Cell Size Uniformity Research Articles

Implementation of Naive Bayes Method in Classification of Breast Cancer Disease

Less knowledge of early symptoms of breast cancer and how to deal with it early and the number of specialist doctorswho are still limited is one factor contributors because of the increasing number of people affected by breast cancerdisease. The development of breast cancer disease classification system aims to predict the early diagnosis of breastcancer disease in users or patients into two categories of malignant or benign. The initial diagnoses of this systemprediction variable include Clump Thickness, Uniformity of Cell Size, Uniformity of Cell Shape, Marginal Adhesion,Single Epithelial Cell Size (Single Epithelial Cell) Size), Bare nuclei, Bland Chromatin, Normal nucleoli, Mitosis Usingthe naive bayes method to process diagnostic data in patients, the results of this system test show that the system isable to predict and classify breast cancer disease into two categories (malignant or benign) with the amount of datatesting of 500 data. With the output of malignant or YA and benign or NO, the system is able to predict with an accuracyvalue of 98%.

Study of the foaming mechanisms associated with gas counter pressure and mold opening using the pressure profiles

We investigated the foaming mechanisms associated with the gas counter pressure (GCP) and mold-opening processes during foam injection molding for products with high quality surface. The molding process involved injecting a polymer/nitrogen solution into a nitrogen-pressurized mold cavity. The preloaded cavity pressure (that is, the GCP) prevented cell nucleation and growth within the polymer melt. This was the case until the GCP was released (without opening the mold) or until the melt filled the mold cavity completely. Then the cavity thickness was suddenly increased by opening the mold. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of cell nucleation and growth, we monitored the pressure profile at several locations in the mold cavity during the molding process. We found that the pressure history in the mold cavity, both as a function of space and time, was the dominant factor that determined cell morphology. By applying the GCP and the mold-opening process, the cell size uniformity was improved when compared with conventional foam injection molding. These methods did not compromise the achievable void fraction. Using GCP and the mold-opening process also significantly improved the surface qualities of the foamed parts. This was because the premature cell growth at the flow front during the mold filling stage had been eliminated.

Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Breast cancer affects many people at the present time. The factors that cause this disease are many and cannot be easily determined. Additionally, the diagnosis process which determines whether the cancer is benign or malignant also requires a great deal of effort from a doctors and physicians . When several tests are involved in the diagnosis of breast cancer, such as clump thickness, uniformity of cell size, uniformity of cell shape,...etc, the ultimate result may be difficult to obtain, even for medical experts. This has given a rise in the last few years to the use of machine learning and Artificial Intelligence in general as diagnostic tools. We aimed from this study to compare different classification learning algorithms significantly to predict a benign from malignant cancer in Wisconsin breast cancer dataset. We used the Wisconsin breast cancer dataset to compare five different learning algorithms , Bayesian Network, Naive Bayes, Decision trees J4.8 , ADTree, and Multi-layer Neural Network along with t-test for the best algorithm in terms of prediction accuracy. The experiment, has shown that Bayesian Network is significantly better than the other algorithms.

Relative Importance of Fine Needle Aspiration Features for Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Study Using Information Gain Evaluation and Machine Learning

Introduction: Objectives: Use machine learning methods and information gain evaluation to estimate the relative importance of nine attributes (features) derived from Fine Needle Aspirates (FNA) of breast lesions for the correct classification of breast malignancy. The nine attributes evaluated are: Clump thickness, Cell Size Uniformity, Bare Nuclei, Cell Shape Uniformity, Marginal Adhesion, Single Epithelial (Epi) Cell Size, Bland Chromatin, Normal Nucleoli and Mitoses. Knowledge of the importance of these attributes will be helpful to pathologists even if they never use machine learning methods. Materials and Methods: A Breast Cancer dataset from the University of Wisconsin at Madison was used. It consists of 699 real FNA cases (458 benign,241 malignant,9 attributes each and correct diagnosis). A tissue biopsy was used as the gold standard. The WEKA software package from the University of Waikato for used for all machine learning (ML) experiments. Performance of the ML algorithms was evaluated using stratified tenfold cross validation. Three performance measures were used: correct classification rate, area under ROC curve (AUC) and the Kappa statistic. Sixty four supervised ML algorithms were evaluated. Next the 9 attributes of the data set were ranked based on an information gain evaluation. The five best performing algorithms were evaluated again after successively reducing the number of attributes form 9 to 1. The least relevant attributes were eliminated first. Results: The best performing ML algorithm was BaysNet with a correct classification rate of 97.1388%, AUC of 0.992 and Kappa of 0.9374. The control algorithm, ZeroR, had the worst performance with a classification rate of 66%, AUC of 0.496 and a Kappa of 0. More than half the tested algorithms had correct classification rates in excess of 95%.

