Celery Mosaic Research Articles

Interaction of virus‐infected celery and Septoria apiicola

Inoculation of celery plants with viruses CV036 (celery mosaic) and CV506 (parsnip yellow fleck) decreased blight on leaves inoculated later with Septoria apiicola by 17–39% and 54–91%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the amount of blight and the furanocoumarin content of the celery petioles. The antifungal activity of these furanocoumarins was demonstrated by their in vitro inhibition of the germination of spores of S. apiicola and Botrytis cinerea. Scanning electron microscopy of virus‐infected leaves sprayed with spores of S. apiicola also showed slight but significant reductions in percentage germination and in germ‐tube length, and considerable reductions in the proportion of germ‐tubes which produced an appressorium, compared with spores on virus‐free leaves.

DISEASE NOTES OR NEW RECORDS: Celery mosaic potyvirus occurring naturally in cultivated Apiaceae in Victoria, Australia

Celery mosaic potyvirus (CeMV) was found in Victoria in 1996 in celery (Apium graveolens L.) and has become epidemic in the major celery producing district causing major crop losses to the Victorian celery industry. Recently CeMV was also found in parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Miller)), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.). This is the first report in Australia of CeMV naturally infecting carrots.

Effect of virus infection on the concentration of furanocoumarins in celery ( Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill. D.C.)

The furanocoumarins angelicin, bergapten, psoralen, trimethylpsoralen, and xanthotoxin, were extracted from celery plants and quantified by GLC and MS. Isopimpinellin, oxypeucedanin, and sphondin were also identified in extracts but not quantified. Infection of celery plants with celery mosaic or parsnip yellow fleck viruses induced higher concentrations of these furanocoumarins than were present in virus-free plants. The total concentration of linear furanocoumarins in glasshouse-grown celery was between 0·6-9·9 μg g -1 fresh mass in virus free plants and 0·9-48·6 μg g -1 fresh mass in virus infected plants, depending on the celery cultivar, virus isolate, and duration of infection.

An epidemic of celery mosaic virus in South Australian celery

A virus isolated from celery (Apium graveolens L.) around Adelaide was identified as celery mosaic virus (CeMV) by its host range, symptom expression, particle morphology, and cytopathic effects. The virus was shown to be serologically related to CeMV in Great Britain, New Zcaland and the United States, and to a virus described as celery yellow mosaic virus in Brazil. Disease incidence was most prominent in the cultivar Tendercrisp, but the virus was also isolated from other cultivars, including Summit, Green Giant and Baulderstone. Incidence of the disease reached 70% in some crops and many of the infected plants were unfit for marketing. It is suggested that control of the disease may be achieved by introducing a celery-free period to break the cycle of virus transmission between successive crops.

Virus infection and furanocoumarins in celery

Celery infected with celery mosaic virus or parsnip yellow fleck virus contained the furanocoumarins angelicin, bergapten, psoralen, trimethylpsoralen and xanthotoxin in concentrations from 0.3 to 3.6 μg/g fresh mass. They were not detected in celery plants grown in aseptic culture, and only occasionally found in apparently healthy plants in the glasshouse.

Virus diseases of celery in England

SUMMARYAbnormal celery plants (Apium graveolens) with symptoms typical of virus infection were collected from 28 farms in Cambridgeshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk; six different diseases were found. The causal viruses from three of these were isolated and partially characterised. Cucumber mosaic virus was quite common, but usually symptomless; it had no effect on the growth of four celery cultivars in field trials. Celery virus 036 was serologically related to western celery mosaic virus, had a host range apparently confined to Umbelliferae, and was very common in the Fens, causing ringspot symptoms in some cultivars and a loss in yield of up to 24%. This disease was much less severe than that caused by an American isolate of western celery mosaic virus in glasshouse comparisons. Celery virus 065 (an unidentified isometric virus, 28–30 nm in diameter) was less common, had a very wide host range, and caused stunting, necrosis, and chlorotic flecking in all cultivars with a loss in yield of up to 45%. Of the remaining three diseases, celery yellow spot was common; the causal agent was transmitted by mechanical inoculation, but very inefficiently, and although yield losses were not determined accurately, they were thought to be insignificant. While plants with symptoms typical of celery yellow net and celery strap leaf diseases were often found, no viruses could be isolated from them, despite repeated attempts.

The reaction of celery (Apium graveolens L.) to infection by celery mosaic virus

SUMMARYCommercial Celery Cultivars Varied in their response to inoculation by celery mosaic virus. The most severe symptoms occurred in self-blanching cultivars, but a high level of resistance was found in some non self-blanching cultivars such as Solid White and Fordhook. The resistance in these cultivars was confirmed in glasshouse tests.

