CCS Projects Research Articles

Legal and Regulatory Developments on CCS

Since IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (IPCC, 2005) was published there have been significant developments in international, regional and national law and regulations. The Special Report, being written in 2003–2005, reflected the relatively early nature of development of regulations pertaining to CCS and, in particular, geologic storage. The principle area of focus in the Special Report was marine treaties – namely the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the London Convention – as they had been the focus of prior legal analysis and the parties to the treaties had begun their own consideration of the topic. Both marine treaties proceeded to remove their prohibitions on CO2 geological storage, the London Convention in 2006 and OSPAR in 2007 (IMO, 2006a; OSPAR, 2007c). Another significant influence at this time was the work being undertaken to develop a CCS-focused chapter in the IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006a). These guidelines set out how to undertake and report the GHG performance of CCS, creating a methodology for geological storage assessment and report that became the basis for subsequent CCS regulations. In the years following, there were numerous developments at the national and regional levels. For example, the EU CCS Directive was developed in 2007 and 2008 (EC, 2009a), to create an enabling framework for CCS, to remove barriers and allow it to proceed but also to ensure environmental protection. The Directive was adopted in 2009, along with a revision of the EU’s Emission Trading Directive (EC, 2009a) which brought CCS into the EU’s emissions trading scheme. CCS-specific laws and regulations have also been established at both the federal and state levels in the United States, and the commonwealth and state levels in Australia. The other major development in international law and regulations since the Special Report is the inclusion of CCS into the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the UNFCCC’s Kyoto Protocol. This took several years, from 2005 to 2011, but in 2011 a new set of rules specific to CCS were developed and adopted which allows CCS to be a legitimate project activity under the CDM for developing countries to use (UNFCCC, 2011b). It is widely anticipated that future mechanisms developed under the UNFCCC and allowing CCS will follow the principles established by these CCS CDM modalities and procedures. These international developments potentially impact 180 countries. This paper provides a descriptive review of the key legal and regulatory developments since 2005, with a particular focus on the international developments. It also briefly reviews the application of permitting regimes to new CCS projects in the US and EU (Netherlands).

Environmental isotopes in CO2 geological sequestration

AbstractCarbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) in deep geological formations has recently emerged as an important option for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and due to the complexity of the issue, CCS has turned into a multiple‐discipline research area. Environmental isotopes have been used in various CCS projects worldwide for evaluating trapping mechanisms, selecting storage sites, and monitoring for storage safety. Environmental isotopes are found useful in the investigation of many CCS issues and are particularly effective in identifying phase states (free, dissolved, and mineral state), and in quantifying structural, solubility, and mineral trapping forms of CO2. We used published laboratory results to successfully verify different methods for quantifying structural trapping mechanisms. Our results show that, in short time scales, saturation of the formation with free CO2‐phase can be obtained from oxygen isotope measurements on CO2 and/or reservoir brine, and carbon isotope of dissolved inorganic carbon can be used to trace dissolution in brine. Carbon isotopes and other parameters, such as CO2/3He ratio, can also be used to confirm the mineral trapping mechanism in natural gas fields. Environmental isotopes can also be used to distinguish mineralogical composition of formations, and to identify hydrodynamic conditions for site selection in addition to monitor potential CO2 leakage. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

A Review on: CO2 Capture Technology on Fossil Fuel Power Plant

World energy consumption has been increasing steadily since industrialization, and especially within the last 30 years, this recent increase is also the major cause for the increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, climate change is a key issue in power industry. Fossil fuels play a central role in our energy consumption. To make progress in low carbon development, more efforts should be made, in order to set up ways to reduce GHG emissions under current social, economic, technological and resource conditions. This task will undergo pressures and face challenges, but will also provide incentives and opportunities. This paper discusses the perspectives for development at the Progress on Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS/CCS) in fossil fuels Power Plants, which is a vital component to reduce future carbon emissions, in the global fight against climate change. This year, power companies began invitations for tenders of the new thermal power facilities. The increase of them, however, brings up another serious issue: how to cope with combating global warming. That is why CCUS/ CCS is receiving more attention nowadays together with the discussion on carbon dioxide emission reduction. Electric machinery companies, putting focus on CO2 capture technologies have successfully developed the capture technologies for coal and gas fired power stations with their own funds and/or in collaboration with power companies. To do this, they undertook a process to investigate various methods such as adsorption, absorption, membranes and cryogenic, through which they obtained abundant data on pros and cons of the technologies. This paper analyzed the growth of CO2 emissions by fossil fuels. We show the CCS projects status; Challenges, SWOT analysis, and the currently Global CCS Technology Activity. For this, we consider the Large Scale Integrated Projects (LSIP). Besides, we make a review of the methods of separation of CO2, their status, advantages, challenges, etc.

