Cell Phone Use Research Articles

Daytime Sleepiness in Children With Asthma: Examining Respiratory and Non-respiratory Factors.

Objective Daytime sleepiness is common in youth with asthma (YWA). Treatments designed to mitigate daytime sleepiness in YWA require an understanding of the primary causes of this problem. We examined respiratory- and non-respiratory-related factors associated with daytime sleepiness in YWA. Methods One hundred YWA (eight to 17 years old) were included in a cross-sectional study. Daytime sleepiness, quality of life, anxiety, bedtime cellphone use, and respiratory symptoms were self-reported. Asthma severity, lung function, and the number of prescribed medications were obtained from electronic medical records. Multivariable regression models identifying variables associated with daytime sleepiness were generated. Results Participants were 54% male and 45% Black, with a mean age of 12.1 years. The multivariable regression model showed decreased quality of life (b = -0.328, p = 0.004) and increased bedtime cellphone use (b = 0.300, p = 0.004)were significantly related to daytime sleepiness, while anxiety (b = 0.213, p = 0.05), prescribed asthma medications (b = 0.173, p = 0.05), and worse lung function (b = -0.173, p = 0.05)weremarginally related to daytime sleepiness. Conclusions In addition to optimizing asthma control, strategies targeting anxiety, quality of life, and nocturnal cellphone use are important to mitigate daytime sleepiness in YWA.

Individual differences, ADHD diagnosis, and driving performance: effects of traffic density and distraction type

The present study examined the impact of individual differences, attention, and memory deficits on distracted driving. Drivers with ADHD are more susceptible to distraction which results in more frequent collisions, violations, and licence suspensions. Consequently, the present investigation had 36 participants complete preliminary questionnaires, memory tasks, workload indices, and four, 4-min simulated driving scenarios to evaluate such impact. It was hypothesised ADHD diagnosis, type of cellular distraction, and traffic density would each differentially and substantively impact driving performance. Results indicated traffic density and distraction type significantly affected the objective driving facets measured, as well as subjective and secondary task performance. ADHD diagnosis directly impacted secondary task performance. Results further showed significant interactions between distraction type and traffic density on both brake pressure and steering wheel angle negatively impacting lateral and horizontal vehicle control. Altogether, these findings provide substantial empirical evidence for the deleterious effect of cellphone use on driving performance. Practitioner summary: This study examined how ADHD diagnosis, traffic density, and distraction type affect driver behaviour. Participants completed driving behaviour questionnaires, memory tasks, workload indices, and driving scenarios. Results showed that ADHD diagnosis impacted secondary task performance, while traffic and distractions significantly impacted driving performance as well secondary task performance and workload.

A Study to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding Computer Vision Syndrome among Office Employees in selected companies of Mehsana district

Introduction: Computer Vision Syndrome, also referred to as digital eye strain, describes a group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use. At greatest risk for developing CVS are those persons who spend two or more continuous hours at a computer or using a digital screen device every day. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding Computer Vision Syndrome among Office employees. Design: A quantitative approach using pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design. Participants: 100 Office employees were selected using non probability convenient sampling technique in selected companies of Mehsana district. Interventions: Structured teaching programme was given to the Office employees. Tool: Self Structured Questionnaire was used to assess the level of Knowledge on Computer Vision Syndrome among Office employees. Results: In this study overall the highest percentage in the demographic data including the Age group 40% (31-40 years), Gender 78% (Male), General education status 44% (Graduation in computer science), Total number of years of working on computer 33% (>8.1 years), Working department of company 28 % (Other), Type of computer work 27% (Graphic), Total number of hours working on computer per day 46% (9-12 hours), Total number of hours continuously working on computer per day 66% (≥6 hours), Use anti-reflective coating eyeglasses 100% (No), Use spectacles 65% (No) and Knowledge regarding computer vision syndrome 62% (No). The post¬test Knowledge mean score (16.7) higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (10.29). The calculated “t” value (18.79) was greater than the table value (2.00) at 0.05 level of significance. The structured teaching programme was effective in increasing the knowledge of Office employees regarding Computer Vision Syndrome. Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed that structured teaching programme helps in improving knowledge regarding Computer Vision Syndrome among Office employees.

