who are receiving treatments that produce a state of immunosuppression.

Microbiological, Histological, Immunological, and Toxin Response to Antibiotic Treatment in the Mouse Model of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease

Mycobacterium ulcerans infection causes a neglected tropical disease known as Buruli ulcer that is now found in poor rural areas of West Africa in numbers that sometimes exceed those reported for another significant mycobacterial disease, leprosy, caused by M. leprae. Unique among mycobacterial diseases, M. ulcerans produces a plasmid-encoded toxin called mycolactone (ML), which is the principal virulence factor and destroys fat cells in subcutaneous tissue. Disease is typically first manifested by the appearance of a nodule that eventually ulcerates and the lesions may continue to spread over limbs or occasionally the trunk. The current standard treatment is 8 weeks of daily rifampin and injections of streptomycin (RS). The treatment kills bacilli and wounds gradually heal. Whether RS treatment actually stops mycolactone production before killing bacilli has been suggested by histopathological analyses of patient lesions. Using a mouse footpad model of M. ulcerans infection where the time of infection and development of lesions can be followed in a controlled manner before and after antibiotic treatment, we have evaluated the progress of infection by assessing bacterial numbers, mycolactone production, the immune response, and lesion histopathology at regular intervals after infection and after antibiotic therapy. We found that RS treatment rapidly reduced gross lesions, bacterial numbers, and ML production as assessed by cytotoxicity assays and mass spectrometric analysis. Histopathological analysis revealed that RS treatment maintained the association of the bacilli with (or within) host cells where they were destroyed whereas lack of treatment resulted in extracellular infection, destruction of host cells, and ultimately lesion ulceration. We propose that RS treatment promotes healing in the host by blocking mycolactone production, which favors the survival of host cells, and by killing M. ulcerans bacilli.

Possible Migration and Histopathological Analysis of Injections of Polymethylmethacrylate in Wistar Rats

Objective. To evaluate the possible migration of polymethylmethacrylate after injections in various corporal compartments of Wistar rats. Methods. The experimental work consisted in the injection of PMMA in corporal compartments for later histopathological analysis of the locations of implants and of distant filtering organs. The dose applied in each implant was of 0.2 mL. The animals were divided into groups according to the location of the implant realized: group GB had intradermic injections in the glabella. Group SD had subdermal injections in dorsal subcutaneous tissue cells. Group IP had intraperitoneal injections in the abdomen. Group PD had intramuscular injections in the right rear leg. The rats were sacrificed 30 days after realization of the implants and tissue samples from the lung, liver, spleen, and kidney, and locations of implantation were removed for histopathological analysis. Results. Characteristic microspheres that were compatible with the presence of PMMA in any of the histological slides analyzed were not observed. One animal had an amorphous exogenous substance, with a histiocytic reaction. Twelve of the 16 lungs analyzed had locations of intraalveolar hemorrhaging. Two animals had nonspecific spleen alterations. Conclusion. The histopathological analysis of this study found no PMMA microspheres in any of the tissues analyzed.