Social acceptance for CO2-EOR and CCS projects based on survey conducted in southeastern Poland

Social acceptance for CO₂-EOR and CCS projects based on survey conducted in southeastern Poland

La Gobernanza de la Cooperación y el rol de las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil en la Cooperación Sur – Sur

El artículo presenta los principales debates sobre la gobernanza del desarrollo y de la cooperación internacional. El autor se interroga sobre el espacio existente para una mayor participación de las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil (OSC) en la configuración actual de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (CID) y, más específicamente, en la Cooperación Sur – Sur (CSS). A partir de una revisión bibliográfica de fuentes primarias y secundarias se presentan estos debates y se examinan experiencias de participación de las OSC en proyectos de CSS, lo que permite mostrar sus percepciones y las oportunidades de ampliación del espectro de agentes involucrados. Los resultados y conclusiones se centran en las lagunas de conocimiento existentes sobre estas cuestiones, en la necesidad de producir investigaciones exploratorias y en la articulación de las OSC con las Universidades para avanzar en su visibilidad.

A simple function for the solubility of water in dense-phase carbon dioxide

Knowledge of water solubility in dense-phase carbon dioxide is important in CCS projects. An explicit function for the solubility is determined as a function of temperature and pressure. The determination of the function is not based on thermodynamic model assumptions. Only mathematical properties of the measurement data are used in the preparation of the solubility function. The uncertainty in the measurement data has been estimated to 20–30%. The mean deviation of the found function from the measurement data in appropriate subdomains is bounded by 13%. To avoid large deflections in subdomains where measurements are missing, the function has been determined from a system of equations with low condition number.

Optimal pipeline design for CCS projects with anticipated increasing CO2 flow rates

Large-scale CCS projects with multiple CO2 sources will require large investments. Optimising the pipeline network design for cost reduction has been proposed as a potential way to reduce overall CCS costs. This paper presents a two-step methodology for the optimal design of on-shore pipelines with a projected increase in CO2 flow rate. The first step involves determining whether an oversized design is preferable over a duplicate pipeline design, on the basis of the levelised CO2 transport cost. This is performed through a simple correlation that depends on key parameters including the length of the pipeline, the timing and magnitude of the flow increase. If the oversized design is preferred, the second step of the proposed method determines the optimal diameter for the oversized pipeline. The approach, based on modelling of a wide range of generic cases, provides a two-step method to quickly verify whether an oversized pipeline is necessary, to assess the costs of using an oversized design against those of building duplicate pipelines, and to identify the pipeline design that minimises levelised cost of CO2 transport. A sensitivity analysis shows that the correlations are applicable for a wide-range of values for flow rate, transport distance, discount rate, steel price, booster pump and electricity costs. In addition, the correlations for pipeline cost and optimal diameter developed in this paper can be integrated into and accelerate the existing large scale, staged CO2 pipeline network optimisation models.

Sensitivity of the CO2 storage capacity of underground geological structures to the presence of SO2 and other impurities

Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and deep saline aquifers are key targets for geological storage of CO2 to reduce atmospheric CO2 emissions. Most studies in CCS investigate subsurface storage of pure CO2. In this paper we investigate the impact of the presence of other gases (impurities) in the injected CO2 stream on solubility trapping (in the aqueous phase) and volumetric trapping (in the non-aqueous phase, for a wide range of pressure and temperature. Calculations for solubility trapping are based on an equation of state that accurately accounts for the pressure, temperature, gas-compositional (mixtures) and salinity influences on CO2 solubility and brine density. For volumetric trapping the Peng–Robinson equation of state is used, accounting for binary interaction for gas mixtures and density correction. In the analysis, special attention is paid to the impact of SO2, which exhibits anomalous storage effects when compared to other common impurities.It is shown that while most impurities reduce the CO2 storage capacity (STC) in both the aqueous and non-aqueous phase, presence of SO2 enhances STC in both phases for a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions. However, for the realistic amounts of SO2 in flue gases, the effects are rather small; for a SO2 content of about 0.5% the non-aqueous STC enhancement ranges up to about 4%.For volumetric trapping, the greatest positive impact of SO2 occurs at relatively low pressures (74–100bar) and temperatures (313–325K). These are typical for shallow (<1km) aquifers or deeper depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs during the injection stage. For solubility trapping, the STC enhancement by SO2 increases with pressure and is relatively insensitive to temperature, implying that the greatest positive effect would be achieved for deep saline aquifers. These findings suggest that the positive effects of SO2 on the CO2 storage capacity could be of practical significance for CCS projects. The positive storage effects would have to be evaluated relative to possible negative effects due to induced geochemical reactions, corrosion of well casings, and health risks associated with potential leakage from transport or injection facilities or from the storage reservoir.