The Use of a Simple Electron Microscope Serology Procedure to Observe Relationships of Seven Potyviruses

AbstractThe relationships between bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), bean common mosaic (BCMV), clover yellow vein (CYVV), lettuce mosaic (LMV), potato virus Y (PVY), turnip mosaic (TuMV) and celery mosaic (CeMV) viruses were studied in homologous and heterologous reactions, using simple and relatively rapid electron microscope serology decoration tests. The degree of relationship between these viruses was assessed by the intensity of antibody coating when the viruses were decorated by heterologous antibodies. A close relationship was observed between BYMV and CYVV, and between BYMV and LMV but not between CYVV and LMV. CeMV was quite closely related to BYMV and CYVV.Antibodies to BCMV and BYMV intensely decorated different strains of their own virus, but decoration was negligible in cross reactions.

Immunochemical cross-reactivity between the dissociated capsid proteins of PVY group plant viruses

Primary (4–5-week) and long-term (12-week) antisera were elicited against the pyrrolidine-dissociated capsid proteins (D-proteins) of tobacco etch virus (TEV) and potato virus Y (PVY), and subsequently used to ascertain the degree of immunochemical cross-reactivity between several PVY group viral D-proteins. Primary antisera were highly specific for homologous antigen. However, immunodiffusion and cross-absorption experiments with long-term anti-TEV D-protein and anti-PVY D-protein sera revealed pronounced cross-reactivity among the D-proteins of 14 different PVY group viruses. Furthermore, all cross-reactions involved the same antibody population except in the case of celery mosaic virus (CeMV) D-protein where but a portion of the antibody population was reactive. Spur formation in immuno-diffusion experiments was only observed among heterologous D-proteins when they were either adjacent to homologous D-protein antigen or (in an opposite direction) when compared with CeMV D-protein. Wheat streak mosaic virus dissociated protein, in contrast, was not found to be cross-reactive with PVY group D-proteins in reciprocal tests, and no cross-reactions were observed with the dissociated proteins of 6 additional viruses outside the PVY group.

Celery Mosaic Virus in England

SUMMARYA virus has been isolated from celery crops in Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk, from eight different cultivars on 15 of 18 farms sampled, but has not been found in any cultivars on 10 farms in Lancashire. It has also been isolated from hemlock on three farms in Cambridgeshire. The incidence of infection has varied considerably with an average level of about 15 per cent but 90 per cent crop infections have been observed.The virus causes most prominent symptoms in cvs. Lathom Blanching and Fenlander, causing a slight stunting of the former and a more serious reduction in growth of the latter. It is aphid‐transmitted in a non‐persistent manner. The virus has flexuous rod‐shaped particles approximately 780 nm in length, and is apparently restricted in its host range to the Umbelliferae. Its relationship to Western celery mosaic virus */*: */*: E/E: S/Ap is discussed.

The isolation and identification of parsley viruses occurring in Britain*

SUMMARYSevere stunting of parsley plants, with leaf chlorosis and reddening was reported from four localities in Britain in 1968‐70. Affected plants were collected from thirteen sites in Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cheshire and Bristol, and five viruses (designated PV1‐PV5) were isolated from them. The viruses were distinguished by electron microscopy, host range and type of aphid transmission.From diagnostic reactions in a range of host species and its transmission by Cavariella aegopodii Scop., the most frequently isolated virus (PV4) and the principal cause of the parsley disease was identified as carrot mottle virus (CMotV).The other four viruses were infrequently isolated. PV1, PV2 and PV3 were transmitted in the non‐persistent manner by Myzus persicae Sulz. Each was purified and identified serologically as western celery mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus and broad bean wilt respectively. PV5 was not fully identified, but was transmitted by C. aegopodii in the presence of CMotV and had particles ca. 500 nm in length. Each of these viruses was re‐transmitted to parsley, but induced slight symptoms or none.

Viruses Isolated from Carrot

1) A virus isolated from mosaic carrot plants (Daucus carota) from Nagano Prefecture was identified as celery mosaic virus. The symptoms on carrot were mainly mosaic, but a few plants showed fern leaf symptoms. The virus was transmitted by juice inoculation, and also by Myzus persicae and Semiaphis heraclei in a non-persistent manner.By mechanical inoculation, 8 species in 3 families became infected out of 22 species in 7 families tested. The infected plants were carrot, celery, coriander, parsley, Nicotiana clevelandii, Chenopodium amaranticoler, and C. quinoa. The virus in vitro withstood heating at 40°C for 10 minutes, dilution to 640, and 6 hours at 20°C. In electronmicroscopy using dip method, long flexuous particles of about 750-800mμ in length were observed. This is first record of celery mosaic virus in Japan.2) Viruses isolated from mosaic carrot plants from Chiba and Hiratsuka were identified as cucumber mosaic virus. The host range and symptoms indicated that it belonged to ordinary strain of the same virus. In agar gel diffusion tests, the virus reacted specifically with an antiserum to cucumber mosaic virus. The virus was readily transmitted from carrot to tobacco, C. amaranticolor, etc. by juice inoculation and from carrot to carrot by Myzus persicae, although some isolates were difficult to infect carrot by juice inoculation.