Preparation and foaming extrusion behavior of polylactide acid/polybutylene succinate/montmorillonoid nanocomposite

Polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene succinate (PBS) and the PLA/PBS/montmorillonite (MMT) composites were prepared by melt extrusion. The morphology structure, mechanical, thermal, and dynamic rheological properties of the composites were characterized, as well as foaming extrusion behavior of the composites was also studied. The results showed that MMT particles were intercalated into the PLA/PBS matrix forming an ‘intercalation’ structure. The toughness of PLA could be improved by blending with PBS. The comprehensive evaluation of mechanical properties of PLA/PBS was further improved by adding MMT. MMT could play the role of heterogeneous nucleation to improve the crystallization effect of PLA/PBS composite. The melt strength of PLA could be significantly increased by the synergies of MMT and PBS. Meanwhile, MMT could act as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial interaction between PLA and PBS. The synergies of PBS and MMT effectively reduced the density of PLA blend foam products, and increased their cell density, uniformity of cell size, and shape distribution.

CELLULOSE SYNTHASE9 Serves a Nonredundant Role in Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis in Arabidopsis Epidermal Testa Cells

Herein, we sought to explore the contribution of cellulose biosynthesis to the shape and morphogenesis of hexagonal seed coat cells in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Consistent with seed preferential expression of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE9 (CESA9), null mutations in CESA9 caused no change in cellulose content in leaves or stems, but caused a 25% reduction in seeds. Compositional studies of cesa9 seeds uncovered substantial proportional increases in cell wall neutral sugars and in several monomers of cell wall-associated polyesters. Despite these metabolic compensations, cesa9 seeds were permeable to tetrazolium salt, implying that cellulose biosynthesis, via CESA9, is required for correct barrier function of the seed coat. A syndrome of depleted radial wall, altered seed coat cell size, shape, and internal angle uniformity was quantified using scanning electron micrographs in cesa9 epidermal cells. By contrast, morphological defects were absent in cesa9 embryos, visually inspected from torpedo to bent cotyledon, consistent with no reduction in postgermination radical or hypocotyl elongation. These data implied that CESA9 was seed coat specific or functionally redundant in other tissues. Assessment of sections from glutaraldehyde fixed wild-type and cesa9 mature seeds supported results of scanning electron micrographs and quantitatively showed depletion of secondary cell wall synthesis in the radial cell wall. Herein, we show a nonredundant role for CESA9 in secondary cell wall biosynthesis in radial cell walls of epidermal seed coats and document its importance for cell morphogenesis and barrier function of the seed coat.

Simulation of aluminum foam formation and distribution uniformity

Effects of bubble size formed on orifice inside an aluminum melt and bubble distribution on a foaming chamber surface were studied by experimental simulation. The bubble size formed on the liquid surface is increased with the increase in air flow rate and pressure, orifice size, and immersion depth. The orifice with 45° taper head produces smaller bubbles than that with 60° taper and flat ones. A calculation formula is established to predict bubble size formed on the orifice inside a quiescent liquid at a given surface bubble size, and the calculation agrees well with the measurement data. Orifice reciprocal agitation improves cell size uniformity of the closed-cell aluminum foam, compared with orifice rotating. Although orifice rotating is effective in producing smaller bubbles, the agitation of orifice reciprocating produces more uniform bubble distribution on the liquid surface. The bubble distribution is further improved when evenly spaced orifices are replaced by nonequidistant orifices.

Crosslinking of rotational molding foams of polyethylene

AbstractRotational molding of foamed polyethylene has increasingly become an important process in industry due to its ability to produce innovative and high added value parts with little specialist equipment required. The polyolefin foam production tends to achieve the highest possible cell size uniformity and cell size reduction. To improve the cell morphology of the PE foams, the cell coalescence and coarsening might be suppressed, which can be accomplished preserving the melt strength of the polymer during processing. With this aim, in this work two peroxides have been used to enhance the melt strength of a linear low‐density polyethylene by chemical crosslinking. The moldings have been processed at different oven residence times and they have been characterized according to their density, gel content, bubble size distribution and impact strength. Despite the lower crosslinking degree attained by the crosslinked foams, the results show an enhancement in the cell morphology of these moldings, which are able to keep their cell size distribution even with the longest processing times and consequently the processing window of these rotational molding foams is widened. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1804–1812, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers

Multiplex shear stress‐induced nucleation in dynamic microcellular foaming process

AbstractThe effect of multiplex shear stress on the cell nucleation during microcellular foaming process was investigated using a dynamic foaming experimental apparatus. The multiplex oscillatory shear, which is different from previous one‐dimensional screw shear in a “stable” extrusion foaming process, is applied to the polymer melt through an axially vibrated rotor. The experimental results show that, by superimposing an axial vibration on the rotating rotor, the cell density increases and cell size decreases significantly when the shear rate is low. Both the uniformity of cell size and cell distribution are improved under vibration when compared with that without vibration regardless of how the shear rate changes. In addition, a simplified nucleation model based on shear energy has been carried out to qualitatively investigate the effect of both the simple steady shear and the multiplex oscillatory shear on the cell nucleation. Experiments and theoretical predictions all show that cell nucleation could be greatly improved by superimposing the oscillatory shear when the nucleation driving force induced by the steady shear is insufficient. Finally, the shear heat generated by excessive shear and strong vibration should be considered carefully although the isothermal condition was supposed in the present model. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1728–1738, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.

