Cell Disintegration Research Articles

Phymatolithon atlanticum sp. nov. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from the northeast Atlantic Ocean

ABSTRACT Phymatolithon atlanticum is newly described from France and Northern Ireland (the United Kingdom) using both molecular (rbcL sequence data, concatenated psbA and COI-5P datasets) and morpho-anatomical analyses. The species shows sequence divergences from other Phymatolithon species by 10.7–15.3% in rbcL, 5.1–9.2% in psbA and 9.6–16.8% in COI-5P. Morpho-anatomically, P. atlanticum is encrusting to lumpy, has slightly sunken female conceptacles with raised rims, lacks buried conceptacles, has five to six rosette cells surrounding tetra/bisporangial conceptacle pores, and has tetra/bisporangial conceptacle roofs that are pitted with depressions as a result of the disintegration of rosette cells. This latter feature is what currently separates the species morpho-anatomically from all other species of Phymatolithon. The tetra/bisporangial conceptacle of P. atlanticum closely resembles those of Lithothamnion crispatum and Leptophytum bornetii and may well represent additional examples of convergent evolution in the non-geniculate coralline algae.

Effect of infusion irrigation with different irrigating solutions on transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 and intra-articular inflammation in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis rabbit model

BackgroundThe incidence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is high, but there is still a lack of intra-operative preventive measures. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions continuous irrigation on intra-articular inflammation and cartilage degeneration.Methods 66 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into normal (N) group, no treatment (NT) group, sodium chloride (NaCl) group, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) group, and calcium chloride (CaCl2) group. The right knee joint of the experimental group was utilized to construct the model of PTOA, and the left side was utilized as the normal control group. At different time points postoperatively, the blood concentration of hemoglobin and Mg2 + , the synovial fluid concentration of IL-1 β, TNF-α, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRAP-5b), and Type II Collagen, the gene expression of IL-1 β and MMP-3, and the protein expression of TRPV5 and CaM were detected. Pearson′s linear correlation was employed to identify the possible relationship between the expression of TRAP-5b and the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and Type II collagen. The hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), Masson’s trichrome staining, and Alcian blue staining were performed at postoperative 35 days. Osteoarthritis Scoring (OA score) comprised categories including Alcian blue staining, cartilage histology, the cellular density of cartilage, degree of cell disintegration, and formation of chondrocyte cluster were blindly scored by trained researchers at postoperative 35 days.ResultsThere was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in the hemoglobin concentration between different groups. The concentration of serum Mg2+ in the MgSO4 group was higher than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05) on the same day of operation, then gradually decreased. The expression of IL-1 β, IL-6, and TRAP-5b in synovial fluid increased 5 days after the operation, decreased at 15 days, and then increased again with time in the NT group, NaCl group, and NT group and NaCl group. At 35 days after the operation, the expression of IL-1 β, IL-6, TRAP-5b, and type II collagen in the MgSO4 group were lower than that in the other three groups (except group N) (P < 0.05).The correlation analysis results showed that the TRAP-5b levels correlated positively with IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α, and type II collagen concentrations. The histological examination revealed that the surface smoothness of cartilage, the morphology of chondrocytes, the arrangement of collagen fibers, and the density of proteoglycan in the MgSO4 group were better than those in other experimental groups. At 35 days postoperatively, the gene expression of IL-1 β and MMP-3 and the protein expression of CaM and TRPV5 in synovium in the MgSO4 group was lower than that in the NaCl group and CaCl2 group.ConclusionIntra-operative irrigation with magnesium sulfate solution can inhibit the inflammatory factors and the expression of TRPV5, which can also reduce collagen loss and delay cartilage degeneration. Therefore, the use of magnesium sulfate in intra-operative irrigation may be an ideal choice to prevent PTOA.

Improving the lipid extraction yield from Chlorella based on the controllable electroporation of cell membrane by pulsed electric field

In order to solve the increasingly serious problems of energy and environment, microalgae are used as a raw material for extracting lipids to produce biodiesel. Prior to the extraction of lipids, microalgae were treated with high-voltage pulsed electric field (PEF) to break the cell membrane. It was found that the lipid extraction yield depends on the electric field strength (E) and the specific energy input (Wsp), and has a certain relationship with the cell disintegration rate of Chlorella. The perforation degree of the Chlorella's cell membrane by PEF treatment is controllable, moderate perforation can be ensured by controlling the power parameters. PEF treatment significantly improved the extraction yield of lipids. Compared with the test samples without PEF treatment, PEF treatment increased the lipid extraction yields by up to 166.67%. However, an excessively high voltage will cause the quality of the extracted biodiesel to decrease.