Risky driving behaviors and employer motor vehicle safety policies among U.S. oil and gas extraction workers

Introduction: Over half of fatal occupational injuries in the oil and gas extraction (OGE) industry are due to transportation incidents. While driving for work is common in this industry and risky driving behaviors have been identified as contributing factors to fatal crashes among OGE workers, limited information is available on the frequency of risky driving behaviors and employer policies to reduce these behaviors. Methods: Researchers conducted a cross-sectional survey of OGE workers in three states. Responses from 363 OGE workers who drive as a part of their work duties were analyzed to evaluate relationships between self-reported risky driving behaviors (i.e., speeding, cell phone use, and driving unbelted) and awareness of motor vehicle safety policies by their employers. Results: Hands-free cell phone use was the most common risky driving behavior among participants (59.8%), while a hands-free cell phone ban was the least commonly reported employer motor vehicle safety policy (34.7%). Multiple logistic regression results identified longer work and commuting hours, lack of employer motor vehicle safety policies, having ever been in a work crash, and being employed by an operator to be significantly associated with risky driving behaviors. Conclusions: Workers whose employers lacked motor vehicle safety policies were more likely to engage in risky driving behaviors. Practical applications: Results of this survey support the implementation of motor vehicle safety interventions such as bans on texting and handheld and hands-free cell phone use, speed management, and in-vehicle monitoring systems by OGE employers as well as research focusing on the effectiveness of these interventions in OGE. Additional research could examine worker driving behaviors through self-reported data in combination with objective measures.

RENAL14: Colorimetric Detection App as a Component of a Blood-Free Test Kit for Home Detection of Inflammation Markers

Background: Inflammation is a central driver of chronic kidney and heart disease. Presently, other than conventional blood-based lab tests, no rapid testing method exists to readily diagnose systemic inflammation. Several inflammation mediators/biomarkers (i.e., MMP9, Cystatin C, IL-6, C-reactive Protein) are present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) excreted from the periodontal pocket. As GCF may be sampled without the need for blood draw, we created an at-home test kit consisting of a paper microfluidic device for immunodetection, as well as an app adaptable for cell phone use for colorimetric detection and readout of the microfluidic device. Here we test the ability of the companion app to accurately detect color and color intensity change utilizing a standardized color scale. Methods: A kit was designed including: 1) a paper microfluidic device and 2) a companion app for cell phone use. The app was designed with a Python script for colorimetric analysis of biomarker quantitation. The intensity of color change produced within the microfluidic device, as a result of biomarker binding to tagged antibodies, is measured by the application, and a readout of biomarker presence and relative quantitation is produced. The color intensity detection app was validated with three defined shades of red utilizing the Pantone color chart (i.e., Pantone 185, 186, 187) as well as one shade of green (i.e., Pantone 355) to ensure color detection efficacy. App generated color readout, as well as its relative intensity in the form of high, medium, and low, were compared with expected values. Results: The developed app accurately differentiated between colors representative of expected biomarker range. The program readily detected colors on the ROYGBIV spectrum through a readout of “Red” for Pantone 185, 186, 187 and a readout of “Green” for Pantone 355, indicating a 100% color detection accuracy. Detection of color intensity was also seen to be 100% accurate based on readouts of “medium” saturation for Pantone 185 and 186 and “high” for Pantone 187. Presently, some inconsistency is noted related to HSL (hue, saturation, lightness) values compared to an external HSL color generator. Further experimentation is underway to strengthen the consistency and accuracy of this component of the app. Conclusion: A kit system has been designed allowing simple, blood-free detection of inflammation biomarkers associated with heart and kidney disease via GCF sampling and measurement. Detection is based on colorimetric assessment. The color detection and assessment app designed demonstrates high accuracy in terms of color detection and color intensity detection allowing for biomarker quantitation. Further work is underway to enhance app accuracy related to readout hue, saturation and lightness to allow enhanced biomarker quantitation. Full development of this kit system will provide a useful tool for early detection and modification of risk associated with heart and kidney disease.

Waiting and walking with strangers: a socio-psychological pedestrian experiment on joint action in anonymous situations.