CCS technology development in China: Status, problems and countermeasures—Based on SWOT analysis

Abstract Currently, the energy structure with coal is given priority to in China. This situation would not change in a short time which results in massive CO2 emissions and increased pressure to natural environment. Carbon capture and storage technology (known as CCS) is a carbon abatement technology that separates CO2 from industrial production or energy conversion, transports to the storage site after compression, and injects to the deep underground to make long-term isolation from the atmosphere. This technology achieves zero emission during fossil energy extraction and conversion, so the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarded it as one of the effective methods reducing greenhouse gas emissions in 2005. First, based on the development status of CCS in China, in terms of policies, technology research and CCS projects are described. SWOT is an analysis method that analyses objects all-around from four main aspects of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. By SWOT, this paper focuses on analyzing the development environment currently in order to find the main stimulatives and obstacles and confirm the feasibility of CCS development in China. Finally, recommendations are proposed addressing the problems and obstacles. The results show that CCS is an effective way to reduce future emissions in China, as with the huge market, and the general support by Chinese government and green groups. However, relevant departments should strengthen economic and policy support at the same time.

Gas monitoring methodology and application to CCS projects as defined by atmospheric and remote sensing survey in the natural analogue of Campo de Calatrava

&lt;p&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;capture and storage (CCS) projects are presently developed to reduce the emission of anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; into the atmosphere. CCS technologies are expected to account for the 20% of the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; reduction by 2050. Geophysical, ground deformation and geochemical monitoring have been carried out to detect potential leakage, and, in the event that this occurs, identify and quantify it. This monitoring needs to be developed prior, during and after the injection stage. For a correct interpretation and quantification of the leakage, it is essential to establish a pre-injection characterization (baseline) of the area affected by the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage at reservoir level as well as at shallow depth, surface and atmosphere, via soil gas measurements. Therefore, the methodological approach is important because it can affect the spatial and temporal variability of this flux and even jeopardize the total value of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in a given area.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In this sense, measurements of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux were done using portable infrared analyzers (i.e., accumulation chambers) adapted to monitoring the geological storage of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and other measurements of trace gases, e.g. radon isotopes and remote sensing imagery were tested in the natural analogue of Campo de Calatrava (Ciudad Real, Spain) with the aim to apply in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; leakage detection; thus, observing a high correlation between CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and radon (r=0,858) and detecting some vegetation indices that may be successfully applied for the leakage detection.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Local Community Benefit Sharing Mechanisms for CCS Projects

This paper explores experience and options available to CCS project developers for local community benefit sharing. Project developers across the energy, mining and waste sectors are increasingly focused on enhancing local benefits, by maximising direct and indirect positive local impacts associated with a development, and also through specific community investment programs. In the context of a CCS project, benefit sharing needs to be considered particularly at the storage stage, which frequently harbours the greatest public concerns around perceived health, safety and environmental risk, yet typically receives few direct or indirect local benefits (such as employment or local procurement) that stem from project activities. Developers need to think creatively about how to fill the ‘benefits gap’ at the storage stage and how, in turn, to create a value proposition for the community hosting the CO 2 storage site. A variety of approaches were identified with the potential to increase the attractiveness of a proposed CCS project to storage communities, including: • Direct revenue sharing (for commercially driven projects); • Distribution of direct benefits typically experienced in the capture stage (including employment, procurement of local goods and services, and infrastructure construction) across the CCS chain; and • Development and implementation of specific community investment programs. Community investment should be approached in a strategic way in order to ensure projects financed by the fund have a positive impact on the community, and are sustainable in the long-term. Principles for a successful and sustainable community investment program include: involving multiple local stakeholders in the planning and management of the fund; having a set of principles and objectives governing the fund; allowing the community to guide how funding should be spent; and using indicators to measure the success of the fund and projects over time. Such principles for a ‘strategic approach’ should apply to any community investment and benefit sharing program.

