Celeriac Research Articles

Concentration and health risk assessment of nitrates in vegetables from conventional and organic farming

ABSTRACTThe aims of the study were to determine: (1) nitrates concentrations in vegetables from conventional and organic farming and (2) potential health risk assessment relating to vegetables containing nitrates. The analyses were made on the 27 types of vegetables. The nitrates concentrations were determined by the potentiometric method with the CyberScan ION 510 ionometer. The highest nitrates concentrations were found for lettuce, both from conventional and organic farming. The root and bulb vegetables (potato, carrot, parsley root, radish, celery root) from conventional farming had higher nitrates concentrations than those from organic farming. For leafy vegetables (beet leaves, broccoli, chive from onion, kale, dill, lettuce, celery leaves, chive, spinach), nitrates concentrations were higher in case of organic than conventional farming. Total daily nitrates intake in vegetables from conventional farming was equal to 1.45 mg NO3 kg−1 bw day−1, which is 39.2% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI), and for organic farming, it was equal to 1.91 mg NO3 kg−1 bw day−1 (28.5% ADI). Health risk from vegetables containing nitrates consumption was low, both for organic (HIO = 0.66) and conventional (HIC = 0.86) farming. However, in case of the organic farming, this value was approaching the limit of the acceptable risk value.

Venlafaxine and celery root extract interaction

Venlafaxine and celery root extract interaction

FEATURES OF THE SEED DORMANCY IN UMBELLIFER CROPS CAUSED BY VARIOUS FACTORS

Experiments were carried out at FGBNU VNIIO in 20112016. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of different types of organic dormancy caused by various factors on seed quality of some representatives of umbellifer crops. The objects of the study were seeds: parsnip ‘Kulinar’ (Pastinaca sativa L.); carrot ‘Rogneda’ (Daucus carrota L.); root parsley ‘Ljubasha’ (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill.); root celery ‘Kupidon’ (Apium graveolens L.); coriander ‘Yantar’ (Coriandrum sativum L.) and dill ‘Kentavr’ (Anethum graveolens L.). In all seeds studied, the speed of embryo growth was decreased by 30% or0.03 mma day. Under influence of the induced dormancy caused by incubation in extract from dill seeds, the speed of embryo growth in all species was decreased by 94-97% on average. The process of germination of just picked seeds in all crops studied showed itself in reduction of germinated seed number by 54% as compared with control variant. Under the effect of incubation at high temperature the seeds of parsnip and root celery didn’t germinate, whereas the germination in the seeds of coriander, root parsley and carrot was decreased by 51%, 47% and 46%, respectively as compared with control. There is no germination observed in parsnip, carrot, root celery and coriander under influence of induced dormancy caused by incubation in extract from dill seeds. In this case, the germination of seeds of root parsley and dill was 8.1% and 15%, respectively. The Pearson correlation between the speed of embryo growth and percent of seed germination showed the significant and positive relationship in the range 0.706-0.952. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that induced by temperature or allelopathic dormancy had impact on the speed of embryo’s growth in the crops studied, where factor effect was 89-86% depending on type of dormancy. Analysis of variance between the factors of dormancy and germination revealed that all types of dormancy analyzed had much influence on germination in these crops. The factor effects for primary, temperature induced, and induced allelopathic dormancy were 98% (F=1590.3; P=< 2x10-16), respectively.

The possibility of increasing the antioxidant activity of celery root during osmotic treatment

Osmotic treatment of celery root was studied in two osmotic solutions (sugar beet molasses and a ternary solution of water, sucrose and salt), at three temperatures (20, 35 and 50?C), and three different immersion periods (1, 3 and 5 h), at atmospheric pressure. The aim was to examine the influence of the type of the used hypertonic agent, the temperature and the immersion time on the water loss, solid gain, water activity, dry matter content, antioxidant activity (expressed by DPPH) and colour attributes (described by CIELAB coordinates L*, a* and b*). During the experiments, the antioxidant activity of celery root was increased in sugar beet molasses, while the DPPH value tended to decrease in the ternary solution. The experimental data of osmotic dehydration was used for PCA modelling. The standard scores analysis revealed that the optimum process parameters were gained with an immersion time of 5 h and a temperature of 35?C.