EVALUATING EXPANDED‐FOOD SENSORY PROPERTIES BY IMAGE ANALYSIS

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to ascertain whether sensory properties of extruded corn puff texture can be predicted by digital image analysis. Gradient image statistics, such as third moment and standard deviation, run‐length statistics, and features computed from fuzzy edge‐detected image were used. Visually‐determined sensory properties included cell density, cell wall thickness, cell size uniformity. Crushing force between molars and biting force between incisors were among the hardness‐related sensory properties. All the sensory properties could be predicted with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.89 or higher. In most cases, a polynomial function of an image feature was the best model for predicting sensory scores. Image features derived from the intensity band of a hue, saturation, and intensity color model gave the highest r2 values for predicting visually‐determined sensory properties. For hardness‐related sensory properties, the features derived from saturation band resulted in the best r2 values.

SEM IMAGE PROCESSING FOR FOOD STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

ABSTRACTImage processing techniques were developed to characterize the cellular structure of puffed corn meal extrudates from their scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Cross‐section SEM images were taken and digitized for product samples of different degrees of expansion. Two major approaches were developed to extract structure‐related image features. The air cells were also manually measured as the true characteristics of the cellular structure. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the image features as measures of the structural characteristics. A number of image features were found to be good indicators of cell size and cell uniformity (R2‐values up to 0.95). The image processing techniques developed were useful in cellular structure characterization and they provide a rapid and consistent way for food cellular structure quantification and analysis.

Ｓｐｉｔｚ ｎｅｖｕｓの１例

Spitz nevus is a rare form of benign melanocytic nevus, which is sometimes confused with malignant melanoma by the presence of bizarre nevus cells. We experienced such a difficult case.Our patient was a 15-year-old young man who suffered from a nodule on the left ankle joint. The greyish brown nodule was 8mm in diameter and grew rapidly during the past one year. Histopathologically, it showed features of a dermal nevus. The nevus cells were composed mainly of epithelioid cells. The cytoplasm was large and pleomorphic. The nucleus was atypical and occasionally showed multiplicity. In spite of the pleomorphism and loss of maturation, we diagnosed the tumor as a Spitz nevus because of the relative uniformity of tumor cell size, the sparcity of mitotic feature, the sparcity of melanin, the sharp lateral margins, and the symmetry of the architecture. In order to confirm the diagnosis, immunohistochemical studies were performed with anti-PCNA antibody and anti-P53 antibody. The result supported our estimation that the case was not malignant melanoma.

Response Surface Methodology in the Development of Rice Flour Yeast Breads: Sensory Evaluation

ABSTRACTYeast breads were developed from rice flour (80%) and potato starch (20%). Using sensory measurement from a trained panel, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find carboxymethylcel‐lulose (CMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and water level combinations for gluten‐free breads from three different rice flours. Formulations resulted in rice breads that met wheat bread reference standards for moistness, cohesiveness, yeasty flavor, adhesiveness, aftertaste, top crust and crumb color, cell size uniformity and predominant cell size. Medium grain rice flour breads met more sensory reference standards than long grain rice flour breads.

Cellular morphology in haploid amphibian embryos

External surfaces of haploid and diploid embryos of Bombina orientalis were examined with the scanning electron microscope to determine the possible contribution of cellular morphology to the amphibian haploid syndrome. Cellular anomalies were prevalent in all surface areas of haploid embryos. The epithelium appeared uneven due to the displacement of ciliated cells and the rounded surfaces of the non-ciliated cells. The ratio of ciliated to non-ciliated cells was altered in comparison to diploid embryos. Cells of the gill filaments and adhesive organs were abnormal in morphology, and the adhesive organs themselves were fused into a single large rudiment in haploid embryos. Uniformity of cell size was markedly reduced in head regions of haploid embryos with severe microcephaly. Haploid and diploid embryos elaborated mucoid matrices over the surface cells when removed from the fertilization envelope. It is apparent that aberrant cellular morphologies are widespread in haploid embryos, and it is likely that these defects are major contributors to the gross morphological anomalies of the haploid syndrome.

Effect of processing variables on the thermophysical properties of polybenzimidazole foams

AbstractPolybenzimidazole foams in the density range of 24 to 80 kg/m3 have excellent thermophysical properties, fire resistance, and low smoke evolution when exposed to heat or flame; they also retain their mechanical properties up to 200°C without any significant degradation. In addition to superior thermal properties, the foams maintain a high degree of flexibility and a good modulus‐to‐weight ratio, as well as high strength‐to‐weight relationship at high temperatures. These properties make this foam an attractive candidate as a low‐weight, high‐temperature insulation for aerospace applications. This paper describes the relationship between prepolymer purity, processing parameters, and additives to the thermophysical and chemical properties of these foams. Foam properties are shown to be affected by differences in prepolymer purity, curing schedule, and the presence of additives in the foam. High‐temperature compressive properties were imporved by postcuring at 527°C. Surfactant additives were found to improve uniformity of cell size. Foams were characterized according to high‐temperature mechanical properties, density, porosity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat.