Celery Cultivars Research Articles

Furanocoumarins in Florida Celery Varieties Increased by Fungicide Treatment

Florida celery cultivars Florida 2-14, Florimart, M9, Florida 296, M68, and Junebelle contained total psoralen + bergapten + xanthotoxin + isopimpinellin ranging from about 12 to 50 μg/g. Treatment of the commercial Florida cultivar 2-14 with Bravo 500, Manzate-D, or Kocide 101 fungicides increased bergapten 2−4 times in leaves and stalk, xanthotoxin 2−3 times in stalk, and isopimpinellin about 2−3 times in leaves but did not increase psoralen levels. These increases represent increased calculated biological activity toward human skin. This is the first report of fungicide induction of furanocoumarins in celery. Keywords: Apium graveolens; plant breeding; induction; fungicide; allelochemical; phototoxin; dermatitis; maneb; chlorothalonil; cupric hydroxide; phytoalexin; food safety

`Wolf-249' and FBL 5-2M: An Autumn Celery Cultivar and Breeding Line for Florida

tance to early blight caused by Cercospora apii Fres. and bacterial leaf spot and brown stem, both of which are incited by Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp. (Pohronenezy et al., 1994).

Effects of seed cryopreservation and priming on germination in several cultivars of Apium graveolens

Seed germination of seven celery cultivars was studied after storage in liquid nitrogen for 1 or 30 d. Cryopreservation was also carried out on pelleted and primed seeds. None of the treatments applied reduced germination percentages. T(50) (time for germination to reach 50%) significantly decreased in Florida, Utah and Istar cultivars when priming, alone or in combination with cryopreservation, was used.

SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CELERY CULTIVARS' LEAF TISSUES

As plant color is often modified by nutrient status, the use of spectoradiometric properties of leaf tissues appears to be a promising tool for quick and inexpensive diagnosis of crop fertility problems. This study was conducted to examine spectral variability associated with celery cultivars. Seedlings of Florida 683, Matador, Utah 5270, and Ventura were grown in a growth chamber for 10 weeks (transplant stage; TS). Reflectance and transmittance measurements were taken on the tallest leaf with a LI-COR LI-1800 spectroradiometer. Remaining seedlings were potted and transferred to a greenhouse for another 8 weeks (mid-growth stage; MS). Transmittance was established as the parameter most suitable to distinguish cultivars. Maximum F ratio was obtained at λ = 630 mn at TS, while there were two peeks (λ = 470 and 60 mn) at MS. A discriminant function was based on λ = 470; 630 and 670 mn correctly classified cultivars more than 8 times out of 10 at TS, and more than 7 times out of 10 at MS. Further studies should focus on the induction of nutrient deficiencies and the potential interferences of cultivars with their diagnosis.

Identification and classification of celery cultivars with RAPD markers

Twenty-one celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) cultivars, one celeriac (var. rapaceum) and one annual smallage (var. secalinum) cultivar were screened for polymorphic RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers with 28 arbitrary 10-mer primers. Among a total of 309 bands observed, 29 (9.3%) were polymorphic in the 23 cultivars screened, but only 19 (6.1%) markers were polymorphic within the 21 type dulce cultivars. These markers were sufficient to distinguish each of the cultivars used. The average marker difference was 6.4 between two celery cultivars, 16.7 between celery and annual smallage, 14.7 between celery and celeriac, and 12.0 between annual smallage and celeriac. The celery cultivars surveyed were classified into three groups based on the marker differences. The relationship among the dulce-type cultivars concluded from this research is basically consistent with the known lineage of the cultivars and the previous study using stem protein and isozyme markers. RAPD technology provides a new alternative for cultivar identification and classification in celery.

Effect of virus infection on the concentration of furanocoumarins in celery ( Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill. D.C.)

The furanocoumarins angelicin, bergapten, psoralen, trimethylpsoralen, and xanthotoxin, were extracted from celery plants and quantified by GLC and MS. Isopimpinellin, oxypeucedanin, and sphondin were also identified in extracts but not quantified. Infection of celery plants with celery mosaic or parsnip yellow fleck viruses induced higher concentrations of these furanocoumarins than were present in virus-free plants. The total concentration of linear furanocoumarins in glasshouse-grown celery was between 0·6-9·9 μg g -1 fresh mass in virus free plants and 0·9-48·6 μg g -1 fresh mass in virus infected plants, depending on the celery cultivar, virus isolate, and duration of infection.

Control of Celery Leaf Curl Disease Caused by Colletotrichum Acutatum.

Celery leaf curl disease caused by Colletotrichum acutatum was effectively controlled in the long-stemmed celery cultivar, South Australian Long White, by fortnightly sprays of either copper oxychloride, thiram, mancozeb, or chlorothalonil and in the short-stemmed celery cultivar, Tendercrisp, by either thiram, chlorothalonil or benomyl.