Research on pedestrian dynamics has generally dealt with temporary gatherings of people who do not know each other personally. These gatherings are often framed as highly individualized encounters in which social interactions play no or only a marginal role. However, recent research based on self-categorization theory showed the relevance of salient social identity for crowd dynamics. Drawing on the interactionist approach of social identity theory and the work of Erving Goffman and Alfred Schütz, this paper aims to show that anonymous encounters are carefully concerted social phenomena. The authors present the results of an exploratory social psychological experiment (N = 83), in which groups of participants were asked to wait for 5 min in a designated area with different communicative conditions and then to walk to a narrow exit. Based on the assumption that communication and conformity to expectations influences the behaviour of those present, we introduced four modifications during the waiting time and analysed questionnaire data and video recordings in a mixed-methods design. The results show that direct communication correlates with higher speed, cell phone use with greater distance to the nearest neighbour, and unexpected behaviour with slower movement.

Characteristics of the Digital Marketing using IBM SPSS Statistics

Digital marketing is the practice of promoting goods and services online by utilizing digital technology, including the internet, handheld devices, search engines, social networking sites, and various other online platforms. Due to the growth of the worldwide web and the widespread use of cellphones and other mo-bile devices, digital marketing has grown in popularity. Through a variety of internet marketing platforms, it gives companies of all sizes the capacity to reach a worldwide audience and target particular de-mographics. Mobile marketing is one of the most popular digital marketing strategies, along with others. Each strategy offers certain advantages and can be utilized to accomplish particular marketing objectives. Digital marketing research is the process of collecting and analyzing data to understand the behavior, preferences, and needs of your target audience in the digital space. It involves the use of various digital tools and techniques to gather information about customer demographics, buying habits, online activities, and response to marketing campaigns. Here are some of the reasons why digital marketing research is important: Identifying and understanding your target audience: Digital marketing research helps you gain a deep understanding of your target audience's demographics, interests, behaviors, and preferences. By knowing your audience better, you can create more effective marketing campaigns that resonate with them. Evaluation preferences: There are different types of customer relationship management (CRM) techniques, such as analytical, collaborative, traditional, digital, sales-based CRM, sales forecasting, post-sale service, loyalty inbound. The Cronbach's alpha reliability result for the overall model is .759, indicating 62% reliability. Based on the literature review, the model with a Cronbach's alpha value above 75% can be considered for analysis. IBM created SPSS Statistics, a statistical program with features for handling data, advanced analytics, multimodal analytics, intelligence for businesses, and criminal investi-gation. After creating it for a long time, IBM bought SPA Inc. in 2009. The latest releases are marketed under the name IBM SPSS Statistics.

Public health research using cell phone derived mobility data in sub-Saharan Africa: Ethical issues.

The movements of humans have a significant impact on population health. While studies of such movements are as old as public health itself, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the profile of mobility research using digital technologies to track transmission routes and calculate the effects of health policies, such as lockdowns. In sub-Saharan Africa, the high prevalence of cell phone and smartphone use is a source of potentially valuable mobility data for public health purposes. Researchers can access call data records, passively collected in real time from millions of clients by cell phone companies, and associate these records with other data sets to generate insights, make predictions or draw possible policy implications. The use of mobility data from this source could have a range of significant benefits for society, from better control of infectious diseases, improved city planning, more efficient transportation systems and the optimisation of health resources. We discuss key ethical issues raised by public health studies using mobility data from cell phones in sub-Saharan Africa and identify six key ethical challenge areas: autonomy, including consent and individual or group privacy; bias and representativeness; community awareness, engagement and trust; function creep and accountability; stakeholder relationships and power dynamics; and the translation of mobility analyses into health policy. We emphasise the ethical importance of narrowing knowledge gaps between researchers, policymakers and the general public. Given that individuals do not really provide valid consent for the research use of phone data tracking their movements, community understanding and input will be crucial to the maintenance of public trust.