Selective Release of Recombinant Periplasmic Protein From E. coli Using Continuous Pulsed Electric Field Treatment.

To date, high-pressure homogenization is the standard method for cell disintegration before the extraction of cytosolic and periplasmic protein from E. coli. Its main drawback, however, is low selectivity and a resulting high load of host cell impurities. Pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment may be used for selective permeabilization of the outer membrane. PEF is a process which is able to generate pores within cell membranes, the so-called electroporation. It can be readily applied to the culture broth in continuous mode, no additional chemicals are needed, heat generation is relatively low, and it is already implemented at industrial scale in the food sector. Yet, studies about PEF-assisted extraction of recombinant protein from bacteria are scarce. In the present study, continuous electroporation was employed to selectively extract recombinant Protein A from the periplasm of E. coli. For this purpose, a specifically designed flow-through PEF treatment chamber was deployed, operated at 1.5 kg/h, using rectangular pulses of 3 μs at specific energy input levels between 10.3 and 241.9 kJ/kg. Energy input was controlled by variation of the electric field strength (28.4–44.8 kV/cm) and pulse repetition frequency (50–1,000 Hz). The effects of the process parameters on cell viability, product release, and host cell protein (HCP), DNA, as well as endotoxin (ET) loads were investigated. It was found that a maximum product release of 89% was achieved with increasing energy input levels. Cell death also gradually increased, with a maximum inactivation of -0.9 log at 241.9 kJ/kg. The conditions resulting in high release efficiencies while keeping impurities low were electric field strengths ≤ 30 kV/cm and frequencies ≥ 825 Hz. In comparison with high-pressure homogenization, PEF treatment resulted in 40% less HCP load, 96% less DNA load, and 43% less ET load. Therefore, PEF treatment can be an efficient alternative to the cell disintegration processes commonly used in downstream processing.

An Overview of the Most Common Effective Antioxidants on Hemodialysis

Dialysis itself increases oxidative stress. The causes of oxidative stress in patients are not yet known, but uremic toxins, dialyzer interactions, and dialysis fluid contamination have been suggested as three major causes of the stress. Peripheral blood cell-dialysis membrane interaction is another hypothesis that has been proposed for increase in the production of reactive oxidant species. Antioxidants can improve or prevent disease by affecting the involved factors. This article aims to introduce antioxidants that affect injuries due to hemodialysis to familiarize the readers with the disease and prevent and treat the disease using antioxidants. For this purpose, the important effects of medicinal plants with antioxidant properties on the levels of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrogen (NO), peroxynitric acid, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) production and apoptosis in dialysis were investigated and reported. To conduct this review, relevant articles retrieved from Pubmed, ISI and Scopus databases using search terms antioxidant, reactive oxygen species (ROS), dialysis, and kidney, and indexed from 1991 to 2019 were used. Herbal active ingredients such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant compounds can contribute to reducing. It also prevents hemodialysis incidence and its adverse effects by preventing increase of free radicals, decrease of membrane lipid peroxidation, and increase of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Free radicals affect fat, protein, DNA and cell membranes, including membrane carbohydrates, causing membrane damage and cell disintegration. In terms of clinical applications, antioxidant products can be used to treat oxidative stress related to dialysis and are practical drugs. In addition, small proteins such as immunoglobulin G and complements attach to the membrane of the dialysis machine which activate granulocytes and produce free radicals. Antioxidants with prevent of kidney damage and progression of the disease by affecting the factors effective on hemodialysis.

Maximal interaction of electromagnetic radiation with corona virions

Absorption and scattering of the impinging electromagnetic waves are the two fundamental operations describing the energy exchange of any, organic or inorganic, particle with its environment. In the case of virion cells, substantial extinction power, counting both absorbing and scattering effects, is a prerequisite for performing a variety of coupling actions against the viral particles and, thus, a highly sought-after feature. By considering realistic dispersion for the dielectric permittivity of proteins and a core-shell modeling allowing for rigorous formulation via Mie theory, we report optical extinction resonances for corona-virions at mid-infrared range that are not significantly perturbed by changes in the objects size or the background host. Our findings indicate the optimal regime for interaction of photonic radiation with viral particles and may assist towards the development of equipment for thermal damage, disintegration or neutralization of coronavirus cells.

Bacteriophages as Therapeutic Agents: Alternatives to Antibiotics.

Bacteriophages are bacterio-specific viruses that constitute the main portion of the environment. Bacteriophages inject their genome into the targeted bacterial cells and some of them can disrupt the metabolism of bacteria and cause bacterial cell disintegration. The application of bacteriophages to kill bacteria is known as bacteriophage therapy. Since bacteriophages target bacteria and are strain-specific, every bacteriophage/bacterial host pair is unique. They are believed to cause no harm to humans. An additional advantage of the strain-specific nature of bacteriophages is that they do not disrupt the beneficial natural flora in the body. Bacteriophage therapy in the West is not a recognized medicine at this time, and no products are registered. Some clinicians are turning to bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections. Lack of adverse effects makes bacteriophage therapy ideal for use. Funding research, media attention, and the increased publication of articles helped in a widespread understanding of its therapeutic potential. The first prerequisite for the use of bacteriophage therapy is simply the availability of bacteriophages for treatment, which is often complicated at this stage of bacteriophage production. This includes providing access to all biologically active bacteriophages against the bacterial isolate of the patient and meeting regulatory criteria of purity, traceability, and characterization. A monophage preparation, which is a single bacteriophage, or a phage cocktail, which consists of a number of combined bacteriophages against one or more bacterial species may be used. Accordingly, the antibiotic resistance crisis brought back bacteriophage therapy as a potential complementary or alternative treatment. Bacteriophages are promising cheap antibacterials.

Combined effect of pulsed electric fields and ultrasound on mass energy transfer and diffusion coefficient of plum

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of combined application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) and ultrasound (US) pre-treatment on drying kinetics, mass transfer and convective water diffusion coefficient on plum fruit. The treatment was performed by using plum fruit in water for uniform distribution of electric conductivity and PEF treatment was applied at 1, 2 and 3 kV/cm, 50 pulses followed by US, 40 kHz with 99% frequency for 30 min and 27 ± 2 °C. Cell disintegration, drying kinetics, mass transfer and diffusion coefficient were calculated, and results showed that plums treated at 3 kV/cm intensity exhibited higher cell disintegration followed by 2 and 1 kV/cm. Furthermore, the investigation of PEF and US pre-treatment for drying kinetics and convective diffusion coefficient revealed that plums treated at 3 kV/cm contributed higher drying rate and convective water diffusion coefficient at uniform, pulse number, temperature and sonication time followed by 2 and 1 kV/cm. This study stated that combined treatment of PEF and US increased the cell disintegration, drying rate and also facilitate convective water diffusion as compared to untreated intact tissues.

Effects and associated mechanisms of surfactants on wastewater treatment in the context of Covid-19

Hand washing enhanced by the Covid-19 has caused more surfactants to flow into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which might affect both wastewater treatment and sludge disposal. Surfactants in municipal wastewater are usually at 5~20 mg·L−1, but it could climb to 10~30 mg·L−1 during the pandemic. Only about 1% of the influent surfactants generally remains in the effluent, and approximately 10%~20% is adsorbed into excess sludge. Although the content of surfactants in wastewater is not so high, their special amphiphilic molecular structures could reduce oxygen transfer efficiency, destroy sludge flocs, and affect the activity and abundance of microorganisms associated with nitrogen and phosphorus removal. As for sludge treatment, however, surfactants seem positive on dehydration, cell disintegration, solubilizing sludge flocs, and even anaerobic digestion like hydrolysis and acidification. Thus, it is a high priority to address the source, structure and migration &transformation of surfactants first, then to elucidate their influences and associated countermeasures on wastewater treatment, and finally to demonstrate their positive impacts on sludge treatment/disposal. The review is proposed to pay attention to the long-term effect of surfactants at a high content due to the pandemic, so as to study future operational measures that could alleviate the negative effects on wastewater treatment and simultaneously utilizes the positive effects on sludge treatment. © 2021, Science Press. All right reserved.

