Toona Ciliata Research Articles

Initial Growth and Quality of Toona ciliata Seedlings under Different Substrates

In producing forest seedlings, the use of residues may be an option to improve seedling quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth and quality of Toona ciliata seedlings on different substrates. The experimental design was completely randomized with seven treatments consisting of commercial substrate (CS), vermicompost (VC), urban waste compost (UWC) and mixtures in proportions of 50% (CS + VC, CS + UWC and VC + UWC) and 33% (CS + UWC + VC), with twelve replications. The use of substrates composed of organic residues 120 days after sowing shows potential for producing Toona ciliata seedlings. The combination of substrate components provides higher seed growth and quality than unmixed substrates. Compositions of 50% UWC or 50% VC + 50% CS are efficient in growth and seed quality.

Wood and Plywood Quality Characterization of New and Alternate Species Amenable for Composite Wood Production

India is one of the robust consumers of engineered wood products and the raw material demand for engineered wood production is increasing at an alarming rate. Currently the plywood industries in the country depends only on few species and demands screening of alternate and species amenable for plywood production. Therefore studies were conducted to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of eight different tree species viz., Toona ciliata, Chukrasia tabularis, Acacia hybrid, Neolamarckia cadamba, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Swietenia macrophylla, Casuarina equisetifolia and Mitragyna parvifolia which are potential tree components in Agroforestry system. The physical properties like density exhibited wider variation between the species. In general, all species exhibited medium to high density values. The studies on veneer recovery indicated that barring Mitragyna parvifolia, all other species exhibited more than 50% veneer recovery and extend greater scope of adoption. Similarly the veneer quality exhibited wide differences and several species registered face veneer quality. The analysis of mechanical properties of plywood made out of all eight species indicated that the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) was well within the acceptable range and the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) was on higher side which indicated that these species could play a vital role in manufacture of medium to high density plywood.

Species Abundance Distribution Patterns of a Toona ciliata Community in Xingdoushan Nature Reserve

With the goal of model fitting species abundance distribution patterns of the tree, shrub and herb layers of the natural Toona ciliata community in Xingdoushan Nature Reserve, Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, we used the data collected from the field survey and employed different ecological niche models. The models tested were the broken stick model (BSM), the overlapping niche model (ONM) and the niche preemption model (NPM), as well as three statistic models, the log-series distribution model (LSD), the log-normal distribution model (LND) and the Weibull distribution model (WDM). To determine the fitted model most suitable to each layer, the fitting effects were judged by criteria of the lowest value of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Chi-square and the K-S values with no significant difference (P>0.05) between the theoretical predictions and observed species abundance distribution values. The result showed: (1) The fitting suitability and goodness of fit of the tree, shrub and herb layers by using the three ecological niche models were ranked as: NPM>BSM>ONM. Of the three statistical models, by accepting the fitting results of the three layers, WDM was the best fitting model, followed by LND. By rejecting the fitting tests of the herb layer, LSD had the worst fitting effect. The goodness of the statistical models was ranked as: WDM>LND>LSD. In general, the statistical models had better fitting results than the ecological models. (2) T. ciliata was the dominant species of the tree layer. The species richness and diversity of the herb layer were much higher than those of either the tree layer or the shrub layer. The species richness and diversity of the shrub layer were slightly higher than those of the tree layer. The community evenness accorded to the following order: herb>shrub>tree. Considering the fitting results of the different layers, different ecological niche models or statistical models with optimal goodness of fit and ecological significance can be given priority to in studying the species abundance distribution patterns of T. ciliata communities.

Cytotoxic Limonoids from the Twigs and Leaves of Toona ciliata.

