Cells In Antrum Research Articles

Quantitative and Topographic Analysis by Immunohistochemical Expression of Ghrelin Gastric Cells in Patients with Morbid Obesity.

PurposeThe cellular distribution of ghrelin positive cells is not well defined. The aim of the study is to quantify and determine the distribution of ghrelin cells in gastric mucosa in patients with morbid obesity and relate this finding to gender, comorbidities, gastritis, and plasmatic levels of acyl and desacylghrelin before and after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.Patient and MethodsWe performed a study on 61 patients with BMI≥50 kg/m2 operated by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Three gastric regions were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistology. Blood sample was taken before surgery, and at 6 and 12 months post-surgery, to study the plasma levels of ghrelin isoforms.ResultsGhrelin cells are present in all regions of the gastric mucosa, with a greater number in the body and the fundus. Difference was found in the antrum between male and female patients (p=0.018). Patients with arterial hypertension also showed a lower level of cells in antrum (p<0.05). Acylghrelin levels after surgery were significantly lower (32.83+5.6 pg/mL to 10.09+11.8 pg/mL, p<0.05). Values of desacylghrelin tended to decrease but no significant variation was observed (207.4+39.3 pg/mL to 188.84+52.3 pg/mL).ConclusionOur patients show ghrelin cells in all areas of the stomach. Gender, comorbidities, and gastritis are determinant on gastric ghrelin-producing cells distribution.

Abstract 919: Identification of stem cells in stomach corpus and antrum

Abstract Gastric cancer is still relatively poorly understood, because of the lack of knowledge on stem cells in stomach. By radio-labeling experiments and electron microscopy, rapidly proliferating stem cells have been suggested in isthmus of both corpus (which is just below pit cell zone) and antrum (which is a quarter above the base) (1). In addition, there have been reports indicating the proliferation capacity under certain conditions in a subset of chief cells present at the base in corpus (2). We reported earlier that 270 bp Runx1 enhancer element (termed aR1) that drives the expression of Runx1 in hematopoietic stem cells (3). We found that eR1 also marks the cells in these three locations of stomach (4). In antrum, the stem cell marker, Lgr5, has been reported to mark the cells at the base of antrum but not in corpus (5). eR1+ and Lgr5+ stem cell in antrum appears to be different. It will be interesting to find out the difference between these two types of stem cells. Transgenic mouse was generated that harbors eR1 linked to heterologous promoter and Cre recombinase (eR1-CreERT2). By treating the mouse with tamoxifen, we showed lineage tracing from eR1+ cells in the isthmus of both corpus and antrum that replenish entire glands. We expressed K-rasG12D in eR1+ cells in isthmus and observed antralization of corpus epithelium that is similar to precancerous lesion in human stomach after H pylori infection. On the other hand, eR1+ chief cells rarely multiply. However, they robustly proliferate after tissue damage or oncogene expression. When K-rasG12D is activated in eR1+ chief cells, they show retrodifferentiation to show SPEM (spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia) phenotype. eR1+ chief cells appear to be reserve stem cells that can replace cells after tissue damage. We now have capability to activate or inactivate genes of interest in the stomach stem cells. We are examining stepwise carcinogenesis in stomach. From eR1+ cells in isthmus of both corpus and antrum, we are generating organoids. We will describe interesting difference in the properties of organoids generated from eR1+ cells from corpus and those from antrum. &amp;lt;Reference&amp;gt; (1) Karam and Leblond., The Anatomical Record 1993; 236: 259-273. (2) Goldenring et al., Gastroenterology 2011; 138: 2207-2210. (3) Ng et al., Stem Cells 2010; 28: 1869-81. (4) Matsuo et al., Gastroenterology 2016; PMID: 27670082. (5) Barker et al., Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6: 25-36. Citation Format: Junichi Matsuo, Akihiro Yamamura, Khay Guan Yeoh, Motomi Osato, Yoshiaki Ito. Identification of stem cells in stomach corpus and antrum [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 919. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-919

Helicobacter Increase Instability Genome in Mucous Cells of Antrum of Stomach Mucous in People, Who Lives in Radiation Contaminated Areas

