Cefadroxil Monohydrate Research Articles

Insight into CMC-PVA-fHNTs Nanocomposite Hydrogel as an Advance Carrier for Cefadroxil Monohydrate: Fabrication and Characterization/Angiogenic Potential Analysis.

Controlled drug delivery is a key strategy aimed at reducing both the frequency of therapeutic dosages and potential systemic side effects, particularly in the case of high drug concentrations. The nanocomposite hydrogel systems presented in this study were synthesized by combining carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-functionalized halloysite nanotubes (fHNTs). This hydrogel system is a potential candidate for the controlled release of cefadroxil monohydrate. These hydrogels are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and rheological measurements. Additionally, swelling properties, porosity, hydrophilicity, drug release, and in vitro and in vivo analyses were also evaluated. The observed trends in swelling and drug release demonstrated that the outcomes are dependent on the presence of fHNTs in the hydrogel matrix. Notably, fHNTs-loaded hydrogels displayed sustained drug release patterns. This innovative approach eliminates the need for traditional encapsulation and presents promising and translatable strategies for achieving more effective drug release.

ENUCLEATION OF BULBUS OCULI PROLAPSUS IN TERRIER MIX

An 8-year-old female Chihuahua mix terrier breed with a body weight of 3.3 kg was brought to the Teaching Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. The dog was brought in with a complaint of the right eye coming out of the eye socket after fighting with a large breed dog. The purpose of this article is to find out the process of lifting the eyeball using the trans-conjunctival enucleation method. The results of the physical examination showed damage and no response to the case dog's right eye. Based on history and physical examination, the dog was diagnosed with bulbus oculi prolapse. Premedication was carried out by administering 0.3 ml of atropine sulfate and induced anesthesia with 0.2 ml and 0.3 ml of xylazine and ketamine respectively. The postoperative care given was e-collar fitting, giving cefadroxil monohydrate 22mg/kgBB q12h for 5 days, giving anti-inflammatory tolfenamic acid injection 0.3 mg/kgBW and continued with giving meloxicam 1 mg/kgBBq12h for 5 days, and ointment. Bioplacenton® skin is given sufficiently until the wound dries. On the seventh day after surgery, the case dog was declared cured with the surgical wound closed on the right eye after routine postoperative care.

EVALUASI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PANDAN (Pandanus amarryllifolius Roxb) TERHADAP Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) in the surrounding community is often processed as a sourceof cooking/cake ingredients because of its fragrant aroma, therefore the leaves are often used as a foodingredient, but the community does not know much about the potential of this fragrant pandan which canactually be used. as one of the drugs is antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the activityof pandan leaf extract against Stpahylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The method used in thisstudy was well diffusion with invitro test, so that MIC was obtained with a concentration of 15%, namely4.98 mm with weak antibacterial activity, while in comparison with Cefadroxil monohydrate 2.5%, namely28.06 mm with very strong antibacterial activity.

Utilization of Spectrophotometric Technique for the Quantitative Evaluation of Cefadroxil Monohydrate in its Pure form and Its Therapeutic Doses

Utilization of Spectrophotometric Technique for the Quantitative Evaluation of Cefadroxil Monohydrate in its Pure form and Its Therapeutic Doses

Development of a general strategy for the quantification of pseudopolymorphs: analysis of cefadroxil monohydrate in commercial products

The presence of different polymorphic or pseudo-polymorphic forms in active pharmaceutical ingredients may affect the performance of the formulated products. Pseudo-polymorphs, especially hydrates, present a differential dissolution rate. In such a scenario, pseudo-polymorphism should be strictly controlled due to its impact on the bio-availability of formulates products. In order to determine solid forms of cefadroxil present in commercial capsules, anhydrous and monohydrate pure the solid forms were prepared and fully characterized by optical microscopy, vibrational spectroscopy (middle and near infrared), calorimetric techniques (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry). Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to corroborate structural integrity. Two sets of synthetic samples for calibration (N = 12) and validation (N = 12) were prepared following a binary-mixtures design of monohydrate/anhydrous cefadroxil in the presence of the excipient matrix. NIR spectra were acquired and used as input of partial least squares (PLS) model. Three PLS-factors, mean scattering correction and MIN–MAX normalization demonstrated to be the optimal parameters on full range spectra (750–2500 nm). The method was validated for linearity/range, accuracy and precision by evaluation of validation set recovery. Once method validated, a commercial lot of capsules was analyzed and acceptable recovery results and low deviations were obtained. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) emerged as the technique of choice to determine pseudopolymorphic-purity. Cefadroxil monohydrate was determined in a fast and accurate way in presentence of cefadroxil anhydrous and excipients by NIR–PLS methodology. The developed analytical methodology, arise as a general strategy for hydrates determination, making a direct determination of pseudopolymorphic form.