Eight new limonoids, toononoids A-H (1-8), eight new B-seco-29-norlimonoids, toonanoronoids A-H (9-16), and seven known analogues were obtained from the EtOAc extract of the twigs and leaves of Toona ciliata. Compounds 2, 4, 8, and 16 are rare lactam-bearing limonoids. Compounds 1, 14, and 15 possess an unusual γ-methoxybutenolide moiety at C-17, while compounds 9, 10, and 15 have a rare 3β-hydroxy group. Their 2D structure and relative configurations were identified using spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1, 9, 14, and 15 were established via X-ray diffraction crystallography or comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed toward five human tumor cell lines, and their anti-inflammatory activity was assessed based on NO production using LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Compounds 11 and 12 exerted inhibition toward two tumor cell lines (MCF-7, SW-480) with IC50 values between 2.1 and 3.7 μM, while 18-22 inhibited the proliferation of HL-60, MCF-7, and SW-480 cells (IC50 0.6-4.0 μM). Only compound 4 exhibited weak anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 28.3 μM.

Tolerance and remedial potential of trees submitted to atrazine and sulfentrazone in the rhizosphere

Residual herbicides are important for agricultural production but they may be lost underground. Trees capable of removing or degrading these products are interesting to the agro system. The objective was to evaluate the tolerance and remedial potential of trees in soil contaminated by atrazine and sulfentrazone. The experiment was arranged in a 7 × 3 factorial scheme. Factor one was composed of Inga edulis Mart., Myrsine gardneriana A.DC., Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Toona ciliata M. Roem., Trichilia hirta L. and Triplaris americana L. Factor two consisted of monthly solutions of atrazine (1000 g ha−1), sulfentrazone (150 g ha−1) and water only (control), applied through subgrade irrigation. The following parameters were evaluated: visual intoxication, plant growth, and biomass accumulation. Cucumber biomass was used as an indicator of herbicide residues in soil. Symptoms of intoxication were found only in S. parahyba and T. americana. Growth and biomass of the species were not affected by herbicides, except for T. americana. The herbicides provided higher biomass for T. hirta. Saplings of I. edulis, M. gardneriana, S. parahyba, T. ciliate, and T. hirta tolerate atrazine and sulfentrazone. Triplaris americana is sensitive to sulfentrazone. Inga edulis decreased sulfentrazone residues in the soil.

Gas exchange, root hydraulic conductivity, water use efficiency and the growth of <i>Toona ciliata</i> clones and seedlings

Forest plantations established with seedlings have heterogeneity and are difficult to manage, so an alternative is the use of clones with high productivity. In addition, clonal plants differ in the structure of the root system that can influence the water and nutrient uptake efficiency and therefore productivity. We evaluated leaf gas exchange, root hydraulic conductivity, and water use efficiency of Toona ciliata clonal cuttings and the seedlings growth. The study was performed in a completely randomized design with four treatments: a) TC3 clone; b) TC9 clone; c) TC15 clone and d) seedlings with five replicates and ten plants per plot. On the 120th day, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance were evaluated between 12:00 and 13:00 hours and the values calculated as efficient, instantaneous (A/E) and intrinsic (A/gs) water use were calculated. Hydraulic root conductivity (kroot)was obtained by applying increasing pressures (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 MPa) using Scholander chamber. The height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mass of shoot and root, length, diameter, surface area and root volume were also determined. The data were submitted to Pearson’s correlation and analysis of variance, comparing by Tukey’s test (5%). The genetic materials studied presented an equal capacity of water absorption and transport by the roots, even though they exhibited a visual anatomical differences of the root system. Although, the clones exhibited low transpiration and net photosynthetic rates, they were generally more efficient in water use, and the TC3 and TC9 clones were more efficient to convert the assimilated carbon to biomass.

Water retaining polymer and fertilization in the implantation of Toona ciliata M. Roemer

Water retaining polymer and fertilization in the implantation of Toona ciliata M. Roemer

Forest gap size can efficiently promote litter decomposition and nutrient release in south-western China

Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management; however, the gap size that is most conducive to the decomposition of litter and promotion of nutrient cycling in forests remains poorly understood. The mass loss and nutrient release from Pinus massoniana and Toona ciliata litter in response to gap size classes were determined in south-western China during a 1.5-year litter decomposition experiment. One site with a closed canopy (CK) and seven sites with forest gaps of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1 225 and 1 600 m2 were established in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan Basin of China; the CK site (fully shaded) was treated as the control. After 540 d, the mass and carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in the litter of the control treatments decreased by 58.23%, 60.81%, 65.62% and 57.82% for P. massoniana litter and by 91.17%, 80.76%, 73.66% and 64.55% for T. ciliata litter, respectively, compared with the initial amounts. Most of the C, N and P were released from both tree species during the first 90 d of decomposition, although the temperature and moisture conditions were very low. The mass loss and C and N release rates for the two tree species and the P release rate from T. ciliata litter were higher in the 400–900 m2 gap sites than in the other gap sites and the CK site, whereas the P release rate from P. massoniana litter was greater under large and medium-sized gaps (400–1 600 m2). The mass loss and C, N and P release rates were positively correlated with the soil moisture content in the seven different gap size treatments, with the soil moisture content representing the best predictor of litter decomposition. Therefore, our results indicate that medium-sized gaps (400–900 m2) can promote decomposition by changing the environmental conditions and may accelerate nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.

Tree Diversity and Ecosystem Carbon Stock Assessment in Nambor Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam

A study was carried out to assess tree diversity, forest carbon stock and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in Nambor tropical semi-evergreen forest. A total of 53 tree species from 47 genera and 32 families were recorded in the forest. Vatica lanceifolia was the dominant tree species with maximum 33.78 importance value index (IVI), 0.30 Shannon diversity index (H′) and 0.03 Simpson’s index (D) followed by Lagerstroemia reginae (20.75 IVI, 0.18 H′ and 0.004 D), Dysoxylum excelsum (17.70 IVI, 0.20 H′ and 0.006 D), Sterculia villosa (14.15 IVI, 0.09 H′ and 0.0007 D) and Toona ciliata (11.60 IVI, 0.07 H′ and 0.0004 D) as codominant species. Among the forest carbon pools, maximum 50.32% carbon was stored in soil followed by 39.42% in above ground biomass and 10.21, 0.03 and 0.02% in below ground, leaf litter and dead debris pools, respectively. Total ecosystem carbon stock in Nambor forest was estimated to be 244.78 Mg ha−1. The estimated carbon stock was extrapolated over 3700 hectare area and found to be 905186.50 Mg. The total forest carbon stock was also converted into CO2 equivalents and estimated as 3,322,034.46 Mg. The study observed that forest ecosystem offsets significant amount of atmospheric CO2; therefore, conservation and management of forest resources are imperative to combat global climate change.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Toona ciliata revealed by simple sequence repeat markers

Toona ciliata (Meliaceae) is a rare, fast-growing commercial tree species that produces red timber with beautiful grains. It used to be widely distributed in the past, but few natural forests exist in the field now. Here, we tested 12 nuclear microsatellite markers derived from 551 individuals of 29 populations in China, and investigated the genetic diversity and population structure in T. ciliata. Our results revealed 146 alleles obtained from all of the populations studied here, with an average polymorphic information content of 0.723. The populations could be divided into two major genetic lineages using STRUTURE analysis: 14 and 15 populations from different provinces clustered in Western and Eastern genetic lineages, respectively. The genetic differentiation among the two genetic lineages was 28%. The genetic diversity of the Western lineage was higher than that of the Eastern lineage. Moreover, a Mantel test of the relationship between genetic and geographic distances revealed significantly positive correlations both among all 29 populations and within the Eastern genetic lineage, whereas there was no significant correlation in the Western genetic lineage. Therefore, in the conservation strategy of T. ciliatare sources, the two genetic lineages should be treated independently. To the best of our knowledge, these data are the first detailed characterization of the genetic structure and diversity of T. ciliata populations using nuclear microsatellite markers. The obtained results lay the foundation for preservation of the T. ciliata germplasm resources and support further artificial breeding efforts.