Symptoms of cucumber-mosaic and tobacco-ringspot viruses on celery

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction A review of the literature discloses a number of cucumber-mosaic viruses infecting celery. Doolittle and Wellman (1934)3 described the symptoms of southern celery mosaic in Florida. (Wellman (1934)) considers the virus causing the disease a new one. He reached this decision when a comparative study of southern celery-mosaic virus and common cucumber-mosaic virus disclosed a difference in certain physical properties and in symptoms produced on differential host plants. Wellman gives southern celery mosaic the designation “celery virus 1.” He does state, however, that “It is believed upon careful study of symptoms described in reports of celery mosaics by (Poole (1922)), (Elmer (1925)), and (Harvey (1925)), that these investigators were working with common cucumber mosaic (Cucumber virus 1, Doolittle).” (Price (1935)), after a comparison of southern celery-mosaic and common cucumber-mosaic viruses, came to the conclusion that the two viruses are closely related immunologically, and, it is believed, should be classified as strains of the same virus. (Smith (1937)) reported southern celery-mosaic virus to be synonymous with common cucumber-mosaic virus. It would seem, therefore, that (Smith (1937)) would have been more accurate in classifying (Wellman’s (1934)) southern celery-mosaic virus as a strain of common cucumber mosaic rather than as the same virus. (Smith (1937)) classified (Doolittle’s (1920)) cucumbermosaic virus as “Cucumis virus 1,” adding this name to the names already applied to the virus. (Holmes (1939)) classified common cucumber-mosaic virus as cucumbermosaic virus, typical strain, Marmor cucumeris var. vulgare. Field investigations were undertaken in the Salinas Valley by the author to determine whether this strain of common cucumber-mosaic virus had established itself on celery transplanted from Florida and grown in the valley.

Insect transmission, host range, and properties of the crinkle-leaf strain of western-celery-mosaic virus

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. In the last five years several viroses affecting celery have been observed to occur naturally in California. These, except western celery mosaic, have been only briefly described in previous papers (Freitag and Severin, 1939); (Severin and Freitag, 1938)4. A mosaic disease apparently different from western celery mosaic was first observed near Milpitas in the Santa Clara Valley during November, 1937. The symptoms resemble those of western celery mosaic except that the leaves are, as a rule, severely crinkled. The disease is not common and has been found only rarely during routine observation of celery fields. An investigation was undertaken to determine the symptoms, properties, and host range; likewise, the relative ability of various aphid species that breed on celery to transmit the virus. Aphids were compared with mechanical inoculation as a means of transmitting the virus. The retention of the virus by three species of aphids was studied experimentally. Materials and Methods The virus was obtained from a. naturally infected celery plant collected at Milpitas. A continuous supply was maintained in the greenhouse through repeated mechanical inoculation of healthy celery plants by the carborundum method described by (Rawlins and Tompkins (1936)). The general methods employed in these studies resemble those described earlier (Severin and Freitag, 1938). The aphid species used were maintained, with two exceptions, on celery in the greenhouse. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), was reared on sugar beets; and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashm.), on squash. The experiments performed were carried out under greenhouse conditions at Berkeley.

