Photoresistor Research Articles

Sipekernik: Sistem Pemantau Kekeruhan Air dan Pengairan pada Akuaponik Menggunakan Sensor Turbidity, LDR dan Water Level

Aquaponics is an alternative to cultivating plants and fish in one place. This technique integrates fish farming with plants. In this case, aquaponic plants utilize nutrients from fish waste. Plants in aquaponics function as a biofilter, which will reduce these toxic substances into substances that are not harmful to fish and supply oxygen to fish-keeping ponds. With this technique, there will be a symbiosis of mutualism or a mutually beneficial cycle. The advantages obtained are the efficiency of water use and the reduction of waste contamination resulting from disposal into public waters. The water recirculation period affects the quality and quantity of fish and plants produced. Turbidity for cultivation should be no more than 25 NTU. Therefore, this tool is designed to detect the turbidity value of fish pond water in order to know the time to drain the pond using a turbidity sensor and regulate water irrigation in aquaponic installations based on light intensity values so that water does not stagnate in the installation pipe. The manufacture of this tool uses several components, such as an Arduino as a microcontroller, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor functions to turn on and off the pump, turbidity sensor functions to determine the turbidity value of pool water, and water level sensor functions to adjust the water level when draining and filling. pond water. At pump 1, the water will turn on if the intensity value of the LDR sensor is 650. If the turbidity sensor value is 25 NTU, then pump 2 will turn on and dump pool water into the shelter. After the pond water is drained to the specified height level, pump 3 will turn on to fill the fish pond with water. Pump 3 will stop when the water level is > 665.

Penerapan Logika Fuzzy pada Alat Pendeteksi Kualitas Telur Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino

The process of selecting good eggs that are suitable for consumption is usually carried out using the candling method manually or by observing using a light or flashlight, then observing with the eyes. This method has weaknesses, because manual observations take a long time and the possibility of errors. it is necessary to make a tool that can efficiently detect eggs, using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor and an Arduino. LDR Sensor is used to capture the intensity of light, which is emitted into the egg, then processed using Arduino basic for decision maker with fuzzy logic. This tool works with the results of the LDR sensor and displayed on the LCD and color LEDs. Based on the experimental results obtained that the accuracy of the tool is 95%

Single-Motor and Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System for Micro Photovoltaic Power Plants

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert solar radiation into electrical energy in a clean and cost-effective way. PV panels are positioned against the Sun using fixed or solar tracking systems to generate electricity at maximum efficiency. Although solar tracking systems work with higher power efficiency than fixed solar systems, they do not attract commercial attention due to their high investment and maintenance costs. In this study, a single-motor and dual-axis solar tracking system called asymmetric solar tracker (AST) was designed. The most significant innovation of AST is the adjustable asymmetrical stand that carries the PV panels. Thanks to its asymmetrical stand, AST does not need concrete or heavy metal construction to carry PV panels, as in traditional solar tracking systems. In addition, AST can track the Sun on the dual axis by moving on a single axis owing to its asymmetrical stand. These features make AST approximately as cost-effective as fixed solar systems and as efficient as dual-axis solar tracking systems. As an experimental study, an AST for two PV panels was fabricated and compared with a fixed solar system under different weather conditions. A microcontroller was employed to control the AST and light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors were used to track the instant position of the Sun. Experimental results reveal that, depending on the weather conditions, AST increases the daily electrical energy produced by PV panels between 25% and 38% compared to the fixed solar system.

Characterization of factors influencing absorbance measurements in LED-based colorimeters

Homemade colorimeters using simple parts are excellent in undergraduate teaching labs as they allow students to learn instrument components and principles behind absorbance measurements. However, the absorbance values measured from such instruments often differ from those determined by commercial spectrophotometers. This work provides a step-by-step calculation of absorbance, taking into account the properties of each component. Using a Si-photodiode detector and a light-dependent resistor, we show how the absorbance measurements depend on the spectral irradiance of the light source, the absorption spectrum of the sample, and the responsivity of the detectors. The provided calculation can help undergraduate students visualize how these factors contribute to optical measurements. It can serve as an experiment to introduce concepts of instrumentation and analysis of its performance.