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCTION OF THE CANDIED FRUITS FROM NON-TRADITIONAL RAW MATERIAL

The article analyses the candied fruit market in Ukraine and describes the main technological operations pertainingto processing of non-traditional candied products – celery and parsnip roots. Darkening of the roots surface caused bythe enzyme oxidation is one of the problems arising when processing white roots, which leads to worse marketable conditionof the product. To prevent darkening, the developed technology provides for soaking raw material in 1% citric acid solutionimmediately after peeling. To improve the diffusion and osmotic processes and to soften roots before boiling in sugar syrup,the steam blanching has been applied. The constructed Gantt diagram proves that the developed technology can shorten thecandied fruit cooking period. The biochemical indicators of the obtained new products have been studied. It was establishedthat the candied fruit possess the appropriate physical and chemical indicators and original organoleptic properties resulting ina demand by consumers. The results of the taste evaluation of the experimental specimen confirmed a high quality of the products.

Investigation of Pb species in soils, celery and duckweed by synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrometry

The Pb species play a key role in its translocation in biogeochemical cycles. Soils, sediments and plants were collected from farmlands around Pb mines, and the Pb species in them was identified by X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrometry. In soils, Pb5(PO4)3Cl and Pb3(PO4)2 were detected, and in sediments, Pb-fulvic acids (FAs) complex was identified. A Pb complex with FA fragments was also detected in celery samples. We found that (1) different Pb species were present in soils and sediments; (2) the Pb species in celery, which was grown in sediments, was different from the species present in duckweed, which grew in water; and (3) a Pb-FA-like compound was present in celery roots. The newly identified Pb species, the Pb-FA-like compound, may play a key role in Pb tolerance and translocation within plants.

New opportunities to valorize biomass wastes into green materials

Due to depleting natural resources, new environmental regulations and economic considerations, there is a constantly growing interest in using renewable resources. That is why, considering the growing awareness of environmental and waste management issues, green composites are increasingly promoted for sustainable development. Novel materials based on polylactic acid and different biomass wastes have been obtained and analyzed. The addition of biomass to a polylactic acid matrix resulted in more opaque materials, with decreased values of the water contact angle and acceptable values of mechanical properties. Thus, transparency decreased from 1.99 for polylactic acid to 0.94 for the material comprising pomace fibers. Asclepias syriaca fibers and celery root fibers determined a decrease in the water contact angle of about 9%, while pomace fiber led to a decrease of 3% and poplar seed hair fibers – of 7%.The addition of A. syriaca fibers into the polylactic matrix (as reference) resulted in a decrement of 42% in tensile strength and an increment of 10% in impact strength. Dynamic vapor sorption studies have indicated that sorption capacity increased by 86%. The material comprising poplar seed hair fibers recorded a decline of 45% in tensile strength and an improvement of 20% in impact strength, while water sorption capacity increased by 83%. The pomace fibers resulted in a drop of 56% in tensile strength and an improvement of 18% in impact strength. The presence of celery root fibers in the polylactic acid matrix contributed to a decrease of 53% in tensile strength and of 37% in impact strength. The last two fillers determined the most significant increase in water sorption capacity, 266% for the material comprising pomace and 210% for the one containing celery root fibers.The biomass residues under study represent sources of raw material that proved suitable for manufacturing new materials, which could reduce domestic dependence on petroleum-based thermoplastics.

Incorporation of dietary fiber concentrates from fruit and vegetable wastes in butter: effects on physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties

The effect of dietary fiber concentrate on the physicochemical, texture, and sensory characteristics in butter was studied by using some new fibers from vegetable and fruit waste. The basic aim of this study was to increase and develop the bio-functional properties of the butter by using fiber concentrates. For this reason new alternative dietary fiber concentrate sources were investigated and developed by using vegetable and fruit wastes such as stone pears, celery root, celery leaves, spinach, oranges, and orange albedo. Dry matter, ash, pH, protein, dietary fiber content, glucose retardation index, color analysis, and water- and oil-holding capacities as technological properties of samples were analyzed. Dry matter, ash, and pH values of dietary fiber concentrates were observed in the range of 5.79–8.87 %, 0.45–0.96 %, and 3.90–6.48, respectively. As technological properties of samples, water- and oil-holding capacities and fiber contents of dietary fiber concentrates were changed 2.3–8.4 mL/g, 1.8–6.4 mL/g, and 65.45–87.32 %, respectively. On the other hand, it was seen that all dietary fiber concentrates reduced glucose in dialysate when compared to control. Different concentrations (3 and 5 %) of dietary fiber concentrates were added to butter to increase its bio-functional properties. Color and textural properties of the butters were determined. The results showed that content and type of the dietary fiber concentrate in the butter model changed the hardness and the spreadability rating as textural properties and the same effects also were observed in color parameters and sensory evaluation. According to the simple additive weighting technique, stone pear dietary fiber concentrate (3 %) and orange albedo dietary fiber concentrate (5 %) samples were mostly preferred in each group. When the two groups were compared, simple additive weighting technique results showed that butter produced with stone pear dietary fiber concentrate (3 %) was the most preferred by panelists.

