Cell Division Cycle In Plants Research Articles

A Journey to the Core of the Plant Cell Cycle.

Production of new cells as a result of progression through the cell division cycle is a fundamental biological process for the perpetuation of both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In the case of plants, their developmental strategies and their largely sessile nature has imposed a series of evolutionary trends. Studies of the plant cell division cycle began with cytological and physiological approaches in the 1950s and 1960s. The decade of 1990 marked a turn point with the increasing development of novel cellular and molecular protocols combined with advances in genetics and, later, genomics, leading to an exponential growth of the field. In this article, I review the current status of plant cell cycle studies but also discuss early studies and the relevance of a multidisciplinary background as a source of innovative questions and answers. In addition to advances in a deeper understanding of the plant cell cycle machinery, current studies focus on the intimate interaction of cell cycle components with almost every aspect of plant biology.

Detection of Changes in the Medicago sativa Retinoblastoma-Related Protein (MsRBR1) Phosphorylation During Cell Cycle Progression in Synchronized Cell Suspension Culture.

Deepening our knowledge on the regulation of the plant cell division cycle depends on techniques that allow for the enrichment of cell populations in defined cell cycle phases. Synchronization of cell division can be achieved using different plant tissues; however, well-established cell suspension cultures provide large amount of biological sample for further analyses. Here, we describe the methodology of the establishment, propagation, and analysis of a Medicago sativa suspension culture that can be used for efficient synchronization of the cell division. A novel 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-based method is used for the estimation of cell fraction that enters DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle and we also demonstrate the changes in the phosphorylation level of Medicago sativa retinoblastoma-related protein (MsRBR1) during cell cycle progression.

A Passiflora homolog of a D-type cyclin gene is differentially expressed in response to sucrose, auxin, and cytokinin

In higher plants, one of the major components of developmental processes is cell division. The cell division cycle in plants is controlled by cyclins and cyclin-dependend kinases. Nutrient and hormonal signals can influence the roles that D-type cyclins play in the G1-to-S phase transition. Auxins and cytokinins are long known to be important plant hormones controlling plant growth. Additionally, as sucrose is the major transported carbon source in higher plants, it is possible that it plays a major role in cell division. To access the molecular aspects of the effect of auxin, cytokinin and sucrose on the regulation of cell cycle machinery and plant development, we cloned a Passiflora morifolia putative homolog to a D-type cyclin, PmCYCD1, which showed high sequence similarity to other known plant D-type cyclins. We examined the expression patterns of PmCYCD1 during callus induction and growth in in vitro conditions. We observed incremented expression levels of PmCYCD1 correlated to increasing concentrations of sucrose, α-naphthalene acetic acid and 6-benzyladenine in the culture medium. Additionally, the results of in situ hybridization experiments indicated a dynamic spatial expression pattern for PmCYCD1 during callus growth.

Functional identification of cytokinesis-related genes from tobacco BY-2 cells

The molecular mechanisms controlling cytokinesis in plant cell division cycle remains largely unknown. In this study, a functional approach was taken to identify genes that may play roles in cytokinesis in tobacco BY-2 cells, using fission yeast as the host organism. A total of 22 BY-2 genes that perturbed the terminal stage of cell division when ectopically expressed in yeast cells were isolated, among which, several encode for uncharacterized genes. Additionally, RT-PCR analysis indicated that four of the isolated genes were expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that fission yeast system can be efficiently used to identify the genes that may function, either positively or negatively, in the regulation of cytokinesis. More importantly, the candidate genes we have isolated in this work can provide useful information for unraveling the regulators controlling cell separation at the late stage of BY-2 cell division.

The emerging importance of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in the regulation of the plant cell cycle and related processesThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

The cell division cycle in plants as in other eukaryotes is controlled by the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). This CDK paradigm determines that developmental cues and environmental signals need to impinge on the CDK complex to affect the cell cycle. An important part of understanding cell cycle regulation is to understand how CDK is regulated by various factors. In addition, there are features that set the cell cycle regulation in plants apart from that in other eukaryotes such as animals. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the differences is poor. A family of plant CDK inhibitor proteins has been identified. The plant CDK inhibitors share similarity with a family of animal CDK inhibitors in a small region, while most of the sequence and the structural layout of the plant CDK inhibitors are different from the animal counterparts. Studies of plant CDK inhibitors have been performed mostly with the CDK inhibitors from Arabidopsis called ICKs (also referred to as KRPs). ICKs interact with D-type cyclins and A-type CDK. Overexpression of ICKs has been shown to affect cell division, plant growth, and morphogenesis. Studies of ICKs have also provided insightful information on the control of endoreduplication in plants. These aspects as well as cellular localization and protein regulation of ICKs are reviewed.