The research of degree of incidence of genomic changes (of micronuclei) in mucous cells of gastric superficial-foveolar epithelium in contaminated and not contaminated mucous of stomach was made. Histopathological research of micronuclei and helicobacter was made in gastric biopsy specimen of patients with diagnosis-chronical gastritis (ICD-10K29.3) in group of patients who lived in radiation contaminated areas and in groups of people, who had no factors of radiation influence in anamnesis. People, who lived in the radiation contaminated areas, whose mucous was infected by Helicobacter pylori, had the highest frequency of mucous cells with micronuclei. In the group of patients from radiation contaminated areas with HP-associated gastritis frequency of appearance of mucous cells with micronucleus in the mucous of stomach have five time more, than patients, whose mucous of stomach was not infected (p Helicobacter pylori can success in mutagenic effect of radiation factor.

Russell Body Gastritis in a Patient with Recurrent Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Purpose: 70-year-old male with a history of two episodes of massive recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding presented for follow up endoscopy 6 months later for a evaluation of abdominal discomfort. His prior endoscopy showed discrete ulcer in the antrum with raised edge, with a slight erythema at the periphery. By endoscopic ultrasound this was superficial. This was thought to be likely the site of the UGIB and two clips were placed at the site of the ulceration to prevent of future bleeding at that time. Biopsy from the antral mucosa showed evidence of chronic gastritis and Giemsa stain showed rare H. Pylori microorganisms. Follow up endoscopy showed persistence of the antral nodule noted on previous endoscopy and was thought to be the site of the first episode of the UGIB. No ulcer was noted at this time. The biopsy revealed localized accumulation numerous Russell bodies. Although acute and chronic inflammation of moderate severity was noted in the gastric mucosa, no H. pylori was identified on this follow up biopsy. However, there was a marked widespread stromal infiltration with plasma cells in the gastric antrum. These plasma cells contained numerous large eosinophilic inclusion bodies, which have been classified as ‘Russell’ bodies. Because of the Russell-body-containing plasma cells in the antrum, the gastritis has been classified as Russell body gastritis. Modified Giemsa stain of biopsy samples and stool test for H. pylori was negative. To further define the nature of the infiltrating and Russell-body-containing plasma cells and to exclude a lymphoproliferative disorder, immunohistologic analysis was carried out. Immunoreactivity against CD79a, CD20 was not increased, while anti-kappa light chain and anti-lambda light chain immunoreactivity showed strong signals, altogether suggesting no lympho-proliferative disorder. Further, routine laboratory studies including routine hematology and serum chemistry was unremarkable. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis was normal. Patient was prescribed with oral omeprazole 40 mg/day with good relief in his symptoms. At one year follow up in the outpatient clinic patient was doing well without any further episode of UGIB.

The Role of Proteins in Apoptosis of Somatic and Germ Cells in the Mouse Ovary

Summary In this study, to determine the mechanisms of cell death in developing follicles, we investigated whether expression of Bcl-2, p53 and Bax play a role throughout the growth of follicles in the mice. Ovarian tissues and oocytes were obtained from 30 Mus Musculus type mouse. The immunostaining of ovarian tissue sections and oocytes was performed using anti-Bcl-2, anti-Bax and anti-p53 antibodies and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfrase (TdT) assay (TUNEL) were also used for detection of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In ovarian tissue section evaluation, granulosa cells in antrum of secondary and Graaf follicles were positive with TUNEL staining. Immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was moderate in primary and secondary follicles of granulosa cells. While immunostaining of p53 was moderate in granulosa cells of Graaf follicles, Bax immunoreactivity was moderate and strong in secondary and Graaf follicles, respectively.When granulosa cells were break off from zona pellucida, there were TUNEL positive cells.In unfertilised oocytes evaluation, TUNEL positive cells were observed in the granulosa cells which were free from zona pellucida. When the granulosa cells were attached with zona pellucida, they were TUNEL negative. While immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was detected in both oocytes and granulosa cells which were attached with zona pellucida, immunostaining of p53 were only detected in granulosa cells which break off from zona pellucida. In conclusion, regulation of apoptosis in granulosa cells may be controlled by Bax expression and when the granulosa cells were not attached with zona pellucida, they may go into the apoptotic cascade. Therefore; we suggest that, the death of granulosa cells may control signals from intrinsic pathways in the Graaf follicule or from extrinsic pathways after ovulation. However, we consider of further studies to be necessary.