Characterization of cadmium sulfide light dependent resistors sensors for optical solar trackers

<span lang="EN-US">The aim of this paper is to study the effect of dissimilarity of the intrinsic characteristics of the light dependent resistor (LDRs) on optical sun tracking systems, designed for solar power concentration applications such as parabolic trough collectors, Fresnel mirrors concentrators, and concentrated photovoltaic, a comparative study was done between a sun tracker based on LDRs chosen randomly with and without an initial calibration of the offsets, and a sun tracker based on LDRs selected meticulously thanks to a black box test bench, developed especially for this purpose. By choosing two light dependent resistors randomly, the dissimilarity between them can reach 23.2%, which cause a bad sun tracking even with initial offset calibration, in the other hand, and by the use of selected LDRs using the test bench, the dissimilarity drops to 0.06%, which meets requirements of solar power concentration systems.</span>

Design and Development of Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System for Modernization of Agriculture

The aim of research is to reduce the utilization of water by irrigating the agricultural fields that have low moisture level through the implementation of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The ARM-based irrigation solution consists of a Solar Tracking System, Wireless Information Unit (WIU), WSN and Remote Access. The Solar Tracking System utilizes maximum solar energy by using Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) to track the sun. The electric energy produced is stored in the battery which powers the ARM processor. Wireless Information Unit will collect the sensor information from Wireless Sensor Network through the use of Wi-Fi. The system monitors soil-moisture and controls the flow of water using a solenoid valve depending upon the set threshold. In the tank, Ultra Sonic sensor identifies the water level controlled by the WIU. An Android application helps the farmer to monitor the water flow and soil moisture remotely. The proposed water management methodologies for agriculture optimizes the water usage and such practices maintain the crop health, keep yield intact, and avoids human intervention. In this proposed system, soil moisture is maintained appropriately to ensure that a good harvest is obtained which in turn preserves different types of nutrients.

Sensor fusion applied to the estimate of luminous intensity (LUX) in practical class

In the last ten years, the development of sensors with greater accuracy and precision due to improvements in manufacturing processes has enabled the expansion of their use in several areas. However, the purchase price, mainly of products from renowned manufacturers, in view of their applications, can make simpler projects unfeasible. The sensor data fusion technique is a viable alternative to resolve this issue, as mathematical models can be proposed and used in different situations. These models allow improving the data obtained in order to generate reliable information. Therefore, the objective of this work was to verify the performance of multiple linear regression applied to the fusion of redundant quantitative data from 5mm LDR sensors in estimating the luminous intensity (LUX) in simulated scenarios. To carry out the experiment, 3 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensors, 3 LM393 signal conditioners, 1 USB 6009 DAQ data acquisition board (14 bits), 1 LT40 Extech luxmeter, in addition to the LabView software were used. It was found that LDR A and B sensors showed higher levels of accuracy. Furthermore, a significant improvement in the level of accuracy was found when combining data from sensors A and B in the form of multiple linear regression.

Modular 3D-printed fluorometer/photometer for determination of iron(ii), caffeine, and ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical samples