Organic Fertilizer for Production of Toona ciliata Seedlings

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect of different sources of organic fertilizer and their most appropriate proportions to produce Toona ciliata seedlings. Broiler litter and cattle manure were used as organic fertilizer at four proportions in the substrate (0, 15, 30, and 45%). A control treatment was adopted with 6 kg controlled-release fertilizers (m-3 substrate). The following parameters were assessed: germination, seedling height, stem diameter, and shoot and root dry matter, as well as the Dickson Quality Index. Cattle manure did not provide satisfactory results, whereas the use of broiler litter in the substrate resulted in seedling development similar to that of the control treatment. In conclusion, concentrations up to 30% of broiler litter can be recommended to substrate composition, and greater proportions of this compound (>30%) preclude seed germination.

Toonapolyynes A–D, new polyynes from Toona ciliata

Phytochemical investigation on the leaves and twigs of Toona ciliata has led to the isolation of four new polyynes (1–4) and two knowns (5 and 6). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis (MS, UV, IR, and NMR) and Mosher’s method. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against HepG2 human tumor cell line but were inactive.

CONTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER IN THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Toona ciliata and Eucalyptus grandis

The growth of forest species is affected by nutritional restrictions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization to the initial growth of forest species implanted in field. For this purpose, two experiments were carried out for 11 months, using a randomized complete block design with four replications, in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement: two forest species (Toona ciliata and Eucalyptus grandis), four nitrogen doses in Experiment I (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-1 of N) and four phosphorus doses in experiment II (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5). The evaluated parameters were: plant height, diameter at breast height and leaf concentration of nutrients. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. Adjusted regression models were based on the applied amounts of nutrients. The contribution of nitrogen fertilization to growth in height and diameter was equal in forest species, indicating the dose of 47 kg ha -1 of nitrogen with higher growth in the average of the two parameters evaluated. Phosphate fertilization showed no response in the growth of forest species due to the adequate phosphorus content of the soil in which the experiment was conducted. The leaf concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were not altered by the respective nutrient doses applied in the forest species. However, higher nutrient concentrations were observed in T. ciliata, indicating higher nutritional requirement compared to E. grandis

Explaining trajectories of chemical changes during decomposition of tropical litter by 13C-CPMAS NMR, proximate and nutrients analysis

Litter decomposition is of great concern as it plays a key role in regulating global carbon cycle and nutrient budgets, especially in tropical forests where it is very fast. Therefore, we studied the decomposition and subsequent changes in element concentrations and amounts of 11 tropical leaf litter. Fresh litters were characterized in terms of elemental, proximate features, as well as organic carbon compositions by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Controlled litterbag decomposition was carried out for 180 days in the laboratory, bags were retrieved at three dates and analyzed for mass loss and concentration of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sodium (Na), carbon (C), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and percentage of ash, extractives, cellulose and lignin. Terminalia arjuna showed highest mass loss, while the lowest was observed in Shorea robusta showing significant positive correlation with litter initial K, Mg, Fe and di-O-alkyl C, O-alkyl C, while significant negative correlation with Mn, lignin and Methoxyl C, Alkyl C. Trajectories shows that Fe, Mg, K, Mn, Zn and Na concentrations increased in most of the litter types, except Terminalia arjuna and Toona ciliata, where Fe, Mg, K concentrations decreased during decomposition. Surprisingly, in most of the species with the exception of Terminalia arjuna, N concentrations decreased at a faster rate than C concentrations, resulting in an increase in C/N ratios. Expectedly, lignin progressively increased, while cellulose decreased. Observed differences in decomposition rate and dynamics of chemical changes among litters were strongly affected by the litter type, decomposition time and their interactions.

DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL E EFICIÊNCIA DE USO DE ÁGUA E NITROGÊNIO POR MUDAS DE <i>Calophyllum brasiliense, Eucalyptus urograndis, Tabebuia impetiginosa </i> E <i>Toona ciliata</i><sup>1</sup>

O conhecimento sobre o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas é fundamental para o sucesso de atividades de reflorestamento e de plantio em florestas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial e a eficiência de uso de água e nitrogênio por mudas de quatro espécies florestais nativas e exóticas (Calophyllum brasiliense (nativa), Eucalyptus urograndis (exótica), Toona ciliata (exótica) e Tabebuia impetiginosa (nativa)) com idade de aproximadamente 120 dias após a semeadura por 120 dias após o transplante em condições de casa de vegetação. Foram realizadas amostragens destrutivas para avaliar a biomassa seca (folha, caule, raiz e total), área foliar, relação raiz/parte aérea e nitrogênio total nas mudas. Com base nessas variáveis, foram calculados os parâmetros fisiológicos de crescimento e a eficiência de uso de água, que foi obtida pela razão entre o total de biomassa seca acumulada e a evapotranspiração dos vasos no período, determinada através de pesagens diárias em balança de bancada. Ao final de 240 dias após a semeadura, Calophyllum brasiliense e Tabebuia impetiginosa apresentaram maior produção de biomassa seca total e Toona ciliata apresentou maior relação raiz/parte aérea. Não houve diferenças entre a taxa de crescimento relativo das espécies avaliadas. Eucalyptus urograndis, Toona ciliata e Calophyllum brasiliense apresentaram os maiores valores de razão de área foliar, Toona ciliata, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Eucalyptus urograndis apresentaram os maiores valores de área foliar específica, Eucalyptus urograndis e Calophyllum brasiliense apresentam os maiores valores para razão de massa foliar e Tabebuia impetiginosa, Toona ciliata e Eucalyptus urograndis apresentaram os maiores valores de taxa de assimilação líquida. Com base na quantificação do nitrogênio total, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Toona ciliata foram as espécies mais eficientes no uso do nitrogênio. Eucalyptus urograndis apresentou a maior evapotranspiração enquanto Calophyllum brasiliense e Tabebuia impetiginosa foram as espécies mais eficientes no uso de água.

Long-term wood anatomical time series of two ecologically contrasting tropical tree species reveal differential hydraulic adjustment to climatic stress

Trees can adjust their hydraulic architecture by adjusting vessel size and frequency in response to stressful environmental condition. Little is known about the long term adjustment of tropical moist forest trees to changing environment. Here we develop the standard chronologies of seven vessel features and radial growth of two ecologically contrasting South Asian moist forest trees, Toona ciliata M. Roem. and Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. and evaluate their hydraulic response to short term climate variability and long term climate variations. Measurements of vessel variables were performed on digital microscopic images. Standard dendrochronological procedure were applied to develop vessel and ring-width chronologies. Relationships among the chronologies and their interaction with climate variables were assessed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), bootstrap correlations and moving correlations. Pre-monsoon temperature negatively influenced ring-width (RW) and positively influenced vessel density (VD) in T. ciliata. Mean vessel area (MVA) was negatively related with prior year monsoon temperature. In L. speciosa, previous year temperatures and precipitation showed strong correlations with vessel features and radial growth in the following growing season, probably due to carbon carry over effects. Current year October precipitation was positively related with MVA in both species. Differences in functional traits might have caused the observed variation in hydraulic strategies between the two study species. Our analyses suggest that cellular dendrochronology can be used to understand the long-term hydraulic responses of functionally different moist forest trees to climatic changes which is relevant for forest management under changing climate conditions.

Long-Term Hydraulic Adjustment of Three Tropical Moist Forest Tree Species to Changing Climate.

Xylem hydraulic adjustment to global climatic changes was reported from temperate, boreal, and Mediterranean tree species. Yet, the long-term hydraulic adjustment in tropical tree species has not been studied so far. Here we developed the first standard chronologies of three hydraulic trait variables for three South Asian moist forest tree species to analyze their long-term hydraulic responses to changing climate. Based on wood anatomical measurements, we calculated Hagen–Poiseuille hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (DH), potential specific hydraulic conductivity (KS), and vulnerability index (VX) and developed standard chronologies of these variables for Chukrasia tabularis, Toona ciliata, and Lagerstroemia speciosa which are different in their xylem structure, wood density, shade tolerance, growth rates, and habitat preferences. Bootstrap correlation analysis revealed that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) strongly positively influenced the xylem water transport capacity in C. tabularis, whereas T. ciliata was affected by both temperature and precipitation. The hydraulic conductivity of L. speciosa was mainly affected by temperature. Different adjustment strategies were observed among the species, probably due to the differences in life history strategies and xylem properties. No positive relationship of conductivity and radial growth was found, but a trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency was observed in all studied species.

