Cell Differentiation Processes Research Articles

SIRT2 Mediated Microtubule Acetylation in Osteogenic Differentiation.

To assess the role of microtubule acetylation in the transportation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-containing vesicles that mediate the osteogenic differentiation process of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Rat BMSCs were cultured and transfected with sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) overexpression plasmids for an in vitro model. The microtubule acetylation-related protein levels were detected by western blots. The microtubule acetylation and the secretion rate of extracellular ACPcontaining vesicles were observed with immunofluorescence and live cell fluorescence imaging. The secretion of ACP was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The mineralised nodule formation was stained with Alizarin Red S staining and observed by microscopy. Microtubule acetylation was increased during osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and microtubule transport efficiency was enhanced. Mechanically, microtubule acetylation is the key reason for the increased transportation rate of ACP-containing vesicles and enhanced osteogenic differentiation, as both were blocked after SIRT2-mediated microtubule acetylation inhibition. Microtubule acetylation mainly promotes the transportation and secretion of ACP vesicles, and ultimately promotes the osteogenic differentiation process.

Studies on the Role of MAP4K2, SPI1, and CTSD in Osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent skeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, resulting in a significant global burden. Previous research utilizing bioinformatics analysis has identified MAP4K2, SPI1, and CTSD as hub genes associated with OP. In this current investigation, we have successfully established a differential expression system of MAP4K2, SPI1, and CTSD in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through transfection techniques. Additionally, the CCK-8 assay was employed to assess cell proliferation, while the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and ALP staining assay were utilized to evaluate osteogenic differentiation. Alizarin red staining was employed to detect mineralization of BMSCs. Furthermore, the expression of relevant genes and molecules associated with the MAPK signaling pathway, autophagy, and apoptosis in the sera of rat BMSCs were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The purpose of this study was to preliminarily investigate whether MAP4K2, SPI1, and CTSD have an effect on the osteogenic capacity of rat BMSCs and whether these genes, when differentially expressed, affect the expression of related genes in the MAPK, autophagy, and apoptosis signaling pathways and thus the osteogenic function of BMSCs. In summary, the findings of this study indicate that MAP4K2 and CTSD exert significant influence on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization processes of rat BMSCs cells. Furthermore, these proteins may contribute to the development of OP through their involvement in the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Conversely, our investigation did not reveal any discernible impact of SPI1 on OP-related phenotypes. Consequently, this research serves as a fundamental basis for further exploration of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of OP.

EP300‐interacting inhibitor of differentiation 3 is required for spermatogenesis in mice

AbstractBackgroundMammalian spermatogenesis is a highly complex process of cell proliferation, meiosis, and differentiation. A series of genes are expressed in an orderly and precise manner to ensure spermatogenesis, with chromatin undergoing intricate changes throughout. EP300‐interacting inhibitor of differentiation 3 (Eid3) is a testis‐enriched gene, but its role in male reproduction remains unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate the role of EID3 in male spermatogenesis and explore the potential underlying mechanism.Materials and MethodsWe generated Eid3 knockout mouse model using the CRISPR‐Cas9 system. We measured the expression of EID3 in mouse tissues and testicular cell populations by qRT‐PCR and western blot. Histological analysis, including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining, together with computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA), were performed to evaluate the effect of EID3 on spermatogenesis in mice. Light and ultrastructural microscopy were used to evaluate the morphology and structure of the Eid3−/− spermatozoa. We used western blot and immunofluorescence to further analyze the function of EID3 in spermiogenesis.ResultsEid3−/− mouse showed a significant decrease in sperm count, motility, and morphology. Loss of EID3 impaired the normal meiotic process and induced apoptosis of abnormally developing spermatocytes, ultimately resulting in the decrease of sperm cell number. Additionally, EID3 deficiency led to a decrease in histone acetylation levels in spermatids, impaired histone‐to‐protamine transition and chromatin condensation process, and ultimately resulted in abnormal sperm morphology.Discussion and ConclusionsThis study confirms for the first time that EID3 is crucial for meiosis and chromatin condensation during spermatogenesis, and EID3 deficiency leads to a significant decrease in sperm parameters. Given the high expression paradigm of Eid3 in human testis, EID3 likely plays a role in human reproduction. Future research could provide a new target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.