The demand for the development of portable and low-cost analytical devices has encouraged studies employing additive manufacturing techniques, such as 3D-printing. This method can be used to produce components such as printed electrodes, photometers, and fluorometers for low-cost systems that provide advantages including low sample volume, reduced chemical waste, and easy coupling with LED-based optics and other instrumental devices. In the present work, a modular 3D-printed fluorometer/photometer was designed and applied for the determination of caffeine (CAF), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and Fe(ii) in pharmaceutical samples. All the plastic parts were printed separately by a 3D printer, using Tritan as the plastic material (black color). The final size of the modular 3D-printed device was 12 × 8 cm. The radiation sources were light-emitting diodes (LEDs), while a light dependent resistor (LDR) was used as a photodetector. The analytical curves obtained for the device were: y = 3.00 × 10-4 [CAF] + 1.00 and R 2 = 0.987 for caffeine; y = 6.90 × 10-3 [CIP] - 3.39 × 10-2 and R 2 = 0.991 for ciprofloxacin; and y = 1.12 × 10-1 [Fe(ii)] + 1.26 × 10-2 and R 2 = 0.998 for iron(ii). The results obtained using the developed device were compared with reference methods, with no statistically significant differences observed. The 3D-printed device was composed of moveable parts, providing flexibility for adaptation and application as a photometer or fluorometer, by only switching the photodetector position. The LED could also be easily switched, permitting application of the device for different purposes. The cost of the device, including the printing and electronic components, was lower than US$10. The use of 3D-printing enables the development of portable instruments for use in remote locations with a lack of research resources.

PVT panel efficiency enhancement with cooling methods and sun tracking

Solar energy is the most abundant and easily available renewable source of electricity. However, the installed solar panels may not always provide the optimal amount of energy because of the changing position of the sun from east to west. This study focused on extending the research and development of a model for a dual-axis solar panel tracking system with a cooling mechanism. The primary objective of this mechanism is to program the Arduino board in a way that ensures continuous alignment of the panel direction and Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors with the sun's rays. Direct Current (DC) motors were employed to adjust the panel direction accordingly. Sustained exposure to sunlight can lead to reduced efficiency when the panel is heated. To counteract overheating, an improved cooling system was implemented utilizing water and a pump arrangement to enhance the productivity of the panel. Water is sprayed or sprinkled using various Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) techniques, effectively maintaining the solar panel temperature at an optimal level. This mechanism can be enhanced by integrating a Real-Time Clock (RTC) to accurately track the direction of the sun. This ensures that the panel remains properly positioned even in the event of a power outage, enabling the utilization of solar energy for electrical purposes. This research focuses on developing an efficient solar panel tracking system with a cooling mechanism to maximize the energy output and address temperature-related efficiency issues. The integration of advanced features such as RTC further enhances the reliability and usability of the system.

Dynamic Ultrasonic Wave Generators as an Alternative Technology to Field Rat Repellents

The case of crop failure caused by pest attacks is one of the problems in agriculture that is always interesting to study. Apart from weather factors, pest attacks on rice and corn agricultural commodities often occur just before harvest time. Currently, farmers often use toxic materials and even electricity as a means to repel and eradicate rat pests. However, this method can be dangerous for the farmers themselves. There have even been several cases of death due to electrical equipment installed in agricultural areas. Based on these problems, a pest repellent will be made by utilizing ultrasonic waves from a solar-powered power source so that it can be used efficiently, practically and safely. This tool is built using IC NE556C, Solar Panel, LDR Sensor (Light Dependent Resistor), and Ultrasonic Piezo PTC 4000 Speaker. IC NE556C timer and ultrasonic wave multivibrator are used to generate ultrasonic waves randomly according to the program. The purpose of making this tool is as an alternative to field mouse pest repellent using ultrasonic waves by utilizing solar energy in handling pests in agricultural areas.

Smart Indoor Plantation System Using Soil Moisture Sensor and Light Dependent Resistor Sensor

Plantation methods, including hydroponics, have been extensively used in agriculture. They also employed a time-based irrigation system for the plant. The goal of this project was to create a self-sustaining indoor plantation system that uses soil moisture sensor data to control the flow of water when the sensor detects that the soil is almost dry. Soil conditions are monitored, and crops are irrigated more efficiently with the help of this new technology. Water is conserved by just watering the plants when they absolutely need it, rather than watering them continually all the time as the traditional method would require. Light-dependent resistors are used to measure the brightness of the surroundings in this project. As a result, the grow light will be activated when the ambient light level drops. With the help of a soil moisture sensor and a light-dependent resistor (LDR), one can create a system that automatically waters and lights plants. Finally, the soil moisture sensor collects data for the sprinkler system and displays it on the LCD screen, and then the appropriate measures are taken. When the soil's humidity level is high, the water that flows will be stopped.