Fabrication, physical characterizations and in vitro antibacterial activity of cefadroxil-loaded chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers against Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates

Particular attention is devoting to the design of electrospun nanofibers (NFs) as new drug delivery nanosystems to overcome bacterial resistance and toxicological issues. Their advantages include high encapsulation efficiency, great drug-loading capacity, easiness in production, cost-effectiveness, and controlled targeted drug delivery.We aim to characterize electrospun chitosan (CS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) NFs (CPNFs) loaded with cefadroxil monohydrate (CFX), a broad spectrum antibiotic.The biodegradable and biocompatible carrier system was greenly fabricated by electrospinning at various CS/PVA ratios. CPNFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-spectrometry. Their potential toxicity was evaluated in human epidermal keratinocytes by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Their antibacterial activity was tested by agar well diffusion method and MTT assay against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium involved in serious skin infections. The thermostable CFX-loaded CPNFs at optimized 30:70 ratio revealed a burst and sustained release profile that occurred predominantly by diffusion following non-Fickian (anomalous) transport mechanism, as well as a more potent and safe antibacterial than free CFX.Thus, electrospun CFX-loaded CPNFs could be a new promising transdermal drug delivery system to activate the wound healing process and cost-effectively treat S. aureus-induced (resistant) skin infections.

NEW, GREEN AND MINIATURIZED ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CEFADROXIL MONOHYDRATE IN CAPSULES

Cefadroxil, an oral antimicrobial, presents few techniques optimized for the reduction of solvents and toxic residues and/or non-use of them. So, a quantitative, new and miniaturized method for determination of cefadroxil monohydrate in capsules has been developed and validated by spectrophotometric method in the visible region according to the international guidelines. The analyzes were performed using microplates containing 96 wells, 1 % of phenolphthalein and sodium hydroxide 0.1 M as reagent at 552 nm. The method was (i) linear in the range of 15-115 µg mL-1, (ii) selective when comparing standard, sample, adjuvants and color reagent, (iii) precise with deviations below 4 %, (iv) accurate when comparing the proposed method with the HPLC method, (v) robusts by making small and deliberate modifications to the method, (vi) besides being fast, low cost, eco-friendly and generates minimal amount of waste. The method can be applied to the routine quality control of cefadroxil monohydrate in capsules and an effective and accessible alternative that contemplates the concepts of current and sustainable green analytical chemistry.

Rapid stability-indicative turbidimetric assay to determine the potency of cefadroxil monohydrate capsules

Microbiological methods for the analysis of antimicrobials are indispensable to quality control processes, since they can provide important information about their biological activities, which physicochemical methods are not able to provide.

Development and Evaluation of Cefadroxyl Monohydrate Solid Dispersion via Solvent Evaporation Method: Investigating Drug-Polymer Miscibility with Advanced Characterization

Cefadroxil Monohydrate is a pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment of bacterial infection. The drug is characterized by poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate leading to low bioavailability of the drug. Hence, there is a need for the improvement of the solubility and dissolution of such drugs. In this exertion, enhancement of the solubility and dissolution of the practically water insoluble drug Cefadroxil monohydrate was achieved by solid dispersion (SD) preparation using a solvent evaporation method which eventually leads to bioavailability enhancement. SD’s were formed using PEG-4000. which is a water-soluble copolymer and varying copolymer ratio. Solubility studies were carried out to establish the solubility-enhancing property of the SD’s. To support solubility analysis results, powder dissolution studies were carried out. The SD’s were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the SD’s formed showed the absence of the crystalline nature of the drug and its conversion to an amorphous state. The solubility and dissolution of the Cefadroxil monohydrate SD’s were enhanced. There is a 1.3 fold increase in solubility for the Drug:PEG-4000 in 1:4 ratios respectively. In-vitro drug release kinetics was investigated. This study demonstrates the use of solvent evaporation method for the preparation of SD’s in solubility and dissolution enhancement.