Clinico-epidemiological profile of children with of asymptomatic phase of renal disease

Pyuria is defined as more than 5WBCs/mm3 of urine and if this definition is taken into consideration it correlates in 90% cases of UTI. However, pyuria may be masked in significant infections due to Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas due to disintegration of White Blood Cells caused by alkaline condition produced by these urease positive organisms. Children were subjected to physical examination, blood pressure recording and urine was collected and further analyzed. All children were advised to collect mid stream clean catch urine sample under strict aseptic precautions. The collected urine samples were tested for protein, blood and bacteria by dipstick method and microscopy rapid screening test like griess nitrate test was done. 95% of the children had no RBCs in urine. 2.8% showed 1-5 RBCs/ HPF. Significant hematuria (> 5 RBCs/ HPF) was seen in 2.2% of children.

КЛИНИКО-МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ТКАНЯХ ДЕСНЫ ПРИ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ГИНГИВИТА

Gingivitis is the most common disease of periodontal tissues in children. An experimental model of gingivitis is necessary to study the pathogenetic processes occurring in this disease, as well as to develop new dosage forms. Drugs based on phospholipase A are used to model gingivitis, its content in viper venom is 32—59.8 %. The aim of the work is to evaluate the clinical and morphological changes in the gum tissues in experimental gingivitis caused by the drug «Vipraxin». 20 animals were selected to simulate experimental gingivitis. They were injected once into the submucosal layer of the gum with the drug «Vipraxin», which is an aqueous solution (0,2 ml) of viper venom. All rats were biopsied for histological examination on the 6th day from the beginning of the experiment. Redness of the gingival margin, puffiness and smoothness of the contour were visually noted in all rats. Also bleeding was determined while probing. The histological preparations revealed disintegration of the cells of the spiny and granular layers of the epithelium, smoothness of the papillae of the connective tissue lamina proper, swelling and loosening of the fibrous structures, and vascular fullness. 3 groups of activity of the inflammatory process depending on the degree of severity of changes in the gum tissues: mild, moderate and severe. All clinical and morphological changes match to the inflammatory process in case of using the drug «Vipraxin». This drug can be used for modeling experimental gingivitis.

Mechanism of nanotoxicity in Chlorella vulgaris exposed to zinc and iron oxide.

Usage of nanoparticle in various products has increased tremendously in the recent past. Toxicity of these nanoparticles can have a huge impact on aquatic ecosystem. Algae are the ideal organism of the aquatic ecosystem to understand the toxicity impact of nanoparticles. The present study focuses on the toxicity evaluation of zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles towards freshwater microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. The dose dependent growth retardation in Chlorella vulgaris is observed under ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles and nanoform attributed more toxicity than their bulk counterparts. The IC50 values of ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles was reported at 0.258 mg L-1 and 12.99 mg L-1 whereas, for the bulk-form, it was 1.255 mgL-1 and 17.88 mg L-1, respectively. The significant decline in chlorophyll content and increase in proline content, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, indicated the stressful physiological state of microalgae. An increased lactate dehydrogenase level in treated samples suggested membrane disintegration by ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Compound microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm cell entrapment, deposition of nanoparticles on the cell surface and disintegration of algal cell wall. Higher toxicity of nanoform in comparison to bulk chemistry is a point of concern.

Quercetin ameliorates reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, mucus depletion, goblet disintegration, and tumor multiplicity in colon cancer: Probable role of adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin.

1,2 Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH), a cogent environmental toxicant, targets the colon. Previous reports suggest that DMH-mediated dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a vital role in the initial events of colon carcinogenesis. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin on DMH-mediated colon cancer by targeting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin in Wistar rats. Animals were pretreated orally with quercetin at doses of either 25 or 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) and DMH at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw subcutaneously up to the 15th week and sacrificed after the 30th week. DMH administration leads to reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in an imbalance in redox homeostasis and causing membrane lipid peroxidation, which is also partly due to the decrease in the level of tissue antioxidant machinery. Increased inflammatory and proliferative proteins were observed in DMH-induced colon cancerous rats. DMH treatment also led to dysregulation in the apoptotic pathway with decreased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio. Quercetin pretreatment ameliorates DMH-induced proliferation, activities of detoxifying enzymes, and putative early markers (mucin depletion and goblet cell disintegration) in colonic tissue. It also significantly regulates APC and β-catenin expression and inhibits tumor incidence and multiplicity. Histological results further confirm the beneficial role of quercetin in averting DMH-induced pathological alterations.