Design and implementation of a novel multi-faceted-efficient pneumatic dual-axis solar tracker

PurposePhotovoltaic (PV) systems are experiencing exponential growth due to environmental concerns, unlimited and ubiquitous solar energy, and starting-to-make-sense panel costs. Alongside designing more efficient solar panels, installing solar trackers and special circuitry for optimizing power delivery to the load according to a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm are other ways of increasing efficiency. However, it is critical for any efficiency increase to account for the power consumption of any amendments. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a novel tracker while using MPPT to boost the PV system's actual efficiency accounting for the involved costs.Design/methodology/approachThe proposition is an experimental pneumatic dual-axis solar tracker using light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors. Due to its embedded energy storage, the pneumatic tracker offers a low duty-cycle operation leading to tracking energy conservation, fewer maintenance needs and scalability potential. While MPPT assures maximum load power delivery, the solar PV's actual delivered power is calculated for the first time, accounting for the solar tracking and MPPT power costs.FindingsThe experiments' results show an increase of 37.6% in total and 35.3% in actual power production for the proposed solar tracking system compared to the fixed panel system, with an MPPT efficiency of 90%. Thus, the pneumatic tracking system offers low tracking-energy consumption and good actual power efficiency. Also, the newly proposed pneumatic stimulant can significantly simplify the tracking mechanism and benefit from several advantages that come along with it.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work proposes, for the first time, a single-motor pneumatic dual-axis tracker with less implementation cost, less frequent operation switching and scalability potential, to be developed in future works. Also, the pneumatic proposal delivers high actual power efficiency for the first time to be addressed.

Device based Multi-User Tracking System using Internet of Things

In Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor-based user is localized based on the event and the intensity of the room light when a user enters inside a room and switch ON the lights, the intensity goes high, an entry is noti?ed. An exit is noti?ed when a user switches OFF the light and exit the room. Moreover, the model remains prone to more error in multi user localization because multiple users may enter inside same room at same time and the lights of many rooms remain ON which makes more difficult to localize a user. In order to overcome this ambiguity of light sensors, two passive infrared (PIR) sensor with radio frequency identi?cation (RFID) tag-based model has been proposed, where every user has a tag. In this system, 10 PIR sensors and 5 RFID readers were attached to house room (10.0 m * 6.0m). An entry is noti?ed if the following pattern form, the outer PIR detects a motion and waits for few seconds, next the RFID reader reads the tag given to the user and ?nally the inner PIR detects a motion within the given time delay. An exit of a user is noti?ed only if the pattern from inner PIR to outer PIR is followed with the given time delay. The RFID tag is used to identify which user has entered a room at a particular time and also ensures unauthorized entry. The LDR based system gives accuracy nearby 20% but the multi-person tracking in a binary infrared sensor network-based system gives accuracy near about 90%. In this paper, the proposed PIR sensor along with RFID based indoor navigation system gives accuracy near about 94%.

Novel high precision low-cost dual axis sun tracker based on three light sensors

This study aims to test a new type of dual axes solar tracker based on just three Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) as optical sensors in order to achieve a high precision sun tracking that satisfies the requirements of solar concentration systems. This new system is integrated into a solar concentrator that uses a set of Fresnel mirrors and an evacuated tube collector as an absorber so that it can be used as a solar water heater. The 3D-printed support that holds LDRs have three compartments to maintain the three LDRs firmly in their place. One is placed on the left and the other on the right side of the support. These two LDRs are responsible for the azimuthal tracking while the third LDR is placed in the center and its responsibility is elevation tracking. This central LDR is covered under an alveolus hollow tube with a length of 45mm crossed all along its center with a 0.4mm slot that lets sun rays reach the central LDR at the bottom of the alveolus hollow tube. A setup was made to collect data based on a pyranometer and three thermocouples positioned at specific points on the evacuated tube collector to record the temperature variation.