POLYMORPHISMS OF RAPD MARKERS IN CELERY CULTIVARS

Celery cultivars (Apium graveolens var. dulce) in North America have a narrow genetic base. Twenty-two celery, one celeriac and one annual cultivar were screened for polymorphic RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers with 28 arbitrary 10-mer primers. Among the total 231 bands obtained, 28 (12%) of the bands were polymorphic among the 24 accessions screened, but only 18 (7.8%) were polymorphic within the 22 celery cultivars. These markers are sufficient to distinguish each of the cultivars used. The average number of marker differences is 6.2 between two celery cultivars, 13.5 between the celeriac and the remaining cultivars, and 16.5 between the annual and the other cultivars. The relationship among the celery cultivars disclosed from this study is basically consistent with that observed using total protein and isozyme markers. RAPD technology provides a new alternative for cultivar identification in celery.

Effects of temperature of pre-sowing hydration treatment and subsequent drying rates on the germination performance of celery seed

Abstract There is considerable potential for the improvement of the slow and irregular germination of celery seeds (Apiurn graveolens L.) by pre-sowing hydration treatments, but poor germination performance as a result of drying seeds after treatment is a recurrent problem. Over the temperature range 5–20°C the onset of seed germination is determined by a thermal time relationship, but a pre-sowing treatment temperature of 15°C was identified as the most effective for the two celery cultivars—‘Tall Utah 52–70’ and ‘Green Giant Hybrid’—when the seeds were only surface-dried before sowing. However, conventional air-drying of treated seeds at 20°C caused severe delays in germination and decreased uniformity. Higher treatment temperatures reduced the adverse effect of drying on the seeds but resulted in little or no germination advantage because of thermodormancy, which was particularly evident at 25°C. Deleterious effects of drying-back were avoided, and in some instances further germination enhancement gain...

Soil densities ofFusarium oxysporumf. sp.apiirace 2 in Ontario, and the association between celery cultivar resistance and photocarcinogenic furocoumarins

Soil densities of<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>f. sp.<i>apii</i>race 2 in Ontario, and the association between celery cultivar resistance and photocarcinogenic furocoumarins

Increasing Resistance in Celery toFusarium oxysporumf. sp.apiiRace 2 with Somaclonal Variation

Somaclones were regenerated from cell suspension cultures derived from callus of celery cultivar Tall Utah 52-70 HK (moderately resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp, apii race 2). Eighty-one of 350 somaclones screened for resistance to F. o. apii race 2 in either the greenhouse or the field had increased resistance over parental plants grown from seed. Thirty-five highly resistant somaclones (R 0 generation) were self-pollinated, and 10 of the resulting R 1 progenylines were rated as highly resistant when screened in the field

Susceptibility of Celery Cultivars to Leaf Curl Caused by Colletotrichum Acutatum.

Leaf curl caused by Colletotrichum acutatum was responsible for severe yield losses in celery crops grown in southeast Queensland in the summer of 1990. This led to a study of the susceptibility of cultivars. The standard cultivars American Stringless, Toowoomba Early Green, and Greengiant were more resistant than the new cultivars Bishop and H122.

Aromatic Volatile Composition of Celery and Celeriac Cultivars

A two-dimensional capillary gas chromatographic method was developed to separate and quantify aromatic volatiles of celery in one analysis. The isolation, identification, and quantification of the volatile compounds of four cultivars of blanching celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) and six cultivars of celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum) are described. The qualitative composition of Likens-Nickerson extracts of both cultivars is similar. The concentration of terpenes and phthalides, the key volatile components, found in various cultivars of both celery and celeriac varied over a wide range.

Minimal Use of Synthetic Fertilizers in Vegetable Production

Fusarium-suppressive soil. Phytopathology 70:412-417. Suslow T.V. and M.W. Scroth. 1982. Rhizobactcria of sugar beets: Effects of seed application and root colonization on yield. Phytopathology 72:199– 206. Sutton, J. C., C.J. Swanton, and T.J. Gillespie. 1978. Relation of weather variables and host factors to incidence of airborne spores of Botrytis squamosa. Can. J. Bet. 56:2460–2469. Sutton, J. C., T.D. James, and P.M. Rowell 1986. BOTCAST: A forecasting system to time the initial fungicide spray for managing Botrytis leaf blight of onions. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 18:123-143. Terada, R., Y. Yamashita, S. Nishibayashi, and K. Shimamoto. 1987. Somatic hybrids between Brassica oleracea and B. campestris: Selection by the use of iodoacetamide inactivation and regeneration ability. Theor. Applied Genet. 73:379-384. Turner, W., K. O’Connell, M. Cuozzo, W. Kaniewski, and N.H. Chua. 1988. Analysis of protection in transgenic plants expressing the cucumber mosaic virus coat protein or its antisense RNA. J. Cell Biochem. 12C:292. (Suppl.) VanDunn, C.M.P. and J.F. Bol. 1988. Tobacco plants accumulating tobacco rattle virus coat protein resist infection with tobacco rattle virus and pea early browning virus. Virology 167:649–652. VanDunn, C. M. P., B. Overduin, L. van Vloten-Doting,. and J.F. Bol. 1988. Expression of viral cDNA in transgenic plants and cross-protection. J. Cell Biochem. 12C:298. (Suppl.) Vincelli, P.C. and J.W. Lorbeer. 1988. Forecasting spore episodes of Botrytis squamosa in commercial onion fields in New York. Phytopathology 78:966-970. Watts, J. W., J.M. King, and W.J. Stacy. 1987. Inoculation of protoplasts with viruses by electroporation. Virology 157:40-46. Willmitzer, L. 1987. Genetic engineering for plant resistance, p. 353–364. In: L Chet (ed.). Innovative approaches to plant disease control. Wiley, New York. Wright, J.C. and M.L. Lacy. 1988. Increase of disease resistance in celery cultivars by regeneration of whole plants from cell suspension cultures. Plant Dis. 72:256-259.