Nitric oxide is required for, and promotes auxin‐mediated activation of, cell division and embryogenic cell formation but does not influence cell cycle progression in alfalfa cell cultures

It is now well established that nitric oxide (NO) serves as a signaling molecule in plant cells. In this paper experimental data are presented which indicate that NO can stimulate the activation of cell division and embryogenic cell formation in leaf protoplast-derived cells of alfalfa in the presence of auxin. It was found that various NO-releasing compounds promoted auxin-dependent division (as shown by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine) of leaf protoplast-derived alfalfa cells. In contrast, application of NO scavenger or NO synthesis inhibitor inhibited the same process. Both the promotion and the inhibition of cell cycle activation correlated with the amount and activity of the cognate alfalfa p34cdc2 protein Medsa;CDKA;1,2. The effect of l-NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) was transient, and protoplast-derived cells spending more than 3 days in culture become insensitive to the inhibitor as far as cell cycle progression was concerned. L-NMMA had no effect on the cell cycle parameters of cycling suspension-cultured cells, but had a moderate transient inhibitory effect on cells re-entering the cell cycle following phosphate starvation. Cycling cultured cells, however, could respond to NO, as indicated by the sodium nitroprusside (SNP)- and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO)-dependent accumulation of the ferritin protein. Based on these observations, it is hypothesized that L-NMMA-sensitive generation of NO is involved in the activation, but not the progression of the plant cell division cycle. In addition, SNP promoted and L-NMMA delayed the exogenous auxin [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)] concentration-dependent formation of embryogenic cell clusters expressing the MsSERK1 gene; this further supports a link between auxin- and NO-dependent signaling pathways in plant cells.

Cyclin D1 and p22 ack1 play opposite roles in plant growth and development

The plant cell division cycle, a highly coordinated process, is continually regulated during the growth and development of plants. In this report, we demonstrate how two cell-cycle regulators act together to control cell proliferation in transgenic Arabidopsis. To identify potential cyclin dependent kinase regulators from Arabidopsis, we employed an two-hybrid screening system to isolate genes encoding G1 specific cyclin-interacting proteins. One of these, p22 ack1, which encodes a novel 22 kDa protein, binds to cyclin D1. Overexpression of p22 ack1 in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in growth retardation due to a strong inhibition of cell division in the leaf primordial and meristematic tissue. The leaf shape of p22 ack1 transgenic Arabidopsis was altered from oval in wild-type to dentate. Wild-type phenotype was successfully restored in F1 hybrids by cross-hybridizing the p22 ackl Arabidopsis mutants with cyclin D1. Taken together, these results suggest that p22 ack1 and cyclin D1, which act antagonistically, are major rate-limiting factors for cell division in the leaf meristem.

Detection of a cell-cycle inhibitor of Petunia hybrida protoplasts in an Arthrospira platensis extract

A chloroform crude extract of whole Arthrospira platensis cells, provisionally named A. platensis auto-inhibitor (APAI), was inhibitory to growth of human prostatic cells and was toxic to them at less than 25 μg/ml. With cultured protoplasts of Petunia hybrida, APAI was growth inhibitory, without cytotoxicity, at 500 μg/ml. Using flow cytometry, it was seen that APAI induced arrest of the plant cell division cycle at the G1 phase. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998

Distinct Classes of cdc2-Related Genes Are Differentially Expressed during the Cell Division Cycle in Plants

Distinct Classes of cdc2-Related Genes Are Differentially Expressed during the Cell Division Cycle in Plants

Distinct classes of cdc2-related genes are differentially expressed during the cell division cycle in plants.

cdc2 and several related genes encode the catalytic subunits of cyclin-dependent kinases, which have been implicated in a number of cellular processes, including control of cell division. As a first step in exploring their function in plants, we isolated four cdc2-related genes from Antirrhinum. Two genes, cdc2a and cdc2b, encode proteins that contain a perfectly conserved PSTAIRE motif characteristic of cdc2 homologs, whereas the products of the two remaining genes, cdc2c and cdc2d, appear to represent a new subclass of proteins that have so far only been identified in plants. Transcripts of these novel genes were localized in isolated cells dispersed throughout actively dividing regions of the inflorescence. This localization is consistent with accumulation that is specific to particular phases of the cell cycle. Correlating cell labeling with nuclear condensation and double-labeling experiments using cdc2 and histone H4 as probes indicated that cdc2c transcripts accumulate during S phase as well as during the G2 and M transition, whereas cdc2d expression was specific to the G2 and M phases. All cells labeled with cdc2d also contained cdc2c label, Indicating that expression of cdc2d completely overlapped with that of cdc2c. Transcripts of cdc2a and cdc2b were detected in all cells within actively dividing regions, but at levels that were only slightly higher than those observed in nondividing areas. These transcripts did not appear to accumulate in a cell cycle-specific fashion. The genes cdc2a and cdc2b were able to partially complement a yeast cdc2 mutation, although all four genes appeared to interfere with the sizing mechanism of yeast cells. We propose that plants contain at least two classes of cdc2-related genes that differ in structure, expression, and perhaps function.