Review on the development of the organoids

Abstract. Organoids, a novel field, were first experimentally supported in 2007 and began to be engineered around 2020. Organoids can be developed from stem cells or organ progenitor cells through the process of differentiation, or they can be created by changing the alignment of pluripotent stem cells throughout the process of cell differentiation. Organoids are exploited for the purpose of scientific research in the areas of human development, illness, screening of medications, and gene therapy. The study utilized a literature review method to examine the evolution of organoid production, new application, and technological advancements. Organoids have advanced from basic tissue engineering organs to being used for modeling diseases and providing more therapeutic options. Their progress is noteworthy and has the potential to be a significant approach in biological medicine research in the future.

Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Peroxynitrite Fluctuations in Primary Tendon-Derived Stem Cells and Insights into Tendinopathy.

Tendinopathy is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients. Treatment outcomes can be improved with an early diagnosis and timely targeted interventions. Increasing evidence indicates that ROS and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play key roles in modulating the differentiation processes of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs), thereby contributing to the initiation and progression of tendinopathy. However, the relationship between ONOO- and the differentiation process, as well as the various stages of tendinopathy, remains unexplored. Herein, we developed two highly specific and sensitive fluorescent probes (Rod-Cl and Rod-Br) for detecting ONOO- in the ER. Rod-Br can detect basal levels of ONOO- in the ER of TDSCs and measure ONOO- levels in primary TDSCs stimulated by interleukin-1β over various durations, allowing for comparisons between chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation and ER stress levels. Additionally, we examined ONOO- variations in different stages of tendinopathy and treatment rat models in vivo and discussed the potential mechanisms. This research provides a robust tool for analyzing ONOO- dynamics in the tenogenic and osteogenic differentiation of TDSCs, offering new insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of tendinopathy.

Tumor Cell-Specific Signal Processing Platform Controlled by ATP for Non-invasive Modulation of Cellular Behavior.

Regulating the spatial distribution of membrane receptors can artificially reprogram cellular behaviors, which play a critical biological role in various physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we construct a tumor cell-specific signal processing platform (TCS-SPP) for controlled promotion/inhibition of cellular-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (c-Met) receptor dimerization to noninvasively modulate cellular behaviors. Upon the dual-aptamer recognition in the upstream input signal circuit (UISC) to discriminate target cancer cells, the membrane-anchored DNA signal processor (DSP) is activated for signal amplification via rolling circle amplification (RCA) followed by the working of an ATP molecular switch for signal conversion, achieving receptor modulation in the downstream output signal circuit (DOSC). Benefiting from the rigid structure of DSP, the protective effect, and spatial confinement effect of RCA products, this TCS-SPP has demonstrated good performance in accurately modulating cellular behavior such as cell migration, invasion, and proliferation, showing great potential for targeted cancer therapy and biomedical engineering applications.

Involvement of PDGFR-integrin interactions in the regulation of anoikis resistance in glioblastoma progression.

The interactions between platelet-derived growth factor/PDGF receptor and integrin signaling are crucial for cells to respond to extracellular stimuli. Integrin interactions with PDGFR within the lipid rafts activate downstream cellular signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death processes. The mechanisms underlying PDGFR activation mediated receptor internalization, interactions with other cell-surface receptors, particularly extracellular matrix receptors, integrins, and how these cellular mechanisms switch on anchorage-independent cell survival, leading to anoikis resistance are discussed. The role of regulatory molecules such as noncoding RNAs, that can modulate several molecular and cellular processes, including autophagy, in the acquisition of anoikis resistance is also discussed. Overall, the review provides a new perspective on a complex interplay of regulatory cellular machineries involving autophagy, noncoding RNAs and cellular mechanisms of PDGFR activation, PDGFR-integrin interactions, and involvement of lipids rafts in the acquisition of anoikis resistance that regulates glioblastoma progression along with potential future strategies to develop novel therapeutics for glioblastoma multiforme.