Characterization of Thin Layer Hot Air Drying of Celery Root

The hot air drying characteristics of celery root were evaluated in a laboratory scale dryer at the drying temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80℃. The effect of hot air drying on drying time, drying rate, moisture content, moisture ratio and effective moisture diffusivity of celery root was investigated. Fifteen thin layer drying models were fitted by using experimental drying data. The fitting effect of model predictions was evaluated by using the values of coefficient of determination, sum squared error, root mean square error and chi-square. The results showed fitting accuracy of model 15 (Hii et al., 2009) gave a better fit for all drying conditions applied. The average values of effective moisture diffusivities of celery root ranged from 1.957×10^(-9) to 9.016×10^(-9) within the given drying temperature range. With in a certain temperature range (50-70℃), the average effective moisture diffusivities of celery root increased with increased temperature. The activation energy was estimated as 21.817 KJ/mol using an exponential expression based on the Arrhenius equation.

Development and validation of a triplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of three mustard species and three celery varieties in food

The paper presents a triplex real-time PCR assay allowing the simultaneous detection of three mustard species (white, black and brown mustard) and three celery varieties (celery roots, celery stalks and leaf celery) in foodstuffs. The triplex assay does not show cross-reactivity with other Brassicaceae. Low cross-reactivities were observed with fenugreek, cumin, ginger, caraway, turmeric, lovage and rye, the ΔCt values were, however, ⩾12 compared to positive controls. The triplex assay allows the detection of traces of DNA of the allergenic components in spite of an excess of the other DNA templates. Analysis of extracts from model sausages containing defined concentrations of mustard and celery showed that the triplex assay is applicable to both raw and processed foods. It was found to allow the detection of 1ppm black/brown mustard and 50ppm white mustard and celery in raw and brewed sausages with a probability ⩾95%.

Isolation and characterization of the Agvip1 gene and response to abiotic and metal ions stresses in three celery cultivars.

VIP1, a VirE2-interacting protein 1, specifically interacts with VirE2 and acts as a molecular adaptor in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. This protein is widely used in plant genetic engineering. In this study, we cloned the Agvip1 gene that encodes the AgVIP1 protein from three celery (Apium graveolens) cultivars, namely, "Liuhe Huangxinqin", "Jinnan Shiqin", and "Ventura". The sequence analysis indicated that the Agvip1 gene from the three celery cultivars contained 768 bp Open Reading Frame and encoded with 255 amino acid residues. The N-terminal of AgVIP1 contained RNA recognition motif superfamily, a conserved domain. The Agvip1 gene in three cultivars had very high homology. The phylogenetic tree of VIP1-like proteins was constructed among celery and other plant species, showing that VIP1-like proteins from Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum tuberosum in Solanaceae had the shortest evolutionary relationship with AgVIP1 from A. graveolens in Apiaceae. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that the Agvip1 gene had tissue-specific expression, mainly in the celery root. The expression analysis showed that the Agvip1 gene was induced by abiotic stresses differently in three celery cultivars. In "Liuhe Huangxinqin", the Agvip1 gene was up-regulated under hot, cold stresses. In "Jinnan Shiqin", the Agvip1 gene was up-regulated obviously under cold, drought treatments. However, in "Ventura", the Agvip1 gene was up-regulated under salt stress. The Agvip1 was also induced after metal ions treatments in three celery cultivars. These findings will provide more information on the Agvip1 gene and AgVIP1 protein, and enhance the understanding of the Agvip1 gene regulatory mechanisms under abiotic and metal ions stresses in celery.