Species-specific growth resilience to drought in a mixed semi-deciduous tropical moist forest in South Asia

The frequency and intensity of drought events have increased during the recent decades, particularly in the tropics. Yet, the growth and physiological responses of many tropical tree species to drought are still inadequately understood. We studied the drought resilience of two functionally different canopy tree species (Chukrasia tabularis and Toona ciliata) from a moist tropical forest in Bangladesh during two extreme drought events (1984 and 1999). We quantified four resilience components (resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience) of both species to infer drought tolerance of selected trees. Tree radial growth dropped by 44–56% in the drought years, varying with species and drought events. Two species showed no differences in their drought resistance during any of the drought events. However, C. tabularis showed higher recovery and resilience than T. ciliata after the 1999 drought event. T. ciliata showed higher resilience after the 1984 drought event. Linear mixed effect model (LMEM) revealed that growth rates in the two years before and after the drought events had a dominant role in drought responses over tree age, height, diameter, basal area increment and crown exposure, although crown exposure had significant influence on the resistance and the resilience of light demanding T. ciliata. We conclude that diffuse porous and intermediate shade tolerant C. tabularis is more drought tolerant than the ring-porous and light demanding T. ciliata. Since both study species are widely used as plantation species throughout the tropics, our results have important implications for forest managers to take decision on species suitability for plantation programs and to adopt forest management to future climate change conditions.

VARIAÇÃO DOS MÓDULOS DE ELASTICIDADE E RUPTURA EM MADEIRA DE CEDRO-AUSTRALIANO POR MEIO DE ENSAIOS NÃO DESTRUTIVO E DESTRUTIVO

O módulo de elasticidade é uma propriedade mecânica importante no dimensionamento de projetos de estruturas de madeira, logo, a obtenção por meio de diversos métodos necessita ser analisada. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de técnicas não destrutiva e destrutiva para determinar o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal aparente, levando em conta a relação vão/altura (L/h), e verificar a influência do cisalhamento no módulo de elasticidade, por meio da comparação de ensaios não destrutivos com ensaios de flexão estática. A madeira utilizada no trabalho foi de Toona ciliata M. Roemer (cedro-australiano). Os ensaios não destrutivos foram realizados por meio das técnicas de vibração transversal livre e longitudinal. Concluiu-se que o ensaio de vibração longitudinal é o método mais adequado para obtenção do módulo de elasticidade longitudinal aparente (MOEa,l), pois os esforços cortantes que ocorrem devido às tensões de cisalhamento não influenciaram significativamente na obtenção do (MOEa,l), considerando a variação da relação L/h. Também foi possível concluir que, a relação L/h, atualmente igual a 21 na ABNT NBR 7190 (1997), pode ser reduzida para 20, quando da determinação dos módulos de elasticidade longitudinal aparente e módulo de ruptura por meio do ensaio de flexão estática e vibração transversal livre.

Physical-Mechanical Properties of Heartwood and Sapwood in Toona sp. Wood (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) Before and After Accelerated Aging Treatment

The differences of physical-mechanical properties in heartwood and sapwood of Toona sp. wood (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) were compared before and after an accelerated aging treatment, which was conducted in accordance with ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards. The results revealed that the physical-mechanical properties of heartwood were better than those of sapwood. The accelerated aging treatment weakened the physical-mechanical properties of the wood samples. During the aging treatment, the carbohydrates in the cell wall, including cellulose and hemicellulose, were depolymerized; as such, the crystallinity of cellulose was decreased by aging. The depolymerization of carbohydrates and the reduction of crystalline contributed to decreasing the physical-mechanical properties of the wood samples.