Poison-hemlock-ringspot virus and its transmission by aphids to celery

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. Introduction During an attempt to find a weed reservoir of the western celery mosaic, another virus affecting celery was recovered from one of the weeds tested. Poison hemlock, Conium maculatum L., a common umbelliferous weed, was often found naturally infected with a ringspot virus. The symptoms of ring-spot on celery have been described briefly in a previous paper (Severin and Freitag, 1938).4 Celery plants showing symptoms resembling ringspot were collected in celery fields on several occasions, but attempts to recover virus from these apparently naturally infected plants have failed. The ringspot virus occurs commonly on poison hemlock in the Santa Clara, San Benito, Salinas, and Sacramento valleys of California. Experiments were undertaken during 1936 to determine the symptoms, host range, and insect vectors of the poison-hemlock-ringspot virus. Various phases of its transmission by aphids were studied, including the relative importance of the different species as vectors, transmission during short feeding periods, retention of the virus by aphids, loss and recovery of infectivity by aphids on celery, and ability of aphids to acquire virus from plants after infection. Experiments were conducted on mechanical transmission of the virus. A number of virus diseases that produced ringspot symptoms have been described on the following host plants: Tobacco: (Fromme, Wingard, and Priode (1927)); (Henderson and Wingard (1931)); (J. Johnson (1936)); (E. M. Johnson (1930)); (Price (1936)); (Priode (1928)); (Valleau (1932)); (Wingard (1928)) Potato: (Burnett and Jones (1931)); (J. Johnson (1925); (J. H. Smith (1928); (K. M. Smith (1929), (1931); (Valleau and Johnson (1930)) Tomato: (Bald and Samuel (1931)); (Gardner, Tompkins, and Whipple (1935)); (Samuel, Bald, and Pittman (1930)); (K. M. Smith (1932)) Delphinium: (Burnett (1934)); (Valleau (1932)) Clover: (Henderson (1934)); (E. M. Johnson (1933)) Rose: (Nelson (1930)); (White (1930)) Sugar beet: (Hoggan (1933)) Hyoscyamus niger L.: (Hamilton (1932)) Cabbage: (Tompkins, Gardner, and Thomas (1938)) Dahlia: (Brierley (1933)) Plum and peach: (Valleau (1932)) Peony: (Whetzel (1915)) (Johnson and Valleau (1935)) reviewed the literature on virus diseases causing ringspot symptoms, but without mentioning anyvirus that causes chlorotic or necrotic ring and line patterns on celery.

Western celery mosaic

does not appear. First page follows. Western celery mosaic has increased in the celery-growing districts in Los Angeles, Orange, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Yolo, and Sacramento counties and is causing serious losses to the growers. The destructiveness of western celery mosaic was evidenced by a reduction in yield in the Venice district: Milbrath(17)4 reported that in 1932 a total of 2,737 cars of celery went from that district; in 1933 there were about 982 cars, and the estimate for 1934 is less than 500 from approximately the same acreage. Brock(1) estimated that in 1934 celery mosaic in the Venice district reduced the production of celery to about 16 per cent of normal car loadings. The decline in yields during 1930-1934 in two celery districts in Los Angeles County is shown in . Table 1. Yields of Celery in the Venice and Culver Districts, Los Angeles CountyYield per acre, in half in cratesYearAcreageProduction, half crates1930.............................7001,026718,2001931.............................1,100740814,0001932.............................1,500661991,5001933.............................1,300555721,5001934.............................900311279,9001935.............................200800160,0001936.............................950926879,7001937.............................950847804,650 Sources of data:* 1930-1931: from Milbrath (18, 19).† 1932-1937: Milbrath, D. G., and Harold J. Ryan. A method of control of western celery mosaic. California State Dept. Agr. Mo. Bul. 27 (3): 290-95. 1938. In 1933 the f.o.b. value of the celery crop in Los Angeles County was $1,965,455. This value was exceeded by only two other crops—eitrus and walnuts. In 1934, the f.o.b. value of the celery crop was $838,490; the celery crop was fifth in importance.5 Celery infected with western celery mosaic when shipped to the middle western and eastern markets becomes soft in transit according to growers.

STUDIES ON DISEASE RESISTANCE I. A TOBACCO RESISTANT TO ORDINARY TOBACCO MOSAIC

1. Infection of the resistant tobacco variety Ambalema occurs at all ages. 2. Symptoms in resistant plants ordinarily consist of clearing of the veins followed by small chlorotic interveinal areas of a mild type. 3. Infection occurs and mild or severe symptoms appear in transplants when these are inoculated at time of pulling. These plants later recover in the field, but the virus is always contained in their tissues. 4. Infection of Ambalema plants was determined by inoculation of the juices extracted from those plants into N. glutinosa and Havana No. 38 tobacco. 5. Ambalema tobacco is also resistant to yellow tobacco mosaic, and celery mosaic. It should not be forgotten that symptoms are produced in inoculated plants but the effects produced by the disease are not very significant. 6. By adequate quantitative studies it was determined that the Ambalema tobacco is significantly more resistant to ordinary tobacco mosaic than Havana No. 38 tobacco at all stages of growth. 7. Ambalema tobacco is very susceptible to cucumber mosaic, yellow cucumber mosaic, potato ring-spot, Wingard's tobacco ringspot and spot-necrosis, and somewhat less susceptible to the mottle and veinbanding viruses. 8. The virus concentration was found to be lower in inoculated resistant plants nine weeks afte r inoculation (13 weeks old) than five weeks after inoculation (9 weeks old). 9. A mild form of mosaic was isolated from resistant plants inoculated with the ordinary tobacco-mosaic virus. In its properties this mosaic virus seems similar to the ordinary tobacco-mosaic virus. This may possibly be regarded as a case of attenuation.

Celery Mosaic Control in Florida by Eradication of the Wild Host Commelina nudiflora

Celery Mosaic Control in Florida by Eradication of the Wild Host <i>Commelina nudiflora</i>