Effect of potassium application on celery growth and cation uptake under different calcium and magnesium levels in substrate culture

The effect of potassium (K) on celery (Apium graveolens L.) growth and cation uptake was studied under different calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels in substrate culture in the greenhouse. Shoot and root fresh and dry weight and leaf area increased with increasing K application up to 8mmoll−1. High level of Ca and Mg (16mmoll−1) significantly inhibited celery growth compared to lower levels (4 and 8mmoll−1). In this study, K concentration in celery increased with increasing K application up to 8mmoll−1, but did not change significantly with further increases in K application. In contrast to K, the opposite trends were found for Na, Ca and Mg concentrations in celery. The order of K concentration in celery root, stalk and leaf was: stalk>root>leaf and for Ca was: leaf>stalk>root. Mg concentration in celery root and leaf was high when compared with stalk. In addition, 8 and 16mmoll−1 of Ca and Mg levels increased celery cation uptake as compared with 4mmoll−1 of Ca and Mg level. This study suggested that 4–8mmoll−1K applications under the condition of 8mmoll−1 of Ca and Mg level were appropriate for the improvement of celery growth and nutrient uptake

Effects of Extracts of Ginkgo, Onion, and Celery on the Contractility of Isolated Rat Atria

The acute negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of the commercial extract of ginkgo leaf (Gingium®) and ethanolic extracts of onion bulbs and celery root on spontaneous and noradrenalin-stimulated contractions of the Wistar rat atria were investigated. All analyzed extracts exerted negative inotropic effects on the isolated rat atria. Among the tested extracts, the extract of ginkgo showed the strongest negative inotropic effects on rat atria, either in spontaneous or noradrenalin-induced contractions, being more potent than the onion and celery extracts, respectively.

Development and validation of a duplex real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of celery and white mustard in food

The developed duplex real-time PCR method allows the simultaneous detection of traces of potentially allergenic white mustard (Sinapis alba) and celery roots (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum), celery stalks (A. g. var. dulce) and leaf celery (A. g. var. secalinum). The duplex assay does not show any cross-reactivity with 64 different biological species, including various members of the Brassicaceae and Apiaceae family. In raw model sausages spiked with white mustard and celery roots, the LOD was found to be 0.001% white mustard and 0.005% celery. In model sausages brewed at 75–78°C for 15min the LOD was found to be 0.005% white mustard and 0.005% celery. The duplex real-time PCR assay was applied to check if commercial food products are labelled in compliance with the legal regulations.

Stereoselective bioreduction for the resolution of racemic mixtures of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione using vegetables

► For the enantioseparation of racemic bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione, vegetables of the family Apiaceae were found to be suitable. ► Reaction conditions were optimized using celery roots. ► (+)-Enantiomer of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione was obtained with the optical purity of 90–98% and the yield of more than 90%. Screening of various vegetables as biocatalysts for the stereoselective bioreduction and resolution of racemic bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione was performed. Vegetables of the family Apiaceae , i.e. the roots of parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ), celery ( Apium graveolens ), parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) and carrot ( Daucus carota ) were found to be the best. The methodology described here allows the efficient enantioseparation of (+)-enantiomer of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione. The reaction time, temperature and the amount of celery roots were optimized and (+)-enantiomer was obtained with the optical purity of 90–98% and the yield of more than 90%.

Identification and evaluation of excess nitrate-responsive genes in celery (Apium graveolens L.) roots

SummarySalinity negatively impacts plant growth and productivity, but little is known about nitrate stress responses in celery (Apium graveolens L.). To improve our understanding of the adaptation of celery in nitrate-rich environments, we constructed a suppression-subtractive hybridisation (SSH) library. cDNAs from celery root tissue exposed to 100 mM total nitrate for 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, or 72 h were used as testers, and cDNAs of roots exposed to 0 mM nitrate for the same treatment times were used as drivers. Sequence analysis of the SSH cDNA library generated 202 high-quality expression sequence tags (ESTs), of which 112 were non-redundant. Eighty ESTs showed similarities to proteins of known function, and could be categorised into 11 functional groups, including metabolism, protein synthesis, cell defense and rescue, signal transduction, transport facilitation, genetic information processing, energy, cell structure, transcription, unknown, and no hits. Ten of the ESTs were selected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and their induction by nitrate stress was confirmed. An analysis of the physiological changes in celery roots indicated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased rapidly under the 100 mM total nitrate stress treatment. The expression of genes encoding peroxidase (POD), glutamine synthetase (GS), and a proline-rich protein (PRP) were up-regulated. The maximum activities of POD and GS, and free proline (Pro) contents were found 48 h and 72 h after 100 mM nitrate treatment. Collectively, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of nitrate tolerance in celery, and possibly in other species.