Spectrophotometric Quantitative Estimation and Validation of Cefadroxil Monohydrate in Presence of its Alkali-Induced Degradation Product

Five simple, accurate, selective and sensitive UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the determination of cefadroxil monohydrate in the presence of its alkali-induced degradation product without preliminary separation. These methods include ratio subtraction, absorbance subtraction, amplitude modulation, dual wavelength and simultaneous equation method. These methods were validated and successfully applied for determination of cefadroxil monohydrate in Duricef® capsules. The obtained results were statistically compared with those of the reported method by applying t-test and F-test at 95 % confidence level and no significant difference was observed regarding accuracy and precision.

Validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Analysis of Cefadroxil Monohydrate in Human Plasma

Purpose: To develop a simple, rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of cefadroxil monohydrate in human plasma. Methods: Schimadzu HPLC with LC solution software was used with Waters Spherisorb, C18 (5 µm, 150mm × 4.5mm) column. The mobile phase was sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 4.0 and methanol in a ratio of 96:4. Flow rate was 1.5 ml/min and injection volume was 100 µl. Peak response was detected at 260 nm. Results: System suitability results revealed that the coefficient of variation (CV) for retention time, peak response, tailing factor and resolution of six replicate injections was < 3 %. The method was selective to determine cefadroxil in plasma because there was no peak interference of plasma with cefadroxil at its retention time (7.792 min). Linearity was in the range of 0.5 - 30 µg/ml with slope and intercept of 41694.53 and 22614.87, respectively (R 2 = 0.9953). Limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the method were 0.03 and 0.06 µg/ml, respectively. Absolute recovery of cefadroxil from plasma was in the range 71 - 90.4 %, while inter-day and intra-day analysis showed satisfactory precision and accuracy; thus, the method was reproducible with the range of CV, i.e., 0.35 4.01 and 1.88 - 7.9 % for interday and intraday precision, respectively. Conclusion: The developed method being simple, rapid, reproducible can be suitably employed in pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies of cefadroxil monohydrate.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Evaluation of 2 Cefadroxil Suspensions in Healthy Egyptian Male Volunteers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of 2 brands of cefadroxil monohydrate suspensions, Curisafe (500 mg cefadroxil monohydrate/5 mL; test) relative to Duricef (500 mg cefadroxil monohydrate/5 mL; reference). This in vivo study was conducted according to a single-center, randomized, single-dose, laboratory-blinded, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover design with a washout period of 1 week. Under fasting conditions, 24 healthy Egyptian adult male volunteers were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of either test or reference product. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, and plasma was analyzed for cefadroxil concentration using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay method. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax , AUC0-t , AUC0-∞ , tmax , Ke , and t1/2 were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio Cmax , AUC0-t , and AUCt-∞ of the test product over those of reference were within the acceptable range (0.8-1.25) for bioequivalence. On the basis of these results, the 2 cefadroxil formulations are considered bioequivalent.

Method Development &amp; Comparative Statistical Evaluation of HPLC &amp; HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cefodrixil Monohydrate &amp; Ambroxol Hydrochloride

Rapid, precise, accurate, specific, and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method and high performance thin layer chromatographic methods have been developed for simultaneous determination of cefadroxil monohydrate and ambroxol hydrochloride in their tablet formulation. The HPLC method was standardised using Purospher BDS C18 column (25cm X 4.6mm, 5μm) with mobile phase constituted of 0.5M ammonium acetate buffer- acetonitirile (50:50v/v), pH adjusted to 7 using orthophosphoric acid delivered at the flow rate of 1.0 mlmin-1 and detection was performed at 247nm. For HPTLC analysis separation was carried out on precoated TLC plates, coated with silica gel 60F-254 and using mobile phase methanol- potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.067M) (35:65v/v) scanned at 254nm with CAMAG TLC scanner controlled by Cats Software. Different analytical performance parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, robustness LOD and LOQ were determined according to International conference of Harmonization ICH Q2B guidelines. Results of developed methods were compared with reported method using ANOVA. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.