Solar tracker design on solar panel for stm32 microcontroller based on battery charging system

This paper describes about solar energy is one of the energy sources that won’t terminated. Solar energy can be easily converted into electrical energy by using solar panels. Solar panels that are placed horizontally on the ground, the solar panel cannot absorb the light perfectly. Therefore, solar panels require an automatic solar tracking system to increase the efficiency of the solar panels. In this study, a solar tracker has been designed using a light dependent resistor (ldr) sensor based on the stm32 microcontroller. From the results of the study, the increase in power obtained from the use of a solar tracker was 27.97%. In static solar panels, the time required to fully charge the 12v, 7ah lead acid battery is 5 hours 10 minutes, while using a solar tracker the lead acid battery charging time is 3 hours 30 minutes. The use of a solar tracker saves battery charging time for 1 hour 40 minutes compared to static solar panels.

Optically Remote Control of Miniaturized 3D Reconfigurable CRLH Printed Self-Powered MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Applications.

A novel design of a reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a 3D geometry-based solar cell integration that is operating at sub-6 GHz for self-power applications in a 5G modern wireless communication network. The proposed antenna array provides three main frequency bands around 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, with excellent matching impedance of S11 ≤ -10 dB. The proposed MIMO array is constructed from four antenna elements arranged on a cubical structure to provide a low mutual coupling, below -20 dB, over all frequency bands of interest. Each antenna element is excited with a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The proposed radiation patterns are controlled with two optical switches of Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs). The proposed antenna array is fabricated and tested experimentally in terms of S-parameters, gain and radiation patterns. The maximum gain is found to be 3.6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, and 3.5 dBi at 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, respectively. It is realized that the proposed array realizes a significant beam forming by splitting the antenna beam and changing the main lobe direction at 3.9 GHz after changing LDR switching statuses. Such an antenna array is found to be very applicable for femtocell wireless communication networks in the 5G systems.

Optically remote‐controlled miniaturized 3D reconfigurable CRLH‐printed MIMO antenna array for 5G applications

AbstractA reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a three‐dimensional geometry that is operating at sub‐6 GHz for 5G applications. The proposed antenna array provides a wideband with excellent matching impedance, S11 ≤ −10 dB, from 3.1 to 5.75 GHz. The proposed MIMO array is constructed from four antenna elements arranged on a cubical structure to provide a low mutual coupling, below −20 dB, over all frequency bands of interest. Each antenna element is excited with a coplanar waveguide. The proposed radiation patterns are controlled with two optical switches of light‐dependent resistors (LDRs). The antenna array is tested in terms of S‐parameters and radiation patterns. The maximum gain is found to be 3.6, 6.9, and 3.5 dBi at 3.6, 3.9, and 4.9 GHz, respectively. It is realized that the proposed array realizes a significant beam forming by splitting the antenna beam and changing the main lobe direction at 3.9 GHz after changing LDR switching statuses.