The effect of sodium on the mineral balance of plants, using the example of root celery and stalk celery. Part I. The role of sodium and potassium in the process of accumulation and utilization of mineral elements

In the years 1977 - 1980, studies were conducted on the effect of sodium used to supplement low (K = 800 mg/5 kg) and high (K = 1400 mg/5 kg) potassium doses on the content of mineral components, their accumulation in the yield and the percentage of their utilization. The study was carried out on root celery - <i>Apium graveolens</i> L. var. <i>rapaceum</i> (Mill.) and stalk celery - <i>Apium graveolens</i> L. var. <i>dulce</i> (Mill.). The results obtained in these experiments point to the following conclusions: it was found that potassium and sodium mutually limit each other's uptake. Sodium was more antagonistic towards the uptake of calcium than was potassium. However, no clearly antagonistic effect of these elements on the uptake of magnesium was determined. The accumulation of potassium and sodium by the experimental plants rose while the percentage of utilization of these elements decreased as their level in the nutrient medium increased. Sodium exerted a more distinct effect on the accumulation and utilization of other mineral elements than did potassium.

The biology of flowering and pollination in umbellate vegetables. Part III. (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum Gaud.)

Investigations were carried-out on turnip root celery (<i>Apium graveolens</i> L. var. <i>rapaceum</i> Gaud.). Aim of the study was to examine the biology of flowering and the degree of flower atractiveness, as well as the insect influence on their pollination. The research was conducted during 1979 and 1981 vegetation seasons. Observations were made near Lublin on the loessy brown soil. Seeds were the most abundant in IV and V umbel rows. The isolated flowers did not produce less fertile seeds than the non-isolated ones. Recorded pollen production ranged to 100 kg per ha. The <i>Syrphidae</i> which pollinated celery, fed on their pollen.

Use of FT-IR Spectra and PCA to the Bulk Characterization of Cell Wall Residues of Fruits and Vegetables Along a Fraction Process

This study focuses on the analysis of polysaccharide residues from the cell walls of fruits and vegetables: tomato, potato, pumpkin, carrot and celery root. An alcohol-insoluble residue was prepared from plant material by extraction using the hot ethyl alcohol method and then cell wall fractions soluble in trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate, sodium carbonate and alkaline solution were sequentially extracted. Infrared spectroscopy combined with Fourier transform (FT-IR) was used to evaluate differences among cell wall residues and among species after each step of sequential extraction of pectins and hemicelluloses. Additionally, pectic substances were identified using an Automated Wet Chemistry Analyser. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to FT-IR spectra in two regions: 1,800–1,200 cm−1 and 1,200–800 cm−1 in order to distinguish different components of cell wall polysaccharides. This method also allowed us the possibility of highlighting the most important wavenumbers for each type of polysaccharide: 1,740, 1,610 and 1,240 cm−1 denoting pectins or 1,370 and 1,317 cm−1 denoting hemicelluloses and cellulose, respectively.

Essential oil and aroma composition of leaves, stalks and roots of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) from Tunisia

Volatiles of leaves, stalks and roots of Tunisian celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) were extracted either by hydrodistillation or by maceration in organic solvents. After concentration, essential oils and aroma extracts were studied by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A high proportion of essential oils and aroma extracts consisted of phthalides with 74.6–76.6% in leaves, 56.8–74.1% in stalks and 57.7–79.7% in roots. The studied organs were particularly characterized by appreciable levels of terpene hydrocarbons (17.0–31.5%). Also, results showed that stalks were particularly rich in phenols with 8.7% of total volatiles. The main volatile constituents identified in the different extracts were (Z)-3-butylidenephthalide (27.8–38.4% in leaves, 30.5–38.9% in stalks, 30.5–52.0% in roots), 3-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide (34.2–41.0% in leaves, 24.1–27.8% in stalks, 12.3–13.2% in roots) and α-thujene (7.9–9.9% in leaves, 7.5–14.0% in stalks, 7.0–12.4% in roots). The three studied organs of A. graveolens (leaves, stalks and roots) could be considered good sources of phthalides known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and insecticidal properties. Nevertheless, the efficiency in the extraction of these bioactive compounds depends on both the organ and the method used.