Intratympanic injections made from eutectic liquid (camphor and menthol)-based oil-less emulsions containing morin hydrate-lipoid E80 complex: An approach to augment drug permeation into inner ear region in a healthy rabbit model

Morin hydrate (MH, flavonols of plants, family-Moraceae) promotes inner ear stem cell survival and differentiation process to preserve the healthy hearing function. However, round window membrane (RWM) of inner ear provides a barrier for MH to reach an adequate amount at inner ear region. Since MH possesses a low aqueous solubility (28.72 ± 0.97 μg/ml), intratympanic (IT) injections of camphor-menthol eutectic liquid-based oil-less emulsions containing MH-Lipoid E80 complex was developed to promote MH ferrying action across RWM. At 360 min post-dissolution time point, the MH solution displayed 92.88 ± 6.26 % drug release, but the drug-Lipoid E80 complex-loaded oil-less emulsions showed 58.05 ± 11.62 % only. The MTT assay results indicate the possible non-toxicity of oil-less emulsions to L-929 cells up to 100 μg/ml concentration. Significant differences were seen between the Cmax and AUC0-t values observed at 90 min in the perilymph after the IT injections of MH solution (14.13 ± 0.33 × 103 ng/ml & 429.55 ± 9.20 × 103 ng min/ml) and MH-Lipoid E80 complex-loaded oil-less emulsions (117.93 ± 4.24 × 103 ng/ml & 5529.46 ± 37.65 × 103 ng min/ml) into the healthy albino rabbits. Hence the IT injections of eutectic liquid-based oil-less emulsions could facilitate the drugs crossing over of RWM in the inner ear regions.

Kynurenine’s Effect on the Different Stages of Osteoblastic Differentiation

This study focuses on the dynamics of age-related changes in osteoblasts’ matrix production, with a specific focus on the involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR is activated by kynurenine, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan that tends to increase with age. Kynurenine has been known to impair osteoblasts’ bone formation ability, however, the point at which this occurs is unknown. The study utilizes a 21-day differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells. “Window experiments” that vary the intervals of kynurenine treatment to explore its impact at different stages of osteoblast development were utilized. The experimental setup involves four distinct conditions: a control group with a vehicle, a group treated with kynurenine, a group with an AhR antagonist (BAY), and a group treated with both kynurenine and BAY. The AhR antagonist, specifically BAY2416964, serves to investigate whether any observed effects of kynurenine are mediated through AhR signaling. Results, analyzed through alizarin red staining, demonstrate a notable negative impact of kynurenine on matrix production, particularly in the middle stages of osteoblast differentiation. The study further employs crystal violet staining to confirm the presence of cells in the experimental wells, providing assurance of the reliability of the alizarin staining procedure. Importantly, this staining procedure also suggests that the effects of kynurenine on mineralized matrix production are largely independent of any potential impacts on cell viability.

Kynurenine’s Effect on the Different Stages of Osteoblastic Differentiation

This study focuses on the dynamics of age-related changes in osteoblasts’ matrix production, with a specific focus on the involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR is activated by kynurenine, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan that tends to increase with age. Kynurenine has been known to impair osteoblasts’ bone formation ability, however, the point at which this occurs is unknown. The study utilizes a 21-day differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells. “Window experiments” that vary the intervals of kynurenine treatment to explore its impact at different stages of osteoblast development were utilized. The experimental setup involves four distinct conditions: a control group with a vehicle, a group treated with kynurenine, a group with an AhR antagonist (BAY), and a group treated with both kynurenine and BAY. The AhR antagonist, specifically BAY2416964, serves to investigate whether any observed effects of kynurenine are mediated through AhR signaling. Results, analyzed through alizarin red staining, demonstrate a notable negative impact of kynurenine on matrix production, particularly in the middle stages of osteoblast differentiation. The study further employs crystal violet staining to confirm the presence of cells in the experimental wells, provid-ing assurance of the reliability of the alizarin staining procedure. Importantly, this staining procedure also suggests that the effects of kynurenine on mineralized matrix production are largely independent of any potential impacts on cell viability.

Deciphering the role of NcRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer immune evasion and drug resistance: a new perspective for targeted therapy.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a very aggressive digestive system tumor, known for its high mortality rate, low cure rate, low survival rate and poor prognosis. In particular, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PADC), which accounts for more than 90% of PC cases, has an overall 5-year survival rate of only 5%, which is an extremely critical situation. Early detection and effective treatment of PC is extremely difficult, which leads many patients to despair. In the current medical context, targeted therapy, as an important strategy for cancer treatment, is expected. However, the problems of immune escape and drug resistance in PC have become two major obstacles that are difficult to be overcome by targeted therapy. How to break through these two difficulties has become a key issue to be solved in the field of PC therapy. In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have continued to heat up in the field of cancer research. NcRNAs play a pivotal role in gene regulation, cell differentiation, development, and disease processes, and their important roles in the genesis, development, and therapeutic response of PC have been gradually revealed. More importantly, ncRNAs have many advantages as therapeutic targets, such as high specificity and low side effects, making them a new favorite in the field of PC therapy. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide new ideas and methods for the targeted therapy of PC by reviewing the mechanism of action of four major ncRNAs (circRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs) in both immune escape and drug resistance of PC. It is expected that an effective way to overcome immune escape and drug resistance can be found through in-depth study of ncRNA, bringing a ray of hope to PC patients.