Activation of the cell cycle machinery and the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway by active Rhizobium meliloti Nod signal molecules in Medicago microcallus suspensions.

We have shown that treatment of Medicago microcallus suspensions with the cognate Rhizobium meliloti Nod signal molecule NodRm-IV(C16:2,S) can modify gene expression both qualitatively and quantitatively. At concentrations of 10(-6) - 10(-9) M, this host specific plant morphogen but not the inactive non-sulfated molecule stimulated cell cycle progression as indicated by the significantly enhanced thymidine incorporation, elevated number of S phase cells, increase in kinase activity of the p34cdc2-related complexes and enhancement of the level of expression of several cell cycle marker genes, the histone H3-1, the cdc2Ms and the cyclin cycMs2. The presented data suggest that at least part of the physiological role of the Nod factor may be linked to molecular events involved in the control of the plant cell division cycle. In situ hybridization experiments with antisense H3-1 RNA probe indicated that only certain cells of the calli were able to respond to the Nod factor. High (10(-6) M) but not low (10(-9) M) concentrations of the active Nod factors induced the expression of the isoflavone reductase gene (IFR), a marker gene of the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway in most callus cells. Our results indicate that Medicago cell responses to the Nod signal molecules can be investigated in suspension cultures.

Cell Cycle in Potentially Dedifferentiating Cereal Mesophyll Protoplasts Cultured in vitro. I. Abnormalities in Cycle Kinetics

Summary Protoplasts isolated from immature and mature mesophyll of wheat and oats were cultured in vitro . The potential progression from G1 (G0) to G2, through mitosis and cytokinesis was analysed. The degree and speed of progression through the cell cycle depended on the species and the state of maturity of the tissue from which the protoplasts were derived. In all the protoplast populations that were tested at least initiation of DNA synthesis was detected by labelling nuclei with the thymidine-analogue, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Protoplasts derived from mature leaf tissue of wheat appeared to be recalcitrant to reach G2. Wheat protoplasts derived from immature leaf tissue appeared to progress slowly from G1 to G2 and they were incapable of mitosis. Protoplasts of oats showed mitosis. Progression through cytokinesis, if occurring, appeared to be sluggish, particularly in protoplasts derived from mature leaf tissue. Sustained cell division was not observed. The results are discussed in the context of coordination and regulation of the cell division cycle in plants and the recalcitrance of cereals in tissue culture.

The Cell Division Cycle in Plants. J. A. Bryant , D. Francis

Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksThe Cell Division Cycle in Plants. J. A. Bryant , D. Francis D. DavidsonD. Davidson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 61, Number 4Dec., 1986 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/415164 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1986 Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Reviews

Biochemistry and Function of Vacuolar Adenosine ‐ Triphosphatase in Fungi and Plants. Ed. by B. P. Marin. The Cell Division Cycle in Plants: A Review. Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 26. Ed. by J. A. Bryant and D. Francis. Control of Leaf Growth. Ed. by N. R. Baker, W. J. Davies and C. K. Ong. Physiological Ecology of Lichens. By K. A. Kershaw. Plant Genetic Engineering. Ed. by J. H. Dodds. Petunia. Ed. by K. C. SINK. Dimensions of Darwinism. Themes and Counter‐themes in Twentieth‐Century Evolutionary Theory. Edited by M. Grene. Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Marine Biology Symposium. Ed. by P. E. GIBBS.

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: REGULATION OF SOURCES AND SINKS IN CROP PLANTS. BRITISH PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR GROUP MONOGRAPH 12. Edited by B. Jeffcoat, A. F. Hawkins & A. D. Stead THE CELL DIVISION CYCLE IN PLANTS. Edited by J. A. Bryant & D. Francis

The cell division cycle in plants

The cell division cycle in plants

Book reviews

Books review in this article: The Cell Division Cycle In Plants. Ed. By J. A. Bryant and D. Francis Radiation and Skin. C. S. Potten.

DNA and division in plant cells. The cell division cycle in plants. Edited by J. A. BRYANT and D. FRANCIS. Cambridge University Press, 1985. Pp. 260. £18.50

DNA and division in plant cells. The cell division cycle in plants. Edited by J. A. B<scp>RYANT</scp> and D. F<scp>RANCIS</scp>. Cambridge University Press, 1985. Pp. 260. £18.50