Effect of Rhizobacteria and Metham-Sodium on Growth and Root Microflora of Celery Cultivars

(...) Early-season plant growth promotion did not necessarily correlate with shoot weight of plants at harvest. Some qualitative and quantitative differences in fungal microflora on roots were observed in the different bacterial and chemical treatments, but, in general, the detection methods for evaluating the seasonal succession of microflora under field conditions were too insensitive and labor-intensive to conclusively relate plant growth promotion to the presence or absence of specific microorganisms, including F. o. apii

‘UC-T3 Somaclone’: Celery Germplasm Resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii., race 2

Abstract A major problem facing the celery grower is a lack of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii, race 2 (FOA2) in many of the commonly grown celery cultivars. One approach to alleviate this deficiency is to use cell culture for inducing new genetic variation. ‘UC-T3 Somaclone’ is an inbred celery line obtained from a cell-suspension culture of the highly susceptible ‘Tall-Utah 5270R’, Apium graveolens L. In field trials, progeny of this selection consistently out-perform the parental line with respect to FOA2 resistance (Heath-Pagliuso et al., 1988).

Increase of Disease Resistance in Celery Cultivars by Regeneration of Whole Plants from Cell Suspension Cultures

Increase of Disease Resistance in Celery Cultivars by Regeneration of Whole Plants from Cell Suspension Cultures

Germination of seeds of annual and biennial celery (Apium graveolens)

Seeds of 4 annual cultivars of celery (Apium graveolens L. No. 15, 16, 17 and 143) were able to germinate in the dark, under high temperature, in relatively high concentrations of NaCl solutions and in the presence of relatively high concentrations of the inhibitors of the biosynthesis of gibberellin, paclobutrazol and ancymidol. Seeds of two biennial cultivars [Florida and Earlibell (EB)] showed very low germinability, or failed to germinate under the same conditions. These results are discussed in terms of endogenous gibberellin levels, which may be higher in the seeds of annual cultivars as compared to biennial ones.

Effect of Phthalides on Celery Flavor

ABSTRACTA HPLC procedure was developed to separate the phthalides extracted from celery, celeriac and lovage. This method provided the complete separation of sedanenolide and sedanolide. Concentrations of the phthalides found in various cultivars of celery varied over a ten‐fold range. The relative ratios of butyl phthalide, sedanenolide and sedanolide were generally consistent within a species. Celeriac exhibited relatively high levels of phthalides while lovage contained predominantly butyl phthalide. Sensory evaluation of the samples showed significant correlation with the individual and total phthalides.

Controlled atmosphere storage of celery with the silicone membrane system

Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the potential of the silicone membrane system for long term storage of celery under controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions. Designed CO 2 levels of 1.5, 3.5 and 5.5% were selected to calculate the silicone membrane areas to be installed on the chambers. Visual observations, mass losses and physiological analyses were the means selected to assess the quality of the product. Pascal celery, imported from California (USA), was stored at 1.5°C for 29 days under regular atmosphere (RA) with 80% relative humidity (RH), and 128 days under averaged carbon dioxide (CO 2)+oxygen(O 2) concentrations of 0.8+17.7, 2.0+12.6 and 4.0%+9.2% with RH close to saturation. The results showed that the first two CO 2+O 2 combinations were the most suitable CA compositions, among those tested, for long term storage of that cultivar, with total mass losses of less than 30 and 23% respectively. Clean cut celery, grown locally in Québec on organic soil, was stored at 1.5°C under RA with 80% RH and under three CA compositions (1.1+ 14.8, 2.3+7.9 and 3.2% CO 2+5.5% O 2) with RH close to saturation for 62 and 71 days, respectively. The total mass loss averaged 25% and no significant difference was observed between the RA and CA stored celery. In the experiment with Clean cut celery, the losses were mainly attributed to bacterial infections. Both celery cultivars stored under CA with high RH showed better texture and crispness than those stored under RA. It was also noted that the total sugar content significantly increased with storage.