Single-cell analysis of nasal epithelial cell development in domestic pigs

The nasal mucosa forms a critical barrier against the invasion of respiratory pathogens. Composed of a heterogeneous assortment of cell types, the nasal mucosa relies on the unique characteristics and complex intercellular dynamics of these cells to maintain their structural integrity and functional efficacy. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of porcine nasal mucosa was performed, and nineteen distinct nasal cell types, including nine epithelial cell types, five stromal cell types, and five immune cell types, were identified. The distribution patterns of three representative types of epithelial cells (basal cells, goblet cells, and ciliated cells) were subsequently detected by immunofluorescence. We conducted a comparative analysis of these data with published human single-cell data, revealing consistent differentiation trajectories among porcine and human nasal epithelial cells. Specifically, basal cells serve as the initial stage in the differentiation process of nasal epithelial cells, which then epithelial cells. This research not only enhances our understanding of the composition and transcriptional signature of porcine nasal mucosal cells but also offers a theoretical foundation for developing alternative models for human respiratory diseases.

VSIG4 inhibits the anti-inflammatory reaction of immune cells after cardiogenic shock

Abstract Cardiogenic shock (CS) still has a mortality rate of approximately 50%. CS leads to a significant activation of the immune system. The aim of this study was to characterize the immune cell populations and the immune cell-specific changes in CS on admission to the clinic and after revascularization. We developed a web-based platform named 'IRCaS - Immune Cell Regulations in Cardiogenic Shock' to map the temporal course of immune cell-specific processes of CS after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from admission to 3 days after revascularization. Our tool revealed an endogenous anti-inflammatory response after CS, which is inhibited by the cell-cell receptor VSIG4. The web platform contains newly acquired single-cell sequencing data from patients with CS after AMI on admission and 24, 48, and 72 hours after revascularisation, as well as controls. In total, 171,962 immune cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were individually sequenced. Analysis of the immune cell populations revealed, that 24 hours after revascularisation, monocytes increased to 62.4% (vs. 30.4% in controls), while T cells decreased from 46.3% to 25.0%. On the immune cell expression level, we observed an inflammatory response indicated by IL1B which continuously increased from 24 h (1.6+fold), over 48h (3.1+fold) to 72 h (3.5+fold) after revascularization. Interestingly, there was a significant anti-inflammatory response shortly after revascularization, as evidenced by a transient increase in the anti-inflammatory CD16+ monocyte subpopulation from 12.1% to 26.7% at 24 hours and an increase in THBS1 after revascularization, which was only short-lived. We identified a negative feedback in the increasing anti-inflammatory CD16+ cells caused by a subsequent VSIG4 (+5.2-fold) increase. Indeed, overexpression of VSIG4 in monocytes resulted in a significant decrease of anti-inflammatory CD16+ monocytes by 33.9% and a decrease in anti-inflammatory transcripts. Our data show that in addition to the strong inflammatory response in CS, there is also an opposing anti-inflammatory response, which is however only short-lived, as it is attenuated by a negative feedback via an increase in VSIG4. In addition, our webplatform offers time-dynamic gene expression profiles of immune cells, allowing users to select and visualize specific genes during the course of CS after AMI.

RNA modification in normal hematopoiesis and hematologic malignancies.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotic cells. Previous studies have shown that m6A plays a critical role under both normal physiological and pathological conditions. Hematopoiesis and differentiation are highly regulated processes, and recent studies on m6A mRNA methylation have revealed how this modification controls cell fate in both normal and malignant hematopoietic states. However, despite these insights, a comprehensive understanding of its complex roles between normal hematopoietic development and malignant hematopoietic diseases remains elusive. This review first provides an overview of the components and biological functions of m6A modification regulators. Additionally, it highlights the origin, differentiation process, biological characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cells, as well as the features, immune properties, and self-renewal pathways of leukemia stem cells. Last, the article systematically reviews the latest research advancements on the roles and mechanisms of m6A regulatory factors in normal hematopoiesis and related malignant diseases. More importantly, this review explores how targeting m6A regulators and various signaling pathways could effectively intervene in the development of leukemia, providing new insights and potential therapeutic targets. Targeting m6A modification may hold promise for achieving more precise and effective leukemia treatments.