Helicobacter pylori infection induces a reversible expression of the CDX2 transcription factor protein in human gastric epithelium

Objective. The homeobox gene CDX2 is implicated in the appearance of intestinal metaplasia in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CDX2 expression in gastric mucosa occurs before the appearance of overt intestinal metaplasia in H. pylori gastritis, and whether or not this expression is reversible. Material and methods. CDX2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 38 patients with H. pylori gastritis before and after eradication (mean follow-up 6.3 years) of H. pylori. A cohort of 49 individuals with healthy stomachs was analysed as a control. Results. In the control group no immunostaining of CDX2 in the epithelial cells of the gastric body was found, while in 57% of the cases a mild, aberrant nuclear immunostaining of CDX2 in the non-metaplastic epithelial cells in antrum, designated as “positive staining of single cells” (PSSC), was found. In H. pylori gastritis, the PSSC was seen in antrum and corpus in 100% and 26% of the cases, respectively. The prevalence of antral PSSC was significantly increased (on average by 4-fold) in H. pylori gastritis as compared with controls. After eradication of H. pylori, the prevalence of PSSC decreased significantly in antrum but not in corpus. Conclusions. Expression of CDX2 at low intensity is common in the epithelium of normal antrum, and this expression is enhanced in H. pylori gastritis. Expression of CDX2 is reversible at least in antrum after eradication of H. pylori infection.

Serotonin and gastrin cells in rat gastrointestinal tract after thyroparathyroidectomy and induced hyperthyroidism.

Thyroidectomy appears to reduce the serotonin content in the rat brain, whereas hyperthyroidism has the opposite effect. As it is not known whether the serotonin-producing cells of the gastrointestinal tract are influenced by these conditions, the effects of thyroparathyroidectomy and induced hyperthyroidism were studied experimentally, particularly as regards the serotonin- and gastrin-immunoreactive cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Immunocytochemical and quantification techniques were used to localize and determine the numbers of serotonin and gastrin cells. In thyroparathyroidectomized rats the intestine was significantly shorter and the mucosa thinner than in sham-operated and untreated controls, whereas the converse was found in the hyperthyroid rats. Following thyroparathyroidectomy, there were fewer gastrin-immunoreactive cells in antrum and the serotonin-immunoreactive cells were significantly less dense throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In hyperthyroid rats, gastrin-immunoreactive cells were more numerous, as were the serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the small intestine, whereas these cells were fewer in antrum and caecum. In conclusion, the thyroid gland exerts a significant influence on the gastrointestinal tract and on the serotonin-and gastrin-immunoreactive cells. The observed alterations may reflect a direct effect of the thyroid hormones, although indirect factors must also be considered.

Induction of B cell responses in the stomach of Helicobacter pylori- infected subjects after oral cholera vaccination.

We have evaluated the possibility of inducing antibody responses locally in the human stomach as a prerequisite for the development of a vaccine against Helicobacter pylori. Both H. pylori-infected and noninfected subjects were immunized with an oral B subunit whole cell (BS-WC) cholera vaccine, and total and vaccine-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were determined by the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique in cells isolated from the antrum and duodenum, respectively, before and after vaccination. Most of the subjects responded to the vaccination with high frequencies of vaccine-specific ASCs in the duodenum as well as high-serum antibody titers, and no significant differences were seen in the responses between H. pylori- infected and noninfected subjects. When studying the gastric mucosa, on the other hand, there were dramatic differences between the H. pylori-infected and the noninfected subjects. Thus, whereas none of the noninfected subjects responded to the immunization in antrum, most of the H. pylori-infected subjects had high frequencies of vaccine-specific ASCs in this location after vaccination. Furthermore, the H. pylori-infected subjects had strikingly higher (as a mean 80-fold) frequencies of total IgA-secreting cells in antrum than the noninfected subjects, whereas the frequencies of total IgA-secreting cells in the duodenum were comparable between the groups. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the possibility of inducing antibody responses locally in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected individuals, a finding with obvious implications for the future development of a therapeutic vaccine against H. pylori.