Advantages of ohmic cooking in the kilohertz-range - part I: Impact of conductivity and frequency on the heating uniformity of potatoes

The heating uniformity of potato cubes and whole potato tubers was investigated during cooking by ohmic heating (OH) in the low (12 kHz) and high (300 kHz) kHz range. Potatoes were heated in aqueous NaCl solutions with various conductivities (1–5 mS/cm). Conductivities and cell disintegration index of the tissue were determined in dependency of the temperature and the frequency at different points in the tubers. Heating uniformity was characterized by analyzing the temperature profiles with up to four thermocouples and by thermal imaging. Heating behavior of peeled and unpeeled tubers were compared to evaluate the impact of the skin on the OH treatment. For the higher frequency applied, increased electrical conductivities in the potato tissue were observed. At 300 kHz a better heating uniformity, with lower temperature differences within the potato samples compared to OH at 12 kHz was observed. The results provide a better understanding of the effect of high frequency electric fields on the heating uniformity and the conductivity of intact potato tissue. Industrial relevanceOhmic heating (OH) is an alternative heating technology with the potential to reduce processing times and energy consumption. It can overcome limitations in the heat transfer particularly given for large-volume solid foods and provide a uniform heating. However, limited attention has been given to the effects of the product and process parameters on the heating uniformity during OH treatments of solid foods. The present paper highlights the importance of the electrical conductivity and the frequency of the applied electric field on the heating uniformity. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of the interaction of the electric field and the food matrix, which is the basis for the implementation of tailored and targeted processing concepts in the industry.

Rancang Bangun dan Uji Kinerja Mesin Pemarut Singkong Tipe Silinder untuk Produksi Tepung Tapioka

The development of agroindustry in rural areas has a strategic role because raw materials are commonly produced in the areas. One of the industrial sub-sectors that has bright prospects to develop in rural agroindustries in Indonesia is tapioca flour processing industry. The most important operatiion units in tapioca processing is rasping or grating, which is mechanical disintegration of the tuber cell’s wall in order to free the starch granules and it suspended into the water during the extraction process. The objective of this study was to design and test the performance of cassava rasping machine powered by gasoline engine. In the experiment, three levels of cylinder rotation speed i.e. 1500 rpm, 2500 rpm and 3500 and two feeding methods of cassava tuber i.e. perpendicular and pararrel/longitudinal to the cylinder were examined. Results showed that combination of cylinder rotation speed and feeding methods significantly affect the rasping performances. The highest performance was obtained at the condition of cylinder rotation speed of 2500 rpm with feeding method perpendicular to the cylinder. The performance of the machine at the condition were (1) rasping capacity 488,91 kg h -1 , (2) starch percentage 42,28%, (3) starch loss in waste 7,61% and (4) rasping effect 84,92%.

Effect of potassium persulphate addition on sludge disintegration of a mesophilic anaerobic fermentation system

ABSTRACT Persulphates, an advanced oxidation process, has been recently used as an alternative pretreatment method to enhance short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) yield from waste-activated sludge (WAS) anaerobic fermentation (AF). But so far, the effects of peroxydisulphate (PDS) dosages on mesophilic anaerobic fermentation are still not studied fully. Herein, we explored the influences of potassium PDS addition on mesophilic AF of WAS. Notably, the addition of PDS could drastically accelerate WAS solubilization and hydrolysis, which was proportional to the amount of PDS. The maximal total SCFAs yield of 249.14 mg chemical oxygen demand/L was obtained with 120 mg PDS/g suspended solids addition at 6 days of AF, which was 2.2-fold that of the control one. Tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) were transformed into loosely bound EPS and dissolved organic matters, and aromatic proteins and humic-like substances of EPSs were disintegrated, which were caused by the devastating effects of PDS treatments on EPSs disruption. The intracellular constituents of microbial cells in the sludge were released accordingly. As a result, there was release of soluble substrates derived from the disintegration of both EPSs and cells, the amounts of which were proportional to the dose of PDS. Moreover, microbial diversity and richness were both decreased in the presence of PDS, and the relative abundance of phyla Actinobacteria increased with the increase of the PDS dosage. In addition, the stability of sludge flocs was destroyed in the presence of PDS, the distribution of particle size tended to be small and dispersive, and dewaterability of the sludge was deteriorated.