Meta-analysis of driving behavior studies and assessment of factors using structural equation modeling

The aim of this paper is to understand the factors that influence unsafe driving practices by examining published studies that utilized the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict driving behavior. To this end, 42 studies published up to the end of 2021 are reviewed to evaluate the predictive utility of TPB by employing a meta-analysis and structural equation model. The results indicate that these studies sought to predict 20 distinct driving behaviors (e.g., drink-driving, use of cellphone while driving, aggressive driving) using the original TPB constructs and 43 additional variables. The TPB model with the three original constructs is found to account for 32% intentional variance and 34% behavioral variance. Among the 43 variables researchers have examined in TPB studies related to driving behavior, this study identified the six that are commonly used to enhance the TPB model’s predictive power. These variables are past behavior, self-identity, descriptive norm, anticipated regret, risk perception, and moral norm. When past behavior is added to the original TPB model, it increases the explained variance in intention to 52%. When all six factors are added to the original TPB model, the best model has only four variables (perceived risk, self-identity, descriptive norm, and moral norm); and increases the explained variance to 48%. The influence of the TPB constructs on intention is modified by behavior category and traffic category. The findings of this paper validate the application of TPB to predicting driving behavior. It is the first study to do this through the use of meta-analysis and structural equation modeling.

HUBUNGAN PHUBBING SMOMBIE DAN NOMOPHOBIA TERHADAP PERILAKU MANUSIA

The use of gadgets that are not wise and proportional has caused a person's social, mental, and medical problems. Phubbing and smombies are one of the impacts of this problem. Phubbing stands for phone snubbing which refers to the behavior of people who are more focused on using gadgets than interacting with people or the environment around them. Smombie is a person who constantly uses a smartphone, cellphone, or gadget while walking. Or pedestrians who focus on their cellphones without paying attention to their surroundings. While Nomophobia refers to "anxiety about not having access to cell phones or cell phone services. Human behavior is essentially a process of individual interaction with the environment as a biological manifestation that he is a living being. The behavior of someone who is exposed to phubbing, smombie, or nomophobia is the result of a response to the behavior of those who have been in the habit of using smartphones since childhood. Phubbing, smombie, and nomophobia greatly affect the life of everyone who experiences it such as safety, mental health, social interaction with other people, a person can be affected by this excessive use of cellphones.

Electronic device and social network use and sleep outcomes among adolescents: the EHDLA study

BackgroundConsidering the evident risk in the literature between the use of screen devices and sleep, there are still few studies on the relationship between each electronic screen device, media programs and sleep duration and sleep-related problems among adolescents and which variables interfere in these relationships. Therefore, this study has the following objectives: (1) to determine which are the most common electronic display devices related to sleep time and outcomes and (2) to determine which are the most common social network applications, such as Instagram and WhatsApp, associated with sleep outcomes.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study with 1101 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. Age, sex, sleep, psychosocial health, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), sport practice, and time spent on screen devices were assessed by an ad hoc questionnaire. Linear regression analyses were applied, adjusting for several covariables. Poisson regression was applied between the sexes. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsCell phone use was more associated with sleep time (13%). In boys, time spent on cell phones (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.09; p < 0.001) and videogames (PR = 1.08; p = 0.005) had a higher prevalence ratio. When psychosocial health was included in the models, we found the greatest association (Model 2: PR = 1.15; p = 0.007). For girls, time spent on the cell phone was significantly associated with sleep-related problems (PR = 1.12; p < 0.001), and adherence to the MD became the second most important in the model (PR = 1.35; p < 0.001), followed by psychosocial health and cell phone use (PR = 1.24; p = 0.007). Time spent on WhatsApp was associated with sleep-related problems only among girls (PR = 1.31; p = 0.001) and was the most important variable in the model along with MD (PR = 1.26; p = 0.005) and psychosocial health (PR = 1.41; p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results suggest a relationship between cell phones, video games, and social networks with sleep-related problems and time.