Device-based Real-time Single User Indoor Localization Using Internet of Things

Background: Localization is an important area of implementation of the internet of things based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Outdoor user tracking is possible using the global positioning system; however, the global positioning system accuracy decreases in indoor environments. To overcome this problem, the wireless sensor network is used in internet of things-based technology for localization. Objective: The wireless sensor network-based indoor localization is categorized into two categories; rangebased and range-free localization. In range-based localization, it first computes the relative distance and then calculates relative coordinates. In range-based techniques, distance and position are calculated. The internet of things-based localization uses the range-based and range-free techniques of a wireless sensor network to localize any object. The Light Dependent Resistor-based localization work has been proposed in previous research. In this research, the light-dependent resistor traces a person’s entry /exit event as the person switches ON/OFF lights of the building. However, it was not a sufficient effort to localize a person using light dependent resistor. To overcome the problem of light dependent resistor, the two PIR sensors have been used in each room along with one RFID based approach in this study. Methods: An indoor scenario has been considered in this study. The hardware setup has been configured to trace the user. When a user enters inside a building, he will switch on the lights, and the light sensor records the light intensity and gives some reading. The difference in the reading of the light sensor (before switching ON the light and after switching OFF the light) gives some clue about a user in an indoor scenario. Nevertheless, if the lights of many rooms remain switched ON, then the user cannot be localized using the above method. In order to sort out this ambiguity of light sensors, two passive infrared sensors in each room along with one radio frequency identification-based model have been proposed in the present study. Implementing the single-user localization using a light-dependent resistor sensor becomes erroneous if a person moves from one room to another and the lights get turned ON/OFF. Moreover, the LDR-based model is affected by sunlight during the daytime. Results: As the implementation of passive infrared sensors along with one RFID-based localization technique gives 93% efficiency, the light-dependent resistor-based localization system gives an efficiency of 35%. Conclusion: The light-dependent resistor-based approach is prone to more errors because the user may enter multiple rooms while the lights of each room remain ON. To overcome this problem, a passive infrared sensor and radio frequency identification-based approach for a single user indoor localization has been proposed. The proposed techniques are easy and cost-effective for implementation. The results show that the proposed technique provides better localization accuracy than a light-dependent sensor-based technique for single-user indoor localization.

Design and Programming of a Microcontroller Based on a Solar Tracking System

This paper is regarding the design and program of a Microcontroller Arduino Uno board using Arduino software to work as a photo-sensor (Active) Single Axis Solar Tracker System (SASTS). A solar panel, two photo-resistors which are also known as Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs) on two sides (north/south) of the photovoltaic (PV,) and a servo motor are connected to the Uno board, which is previously running a code that is prepared by Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) then it works as a tracking system. Here, the LDRs send the signal of the presence or absence of the light to the board and based on that signal the Uno reflects a new signal to the servo motor to rotate and find the light source. Lastly, the photo sensor single-axis tracker is made. While the system tries to move the panel face to the sun and change the irradiance intensity, in the meantime it starts a search to find the angle of the highest irradiance. Based on the results that are extracted from the data, the tracker system significantly boosts the output power ratio of the solar panel. Through using the Micro-controller Uno board, LDRs, servo motor, and specially designed mechanical base, the tracking system is constructed, determined from acquired data the influence of the STS on increasing the solar panel power ratio is tremendously obvious. Significantly, the tracker system rises the power ratio of the PV system. Significantly, the tracker system raises the power ratio of the PV. As a result, the tracker system remarkably boosts the output power ratio of the solar panel and increases by up to 32.18%.

Coulometer from a Digitally Controlled Galvanostat with Photometric Endpoint Detection.

In this work, a coulometer was developed from a digitally controlled galvanostat. A simple colorimeter based on a RGB LED was used as a light emitter coupled to light detectors, while light dependent resistance (LDR) and photodiodes have been developed as endpoint detectors. Both hardware and software have been adapted from the original galvanostat design. Regarding the hardware, new electrical signal conditioners (filters and voltage dividers) were included to optimize the working system. The software was developed based on an open source Arduino UNO microcontroller. The different variables that control the titration process are managed by an add-in module for Excel data acquisition software that is freely available. A study of the possible variables that influence the titration process has been carried out. The system was tested with two classical coulometric titrations such as iodometry (thiosulfate, ascorbic acid) and acid/base (potassium acid phthalate as standard). The developed system is versatile as different endpoint color indicators can be employed (starch and phenolphthalein for the investigated reactions). Different experimental arrangements have been studied: the nature of the electrodes (Pt, Ag), type of cells (two separate compartments or a single compartment), and light detectors (LDR, photodiode). The influence of several experimental parameters (both electrical, light, and integration time) was studied and chosen to obtain the best performance of the complete system. Reproducibility results below 1% can be obtained under controlled conditions. In the case of acid/base titrations, the presence of atmospheric carbon dioxide was detected, whose interference was mainly affected by the stirring rate and the titration time.