Spectophotometric method for determination of certain cephalosporins using 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl)

A simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of eleven cephalosporins, namely; cefaclor monohydrate, cefadroxil monohydrate, cefalexin anhydrous, cefradine anhydrous, cefotaxime sodium, cefoperazone sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, ceftazidime penthydrate, cefazolin sodium, cefixime and cefpodoxime pro- xetil in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method depends on hydrolysis of the studied drugs using 0.5M NaOH at 100°C and subsequent reaction of the formed sulfide ions with NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole) to form a yellow-colored chromogen measured at 390 nm. Different variables affecting the reaction (e.g. NaOH concentration, hydrolysis time, NBD-Cl concentration and diluting solvent) were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (0.9990- 0.9999) were found in the range of 5-160 μg mL-1 for all studied drugs. The limits of assay detection and quantitiation ranged from 0.289 to 5.867 and from 0.878 to 17.778 μg mL-1; respectively. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method were satisfactory. The method was successfully applied for analysis of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations and the recovery percentages ranged from 96.6 to 103.5%.

Selective Densitometric Determination of Four -Aminocephalosporins Using Ninhydrin Reagent

A simple, selective, and precise densitometric method for analysis of four alpha-aminocephalosporins, namely cefaclor monohydrate, cefadroxil monohydrate, cefalexin anhydrous, and cefradine anhydrous, both in bulk drugs and in formulations was developed and validated. The method employed thin-layer chromatography (TLC) aluminium sheets precoated with silica gel G 60 F(254) as the stationary phase. The solvent system consists of ethyl acetate-methanol-water with different ratios for all studied drugs (R(f) values of 0.40-0.60). The separated spots were visualized as blue to violet color after spraying with ninhydrin reagent. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots of all studied drugs produced a good linear relationship with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9990 to 0.9996 and coefficients of determination ranging from 0.9986 to 0.9992 over the concentration range 2-10 microg/spot. The limits of detection and quantitation for all studied drugs ranged from 0.09 to 0.23 and from 0.27 to 0.84 microg/spot, respectively. The developed method was applied successfully for the determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage forms with good precision and accuracy. Also, the method can be employed as a promising stability-indicating assay.

Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of certain cephalosporins using iodate/iodide mixture

A simple, precise and accurate kinetic spectro-photometric method for determination of ce-fradine anhydrous, cefaclor monohydrate, ce-fadroxil monohydrate, cefalexin anhydrous and cefixime in bulk and in pharmaceutical formula-tions has been developed. The method based on a kinetic investigation of the reaction of the free carboxylic acid group of the drug with a mixture of potassium iodate and potassium iodide at room temperature to form yellow coloured triiodide ions. The reaction was followed up spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance at 352 nm as a function of time. The initial rate, fixed time, variable time and rate-constant methods were adopted for constructing the calibration curves but fixed time method has been found to be more applicable. The analytical performance of the method, in terms of accuracy and precision, was statistically validated; the results were satisfactory. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of the studied drugs in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Statistical comparison of the results with a well established reported method showed excellent ag- reement and proved that there is no significant difference in the accuracy and precision.

Identification and dosimetric features of γ-irradiated cefadroxil by electron spin resonance

In the present work, electron spin resonance (ESR) identification of γ-irradiated cefadroxil monohydrate (CM), duricef capsule (DC) and duricef suspension (DS) and their potential use as normal and/or accidental dosimetric materials were investigated in the dose range of 1–25 kGy. Although unirradiated samples did not exhibit any ESR signals, irradiated samples were observed to present ESR spectra with many resonance lines originating from radiation induced radical or radicals. Dose-response curves associated with the resonance peak heights of CM ( I 1, I 2) and DS ( I 3, I 4, I 5, I 6) were found to follow linear and power functions of applied radiation dose, respectively. Simulation calculations were performed to determine the structure and spectral parameters of the radiation-induced radicalic species involved in the formation of experimental ESR spectrum of CM using, as input, the room temperature signal intensity data obtained for a sample irradiated at dose of 10 kGy. Kinetic behaviors and activation energies of the radicalic species were also calculated using the data obtained from annealing studies performed at five different temperatures. The presence of detectable signal intensities even after a storage period of 100 days was considered as providing an opportunity in the discrimination of irradiated CM and DS from unirradiated ones. Basing on room temperature signal intensity decay and dose–response data, it was concluded that CM and DS present the features of a good dosimetric material.