The association between strengthened cellphone laws and police-reported rear-end crash rates

Introduction: Prior evaluations of the connection between cellphone bans and crashes show unclear results. California, Oregon, and Washington enacted legislation (effective in 2017) to update earlier bans specific to handheld conversation and texting. This study evaluated the relationship between the laws and rear-end rates, a crash type sensitive to visual-manual cellphone use, in California, Oregon, and Washington. Method: Negative binomial regression compared the change in monthly per capita rear-end crash rates in California, Oregon, and Washington before and after the law changes relative to two control states, Colorado and Idaho, during 2015–2019. Analyses examined (a) rear-end crashes with injuries in all three study states, including minor to fatal injuries; and (b) rear-end crashes of all severities in California and Washington, including property-damage-only crashes and crashes with injuries; Oregon was excluded from this analysis because of a 2018 change to its reporting criteria for property-damage-only crashes. Results: Washington’s strengthened law was associated with a significant 7.6% reduction in the rate of monthly rear-end crashes of all severities relative to the controls. Law changes in Oregon and Washington were associated with significant reductions of 8.8% and 10.9%, respectively, in the rates of monthly rear-end crashes with injury relative to the controls. California did not experience changes in rear-end crash rates of all severities or with injuries associated with the strengthened law. Conclusion: The results of this study are mixed, with law changes associated with significant reductions in rear-end crash rates in two of the three study states. Differences in the wording of the laws, levels of enforcement, and sanction severity may help explain the divergent results. Practical application: Crash reductions in Oregon and Washington suggest that enacting legislation that comprehensively bans practically all visual-manual cellphone activity may have made the laws easier to enforce and clarified to drivers that handheld cellphone use is unacceptable in these states.

How risky is distracted driving?

We use data on fatal crashes to quantify the risk of distracted driving. We repurpose, extend, and improve a methodology used to estimate the riskiness of drinking drivers (Levitt & Porter, 2001). Our analysis suggests that distracted drivers are three times more likely to cause a fatal crash than focused drivers. We also estimate that distracted drivers represent three to four percent of drivers on the road at any given time. Further, we find that distractions associated with cellphone use are less likely to cause a fatal crash than are distractions from other sources. The externality costs between $0.02 and $0.05 per mile driven. The insurance surcharge for a distracted driving citation that could internalize the avoidable insurance losses is approximately $577 per year. Our work extends the literature on distracted driving and traffic fatalities. We believe our results can inform policymakers on the traffic-safety and economic consequences of distracted driving.

Contributions of Screen Use on Early Language and Development Milestones in Argentinean Toddlers from Different Socioeconomic Contexts

The objective of the following research was to describe the use of digital media (i.e., TV, background TV, cell phone, PC, and Tablet), presence of the adults during this activity, and its association with language, motor, and language developmental milestones and SES in the first years of life. Participants were 114 primary caregivers of toddlers between 12 and 36 months (M = 27.48 months, SD = 7.31, female = 58, low SES = 56). Parental reports of infant media use, motor and language development milestones, the Inventory of Skills Development (CDI), and the INDEC Scale (for SES) were used. The results showed that, on average, toddlers engaged for 1 h per day with TV and were passive recipients of background TV for 2 h a day, which was the most used screen. In addition, parents tend to share TV with toddlers. Language positively related with child Tablet use, book use, and TV shared with an adult, and there were negative associations with children’s cell phone and PC use alone and with an adult. For SES, having at least one basic need unsatisfied or less parental educational and occupancy was related with more background TV and use, less time sharing this type of media with toddlers, and less use and quantity of books at home. In general, there were no relations between digital media use and developmental milestones. This indicates that the excessive use of screens could relate to some early language skills, although it is necessary to investigate the context in which they are used.

Parental Phubbing and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms during COVID-19: A Serial Meditating Model

During the COVID-19 pandemic, depressive symptoms, a common emotional problem among adolescents, have become more prominent. Regarding the influencing factors of adolescent depressive symptoms, it is widely accepted that parents' problematic cellphone use around the family (specifically parental phubbing) is a strong predictive factor for the development of depressive symptoms among adolescents. Notably, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a sharp increase in the number of individuals with depressive symptoms, and the negative consequences of parental phubbing and depressive symptoms might have been exacerbated. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the association between parental phubbing and adolescent depressive symptoms as well as their underlying mechanism. To test our hypotheses, we conducted an offline/online survey with 614 adolescents in Central China from May to June 2022, which corresponded to a period of strict lockdowns in some areas due to the outbreak of the Omicron variant. The participants completed a set of measures, including a technology interference questionnaire, a parent-child relationship scale, a self-concept clarity scale, and the depressive symptoms scale. Parental phubbing was positively associated with adolescent depressive symptoms; the parent-child relationship and self-concept clarity could independently mediate this relationship; and the parent-child relationship and self-concept clarity were also serial mediators in this association. These findings extend previous research by highlighting the impact of parental technology use on their children and the underlying mechanism explaining adolescent depressive symptoms. They provide practical recommendations for parents to prioritize fostering a positive family environment and minimizing phubbing behaviors to enhance adolescent development, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analysis of the increase in technology addiction during the Covid-19 pandemic and its consequences in childhood