Protective effect of hesperidin against N,N'-dimethylhydrazine induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic response in the colon of Wistar rats.

Hesperidin (HD), a citrus bioflavonoid possesses a variety of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-carcinogenic properties. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HD treatment on N,N'-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and goblet cell disintegration in the colon of Wistar rats. Administration of HD was done at two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) orally to rats daily for 14 days followed by a single subcutaneous injection of DMH (40 mg/kg body weight) on the 14th day and next day animals were sacrificed. The protective potential of HD against colon toxicity was measured through membrane oxidation, antioxidant status, inflammatory and apoptotic markers expression, and histological changes. Results demonstrated that HD inhibited DMH mediated oxidative damage by diminishing the level of peroxidation of lipids and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, and glutathione reductase. Moreover, HD attenuated inflammatory (NF-кB, IL-6, and COX-2) and apoptotic (p38-MAPK, p53, and caspase-3) markers expression. HD also attenuated the DMH induced goblet cell disintegration and restored histoarchitecture of the colon. The results of the present study demonstrate that HD efficiently protects against DMH induced colon toxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

GENERATION OF BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES IN MEAT RAW MATERIALS EXPOSED TO LYSATES OF BACTERIAL STARTER CULTURES

Nowadays, preparations based on bacterial lysates are mainly applied in medicine. In food industry, bacterial lysates are still not widely used, in particular for manufacturing meat functional foodstuff. Though their potential for functional foodstuff production is predictable, the efficiency and specificity of action which depend on the characteristics of the strain and the method of cell disintegration require study. A set of peptidases identified in starter cultures, in particular endo-peptidases, aminopeptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases, and proline-specific peptidases stimulate interest in the lysates of these microorganisms for food biotechnology. In this work, we have shown that lysates of <em>Pediococcus pentosaceus</em> 28, <em>Staphylococcus carnosus </em>108, <em>Lactobacillus curvatus </em>1, <em>P</em>. <em>acidilactici</em> 38, <em>L</em>. <em>sakei</em> 103, <em>L</em>. <em>sakei</em> 105, <em>L</em>. <em>curvatus</em> 2, <em>L</em>. <em>acidophilus</em> AT-41 that we obtained by physical destruction of bacterial cells have the widest spectrum of enzymes and biologically active substances. Our goal was to determine the biochemical composition and enzymatic activity of the lysates of starting bacterial cultures and their role in the formation of biologically active peptides in raw meat. The bacterial suspensions were exposed either to lysozyme treatment followed by separation of the extract from the cell debris by centrifugation, or to ultrasonic treatment to compare two methods of cell destruction. The physical method was proved to be the most effective. For biochemical characterization, the proteolytic, lipolytic and collagenase activities of the lysates, and the concentration of organic acids, proteins, and free amino acids were measured. Enzymatic activities of the lysates were determined using API®ZYM tests. The <em>Lactobacillus curvatus</em> 2, <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> AT-41, <em>Pediococcus acidilactici</em> 38 and <em>Staphylococcus carnosus</em> 108 lysates showed the widest range of intracellular enzymes, including leucine and valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and b-galactosidase. The proteolytic activity was the highest in <em>Staphylococcus carnosus</em> 108 (115.94 proteolytic capability PC units per mg protein), <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus </em>AT-41 (66.7 PC units per mg protein), <em>Lactobacillus curvatus </em>1 (91.03 PC units per mg protein), and <em>Lactobacillus curvatus</em> 2 (72.20 PC units per mg protein) as compared to other strains. The level of malic, lactic and succinic acids in the lysates varied in the range of 0.002-0.02, 0.02-0.06, and 0.2-0.9 mg/100 g, respectively. The highest enrichment in free amino acids with 13 AA detected out of 17 AA studied was characteristic of <em>P. acidilactici</em> 38 lysate while only 7 AA were detected in the <em>L. sakei</em> 105 lysate. A comparison of 2D electrophoregrams of fermented raw meat showed both general effects on reducing total proteins and the lysate-specific effects toward various proteins, e.g. formation of protein conjugates and cleavage of target proteins, in particular actin skeletal muscle. Therefore, lysates of the studied starter cultures can serve as a source of various enzymes for practical use in the food industry, for example to improve the functional, technological and biocorrective characteristics of meat products.