Continuous nucleolar ribosomal RNA synthesis in differentiating lens fiber cells until abrupt nuclear degradation required for ocular lens transparency.

Cellular differentiation requires highly coordinate action of all three transcriptional systems to produce rRNAs, mRNAs, and various "short" and "long" non-coding RNAs by RNA Polymerase I, II, and III systems, respectively. The RNA Polymerase I catalyzes transcription of about 400 copies of rDNA genes generating 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA molecules from the individual primary transcript. Lens fiber cell differentiation is a unique process to study transcriptional mechanisms of individual crystallin genes as their very high transcriptional outputs are directly comparable only to globin genes in erythrocytes. Importantly, both terminally differentiated lens fiber cells and mammalian erythrocytes degrade their nuclei though by different mechanisms. In lens, generation of organelle-free zone (OFZ) includes degradation of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nuclei; nevertheless, very little is known about their nucleoli and rRNA transcription. Here, using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we evaluated nascent rRNA transcription during the entire process of lens fiber cell differentiation. The lens fiber cell nuclei undergo morphological changes prior their denucleation, including chromatin condensation; remarkably, the nascent rRNA transcription persists in all nuclei next to the OFZ. The changes in both nuclei and nucleoli shape and microarchitecture were evaluated by immunofluorescence to detect fibrillarin, nucleolin, UBF, and other nuclear proteins. These studies demonstrate for the first time that highly condensed lens fiber cell nuclei have the capacity to support rRNA transcription. Thus, "late" production of rRNA molecules and consequently the ribosomes contribute to the terminal translational mechanisms to produce maximal quantities of the crystallin proteins.

Construction of an interactome network among circRNA-miRNA-mRNA reveals new biomarkers in hBMSCs osteogenic differentiation

Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are adult stem cells residing in the bone marrow, characterized by their capacity for multi-directional differentiation, self-renewal, migration, and engraftment. Serving as seed cells, BMSCs play a pivotal role in the regeneration of bone defects. Hence, investigating the transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs holds significant importance. Recent research has unveiled that certain circular RNAs (circRNAs) can function as molecular sponges, influencing the osteogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells. However, many circRNAs remain undiscovered, and their precise mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, the objective of this study is to construct an osteogenic differentiation-related circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in hBMSCs. Subsequently, through bioinformatics analysis, we constructed a ceRNA network related to the osteogenic differentiation ability of hBMSCs, comprising 22 circRNAs, 17 miRNAs, and 15 mRNAs. The potential circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes, including the role of hsa_circ_0001600 in promoting the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs through the targeted regulation of hsa-miR-542-3p, were validated through in vitro experiments.

Elevated Serum Syndecan-1 Levels Are Associated with Obesity-Related Complications in Children

Background: Syndecan-1 plays a crucial role in cell differentiation, growth, adhesion, wound healing, and inflammatory processes. It has been linked to obesity, particularly overweight and chronic low-grade inflammation. Objectives: This study aimed to compare serum syndecan-1 levels between obese children and a healthy control group and to investigate the relationship between serum syndecan-1 levels and renal and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity in children. Methods: We assessed 30 obese and 30 healthy children aged 8 - 16 years. Blood samples were collected from both groups to measure serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), syndecan-1, fasting blood glucose (FBG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and urea concentrations. In the obese group, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), insulin, triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were also measured, along with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: The mean serum syndecan-1 levels in the obese and control groups were 15.65 ± 10.01 ng/mL and 6.99 ± 3.79 ng/mL, respectively, with a significantly higher level observed in the obese group (P < 0.005). Significant differences were also found in BMI, BMI SDS, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels between the two groups (P < 0.05), with all parameters being higher in the obese group. A significant positive linear association was identified between syndecan-1 levels and creatinine, TG, and BMI SDS (r = 0.711, r = 0.630, r = 0.682, P < 0.01). Additionally, a strong negative correlation was found between syndecan-1 and HDL-C levels (r = -0.609, P < 0.001). No significant linear relationship was detected between syndecan-1 levels and LDL-C, ALT, AST, glucose, urea, insulin levels, or HOMA-IR measurements (P > 0.05). Linear regression analysis revealed that serum creatinine levels and BMI SDS were significantly linked to changes in syndecan-1 levels. Conclusions: Syndecan-1 is elevated in obese children due to inflammation and may serve as an early biomarker for endothelial damage. It can be useful in detecting obesity-related renal damage and cardiovascular risk in children.