Childhood is composed of biological and psychosocial transitions, which enable the acquisition of motor, cognitive, and affective-social domains of development. With the onset of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 the WHO recommended that preventive measures be taken, such as closing schools as well as public places, a fact that culminated in distancing from friends and family. This has led to a greater proximity of children to technology, thus increasing their exposure to screens. According to the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics, the use of television, tablets, and computers should be equivalent to the child's age, monitored by those responsible in order to avoid excessive use. In this context, the objective of this project was to analyze the technological addictions of 4th and 5th grade students from Elementary School I in the city of Votuporanga-SP, developed before and during the Pandemic by Covid-19, and its impacts on the children's mental health. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire designed to evaluate the behavior of the children regarding the use of technology and lifestyle habits, in a qualitative and quantitative way. Our results showed that the pandemic period favored a greater access to digital equipment by children, due to their use for school activities. The increased use of cell phones created the possibility of distraction with games, videos, and participation in social networks. However, they emphasized that they prefer games involving physical activity to simply using screens. We also observed that it is of fundamental importance that parents/guardians accompany the children in stimulating family interaction.

Pareto-Optimized AVQI Assessment of Dysphonia: A Clinical Trial Using Various Smartphones

Multiparametric indices offer a more comprehensive approach to voice quality assessment by taking into account multiple acoustic parameters. Artificial intelligence technology can be utilized in healthcare to evaluate data and optimize decision-making processes. Mobile devices provide new opportunities for remote speech monitoring, allowing the use of basic mobile devices as screening tools for the early identification and treatment of voice disorders. However, it is necessary to demonstrate equivalence between mobile device signals and gold standard microphone preamplifiers. Despite the increased use and availability of technology, there is still a lack of understanding of the impact of physiological, speech/language, and cultural factors on voice assessment. Challenges to research include accounting for organic speech-related covariables, such as differences in conversing voice sound pressure level (SPL) and fundamental frequency (f0), recognizing the link between sensory and experimental acoustic outcomes, and obtaining a large dataset to understand regular variation between and within voice-disordered individuals. Our study investigated the use of cellphones to estimate the Acoustic Voice Quality Index (AVQI) in a typical clinical setting using a Pareto-optimized approach in the signal processing path. We found that there was a strong correlation between AVQI results obtained from different smartphones and a studio microphone, with no significant differences in mean AVQI scores between different smartphones. The diagnostic accuracy of different smartphones was comparable to that of a professional microphone, with optimal AVQI cut-off values that can effectively distinguish between normal and pathological voice for each smartphone used in the study. All devices met the proposed 0.8 AUC threshold and demonstrated an acceptable Youden index value.

Evaluation of the Impact of Work Zone Traffic Control Devices on Change of Speed Using the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study

Speeding is a major concern in work zones and a major contributor to work zone crashes. Around 71.4% of fatal work zone crashes are speeding-related compared with 30% of fatal crashes overall. Addressing speeding in work zones is therefore critical to improving work zone safety. This study utilized data from the second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study to evaluate the impact of traffic control devices (TCDs) on reducing driver speed in work zones. Time series data assessed changes in speed for 380 drivers over 104 unique work zones on four- or multilane roadways. Speed change was measured for single-point TCDs encountered in the work zones (i.e., signing, changeable message signs [CMSs]), and estimated using a linear mixed-effect model. Results indicated speeds reduced by 4.0 mph for dynamic speed feedback signs (DSFSs), 2.3 mph for speed limit signs (both regular and work zone), 2.2 mph with trailer-mounted- and 1.2 mph for active overhead CMSs, 2.8 mph for arrow boards, and up to 2 mph for other static work zone sign types. Driver characteristics (i.e., age, gender, glance location, cell phone use) were included in initial models but were not statistically significant, probably because of sample size. For instance, simple statics indicated that drivers engaged in a cell phone task had a decrease of only 1 mph when encountering a DSFS whereas drivers not engaged in a cell phone task decreased speed by over 4 mph. However, only seven drivers were engaged in a cell phone task when encountering a DSFS—probably too small to detect statistical significance.