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ПЕПТИДОВ В МЯСНОМ СЫРЬЕ ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ ЛИЗАТОВ СТАРТОВЫХ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ КУЛЬТУР

Nowadays, preparations based on bacterial lysates are mainly applied in medicine. In food industry, bacterial lysates are still not widely used, in particular for manufacturing meat functional foodstuff. Though their potential for functional foodstuff production is predictable, the efficiency and specificity of action which depend on the characteristics of the strain and the method of cell disintegration require study. A set of peptidases identified in starter cultures, in particular endo-peptidases, aminopeptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases, and proline-specific peptidases stimulate interest in the lysates of these microorganisms for food biotechnology. In this work, we have shown that lysates of <em>Pediococcus pentosaceus</em> 28, <em>Staphylococcus carnosus </em>108, <em>Lactobacillus curvatus </em>1, <em>P</em>. <em>acidilactici</em> 38, <em>L</em>. <em>sakei</em> 103, <em>L</em>. <em>sakei</em> 105, <em>L</em>. <em>curvatus</em> 2, <em>L</em>. <em>acidophilus</em> AT-41 that we obtained by physical destruction of bacterial cells have the widest spectrum of enzymes and biologically active substances. Our goal was to determine the biochemical composition and enzymatic activity of the lysates of starting bacterial cultures and their role in the formation of biologically active peptides in raw meat. The bacterial suspensions were exposed either to lysozyme treatment followed by separation of the extract from the cell debris by centrifugation, or to ultrasonic treatment to compare two methods of cell destruction. The physical method was proved to be the most effective. For biochemical characterization, the proteolytic, lipolytic and collagenase activities of the lysates, and the concentration of organic acids, proteins, and free amino acids were measured. Enzymatic activities of the lysates were determined using API®ZYM tests. The <em>Lactobacillus curvatus</em> 2, <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> AT-41, <em>Pediococcus acidilactici</em> 38 and <em>Staphylococcus carnosus</em> 108 lysates showed the widest range of intracellular enzymes, including leucine and valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and b-galactosidase. The proteolytic activity was the highest in <em>Staphylococcus carnosus</em> 108 (115.94 proteolytic capability PC units per mg protein), <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus </em>AT-41 (66.7 PC units per mg protein), <em>Lactobacillus curvatus </em>1 (91.03 PC units per mg protein), and <em>Lactobacillus curvatus</em> 2 (72.20 PC units per mg protein) as compared to other strains. The level of malic, lactic and succinic acids in the lysates varied in the range of 0.002-0.02, 0.02-0.06, and 0.2-0.9 mg/100 g, respectively. The highest enrichment in free amino acids with 13 AA detected out of 17 AA studied was characteristic of <em>P. acidilactici</em> 38 lysate while only 7 AA were detected in the <em>L. sakei</em> 105 lysate. A comparison of 2D electrophoregrams of fermented raw meat showed both general effects on reducing total proteins and the lysate-specific effects toward various proteins, e.g. formation of protein conjugates and cleavage of target proteins, in particular actin skeletal muscle. Therefore, lysates of the studied starter cultures can serve as a source of various enzymes for practical use in the food industry, for example to improve the functional, technological and biocorrective characteristics of meat products.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate and its efficient production: an eco-friendly approach towards development.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is the most promising solution to major ecological problem of plastic accumulation. The biodegradable and biocompatible properties of PHA make it highly demanding in the biomedical and agricultural field. The limited market share of PHA industries despite having tremendous demand as concerned with environment has led to knock the doors of scientific research for finding ways for the economic production of PHA. Therefore, new methods of its production have been applied such as using a wide variety of feedstock like organic wastes and modifying PHA synthesizing enzyme at molecular level. Modifying metabolic pathways for PHA production using new emerging techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 technology has simplified the process spending less amount of time. Using green solvents under pressurized conditions, ionic liquids, supercritical solvents, hypotonic cell disintegration for release of PHA granules, switchable anionic surfactants and even digestion of non-PHA biomass by animals are some novel strategies for PHA recovery which play an important role in sustainable production of PHA. Hence, this review provides a view of recent applications, significance of PHA and new methods used for its production which are missing in the available literature.