Treatment of lichen sclerosus with antibiotics

Current therapy for lichen sclerosus centers on topical steroids, particularly clobetasol propionate. As some evidence suggests an infectious etiology owing to Borrelia, we studied the effect of penicillin and cephalosporin therapy on patients with lichen sclerosus who had responded poorly to treatment with potent topical corticosteroids. Fifteen patients with lichen sclerosus were treated for 3-21 months with either penicillin or cephalosporins in an observational study. Thirteen patients (nine women, four men) received penicillin, including intramuscular penicillin G benzathine suspension and/or oral penicillin V potassium, amoxicillin, or amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. Two additional men received cephalosporins, either intramuscular ceftriaxone sodium or oral cefadroxil monohydrate. All patients showed a significant response, evident within a few weeks. Most striking was the rapid relief of pain, pruritus and burning. Four patients cleared completely, four experienced marked improvement, and the remaining seven had a favorable improvement of symptoms with incomplete clearing of lesions. We recommend treatment of lichen sclerosus with either intramuscular ceftriaxone every 3 weeks or intramuscular penicillin every 2-3 weeks. The addition of oral penicillin or cephalosporin presumably helps maintain antibiotic blood levels and may be a sufficient treatment in some cases.

Selective spectrophotometric determination of phenolic β-lactam antibiotics in pure forms and in their pharmaceutical formulations

Four simple and selective spectrophotometric methods were developed for the quantitative determination of some phenolic β-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin trihydrate, cefoperazone sodium, cefadroxil monohydrate, and cefprozil anhydrous) in pure forms as well as in their pharmaceutical formulations through their nitration and subsequent complexation with an nucleophilic reagent (method I), nitrosation and subsequent metal chelation (method II), coupling with diazo reagent (method III), and reaction with copper and extraction of the resulting chelate into chloroform (method IV). The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. Beer’s plots were obeyed in a general concentration range of 5–30 ug ml −1 with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9997 for the four drugs. The methods are successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing amoxicillin, either alone or in combination with potassium clavulanate. They were also applied to the analysis of the other three studied drugs in vials, capsules, tablets, and suspensions with good recovery; percentage ranged from 99.0 (±1.42) to 100.2 (±1.25) in method I, 99.0 (±0.82) to 100.5 (±0.92) in method II, 99.5 (±0.09) to 100.8 (±0.98) in method III, and 99.3 (±0.01) to 100.2 (±0.05) in method IV. Interferences from other antibiotics and additives were investigated.

Selective spectrophotometric determination of phenolic $beta;-lactam antibiotics in pure forms and in their pharmaceutical formulations

Four simple and selective spectrophotometric methods were developed for the quantitative determination of some phenolic β-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin trihydrate, cefoperazone sodium, cefadroxil monohydrate, and cefprozil anhydrous) in pure forms as well as in their pharmaceutical formulations through their nitration and subsequent complexation with an nucleophilic reagent (method I), nitrosation and subsequent metal chelation (method II), coupling with diazo reagent (method III), and reaction with copper and extraction of the resulting chelate into chloroform (method IV). The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. Beer’s plots were obeyed in a general concentration range of 5–30 ug ml −1 with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9997 for the four drugs. The methods are successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing amoxicillin, either alone or in combination with potassium clavulanate. They were also applied to the analysis of the other three studied drugs in vials, capsules, tablets, and suspensions with good recovery; percentage ranged from 99.0 (±1.42) to 100.2 (±1.25) in method I, 99.0 (±0.82) to 100.5 (±0.92) in method II, 99.5 (±0.09) to 100.8 (±0.98) in method III, and 99.3 (±0.01) to 100.2 (±0.05) in method IV. Interferences from other antibiotics and additives were investigated.