Analisis Dampak Negatif Penggunaan Handphone Terhadap Anak SD

Mobile is an electronic device that is used by many people. Many people already have cell phones, even from an early age to the elderly, all of them already have cell phones and they already know how to use them. Besides that, cellphones have lots of benefits that can be used, we can play games, play Facebook, play Instagram, play tiktok and etc. We can also reach the whole world by using a cellphone and can search for all activities in the world with 1 cellphone. However, my current goal is to research more deeply about analyzing the negative impact of using mobile phones on elementary school children. This research uses a qualitative method, why did I take a qualitative method because in this research there are case studies. The results of this study are that many parents buy cellphones for their children who are still in elementary school and on average children use cellphones to play games, watch YouTube, even these children can access 18+ sites. What should have happened, the role of parents at that time was very important to control the development of their children so that they were kept away from negative things about cellphone use. However, from the cases that are currently rampant, the role of parents in educating their children who are still in elementary school does not pay much attention, even parents allow them to be free to play mobile phones whenever and wherever. With this the negative impact on the child will begin to be seen as an example: the child will be lazy to learn about school, the child will be difficult to manage, the child will be cranky when what he wants is not carried out, the child will plunge into the world of the internet where he will access the web in terms of negative and the worst thing is that when the child uses a cellphone excessively he will experience blur in his eyes and the child when he is an adult will use minus glasses

Digital Adherence Technologies and Mobile Money Incentives for Management of Tuberculosis Medication Among People Living With Tuberculosis: Mixed Methods Formative Study.

Although there is an increasing use of digital adherence technologies (DATs), such as real-time monitors and SMS reminders in tuberculosis medication adherence, suboptimal patient engagement with various DATs has been reported. Additionally, financial constraints can limit DAT's utility. The perceived usefulness and the design mechanisms of DATs linked to mobile money financial incentives for tuberculosis medication management remain unclear. The aim of this study is to describe the perceived usefulness and design mechanisms for a DAT intervention called My Mobile Wallet, which is composed of real-time adherence monitors, SMS reminders, and mobile money incentives to support tuberculosis medication adherence in a low-income setting. This study used mixed methods approaches among persons with tuberculosis recruited from the Tuberculosis Clinic in the Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. We purposively sampled 21 persons with tuberculosis aged 18 years and older, who owned cell phones and were able to use SMS text messaging interventions. We also enrolled 9 participants who used DATs in our previous study. We used focus group discussions with the 30 participants to solicit perceptions about the initial version of the My Mobile Walletintervention, and then iteratively refined subsequent versions of the intervention following a user-centered design approach until the beta version of the intervention that suited their needs was developed. Surveys eliciting information about participants' cell phone use and perceptions of the intervention were also administered. Content analysis was used to inductively analyze qualitative data to derive categories describing the perceived usefulness of the intervention, concerns, and design mechanisms. Stata (version 13; StataCorp) was used to analyze survey data. Participants expressed the perceived usefulness of the My Mobile Wallet intervention in terms of being reminded to take medication, supported with transport to the clinic, and money to meet other tuberculosis medication-related costs, all of which were perceived to imply care, which could create a sense of connectedness to health care workers. This could consequently cause participants to develop a self-perceived need to prove their commitment to adherence to health care workers who care for them, thereby motivating medication adherence. For fear of unintended tuberculosis status disclosure, 20 (67%) participants suggested using SMS language that is confidential-not easily related to tuberculosis. To reduce the possibilities of using the money for other competing demands, 25 (83%) participants preferred sending the money 1-2 days before the appointment to limit the time lag between receiving the money and visiting the clinic. DATs complemented with mobile money financial incentives could potentially provide acceptable approaches to remind, support, and motivate patients to adhere to taking their tuberculosis medication. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05656287; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05656287.