A comprehensive review on the role of Vitamin A on human health and nutrition

Vitamin A is a crucial nutrient that protects the body from oxidative stress caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cellular components. Its antioxidant properties helps maintaining various physiological functions that depend on its presence, including vision, immune function and skin health. The human body can convert natural forms of vitamin A (retinol, retinal and retinoic acid) and provitamin A (β-carotene) into active forms, which interact with specific molecular targets, influencing gene expression, cell differentiation and cellular processes. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth examination of vitamin A, covering its dietary sources, physiological roles and consequences of deficiency. In this research review explored the metabolic pathways of vitamin A, including absorption, transport and storage, as well as its potential applications, offering a thorough understanding of this essential nutrient. Furthermore, we have decreased the latest research on vitamin A's role in, maintaining healthy vision, immune function, and skin health, treating various diseases and conditions, such as retinal disorders, infectious diseases and cancer, mechanisms of action, including gene regulation, cell signaling, and antioxidant activity, relationships with other nutrients and health outcomes, including vitamin D, iron, and zinc, impact of deficiency on human health, including night blindness, impaired immunity, and skin disorders and emerging research on potential benefits and risks, including its role in chronic diseases and interactions with medications. Key words: Nutrition, retinyl ester, Nyctalopia, Rhodopsin, Vitamin A, β-carotene

IL-4 promotes chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cellsand blockade of IL-4Rα retards the endochondral ossification during rat embryonic bone development.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)/IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) signalling pathways play important roles in the complex process of bone formation and bone remodelling. However, whether IL-4/IL-4Rα participates in skeletogenesis during embryonic development is not completely understood. We used the anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-4Rα mAb) as a powerful investigational tool to evaluate the potential roles of IL-4/IL-4Rα in the chondrogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro. Simultaneously, we explored the effect of IL-4/IL-4Rα on bone ossification during rat embryo-fetal development. In this study, we found that, compared to the control group, IL-4 can significantly promote the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, following exposure to anti-IL-4Rα mAb in pregnant rats, unexpected phenomena were observed in fetal bone development, including non-ossification of the fetal sternum, an incomplete ossification centre in long bones and a reduced number of ossification points in digit (toe) bones. To further investigate the underlying mechanism of the phenotype, we studied the rat sternum as the target organ, starting from different time points of sternum development in the embryonic stage. The results indicated that the retardation mainly occurred in the middle and late stages of embryonic development. This retardation was characterized by the inhibition of the differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes, resulting in reduced angiogenesis near the ossification centre, failure of osteoblasts to invade the centre of the cartilage body with the blood vessels and delayed formation of the primary ossification centre (POC). Overall, our study demonstrated the significant function of IL-4/IL-4Rα in chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs and bone ossification during embryo-fetal development.

Tumor suppressor miR-317 and lncRNA Peony are expressed from a polycistronic non-coding RNA locus that regulates germline differentiation and testis morphology.

This research focuses on investigating the impact of non-coding RNAs on stem cell biology and differentiation processes. We found that miR-317 plays a role in germline stem cell progeny differentiation. miR-317 and its neighbor, the lncRNA Peony, originate and are co-expressed from a singular polycistronic non-coding RNA locus. Alternative polyadenylation is implicated in regulation of their differential expression. While the increased expression of the lncRNA Peony results in the disruption of the muscle sheath covering the testis, the absence of miR-317 leads to the emergence of germline tumors in young flies. The deficiency of miR-317 increases Notch signaling activity in the somatic cyst cells, which drives germline tumorigenesis. Germline tumors also arise from upregulation of several predicted targets of miR-317, among which are regulators of the Notch pathway. This implicates miR-317 as a novel tumor suppressor that modulates Notch signaling strength.