Benefits and Costs of Brine Extraction for Increasing Injection Efficiency In geologic CO2 Sequestration

Abstract Pressure increases attendant with CO 2 injection into the subsurface drive many of the risk factors associated with commercial- scale CCS projects, impacting project costs and liabilities in a number of ways. The area of elevated pressure defines the area that must be characterized and monitored; pressure drives fluid flow out of the storage reservoir along higher-permeability pathways that might exist through the caprock into overlying aquifers or hydrocarbon reservoirs; and pressure drives geomechanical changes that could potentially impact subsurface infrastructure or the integrity of the storage system itself. Pressure also limits injectivity, which can increase capital costs associated with installing additional wells to meet a given target injection rate. The ability to mitigate pressure increases in storage reservoirs could have significant value to a CCS project, but these benefits are offset by the costs of the pressure mitigation technique itself. Of particular interest for CO 2 storage operators is the lifetime cost of implementing brine extraction at a CCS project site, and the relative value of benefits derived from the extraction process. This is expected to vary from site to site and from one implementation scenario to the next. Indeed, quantifying benefits against costs could allow operators to optimize their return on project investment by calculating the most effective scenario for pressure mitigation. This work builds on research recently submitted for publication by the authors examining the costs and benefits of brine extraction across operational scenarios to evaluate the effects of fluid extraction on injection rate to assess the cost effectiveness of several options for reducing the number of injection wells required. Modeling suggests that extracting at 90% of the volumetric equivalent of injection rate resulted in a 1.8% improvement in rate over a non-extraction base case; a four-fold increase in extraction rate results in a 7.6% increase in injection rate over the no-extraction base case. However, the practical impacts on capital costs suggest that this strategy is fiscally ineffective when evaluated solely on this metric, with extraction reducing injection well needs by only one per 56 (1x case) or one per 13 (4x case).

Jingbian CCS Project, China: Second Year of Injection, Measurement, Monitoring and Verification

Abstract Jingbian CCS-EOR pilot project is the first full chain CCS-EOR project in China. Sponsored by China Ministry of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co. Ltd started to conduct CO2 capture from its coal chemical company and injected CO2 in Jingbian Field which cooperated with Northwest University from 2012. Our target is to inject at least 10,000 tons CO2 in Jingbian Field of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co. Ltd. At the same time, we are developing an integrated MMV (Measurement, Monitoring and Verification) technique to monitor the safety of CO2 sequestration from surface to subsurface by using environmental, geophysical monitoring methods and geological analysis. At this low porosity and low permeability reservoir of Jingbian Field, we planned to inject CO2 in more than 5 wells and tried to get enhanced oil recovery ratio about 5% to 8% and form CO2-EOR techniques and a demonstration pilot project so that we may apply CCS-EOR in Ordos Basin which is the largest oil and gas production basement in China. Jingbian CCS-EOR pilot project is the same as the other CCS projects in the world. It includes site selection, CO2 storage and injection equipment construction, CO2 capture equipment construction, CO2-EOR laboratory tests and MMV study.

Simulation Experiment Research of the Impact of CO2 Leakage from Geological Storage on Soil Microbes

Abstract CCS is considered to be the most effective way to control the CO 2 emissions. But there is a risk of leakage with CCS projects during the process of actual operation. So, it is important to research the leakage of CCS. In this article, the range of CO 2 concentration which affects the inhibition and promotion of microorganism growth can be determined by analyzing the response of soil microbes in different CO 2 concentrations. The soil microbial indicators of sorghum have a similar trend when the concentration of CO 2 between normal atmosphere and 80000 μmol/mol. It shows a decreasing trend after the first increase. And the indicators reach the maximum at 20000 μmol/mol and the minimum at 80000 μmol/mol respectively. The leakage of the CCS project can be evaluated by analyzing the response of soil microbes in the future.

Development of CCS Projects in Poland. How to Communicate with the Local Public?

Poland has made concrete promises to the EU to reduce its CO2 emissions within the next years by a considerable amount. CCS technology could provide a way to reduce CO2 emissions significantly without slowing the country's economic growth. Social acceptance at potential storage sites for CO2 has proven to be decisive for the development of CCS projects in other European countries. Therefore, it is important to gain insight into the perceptions that local stakeholders have with regard to the implementation of CCS in Poland. This paper presents results from risk communication activities which were conducted during the EU FP7 SiteChar project at a prospective CO2 storage site in Poland. These activities included a social site characterization as well as public engagement activities. The aim was to analyze the local public perception of CCS among citizens and stakeholders as well as to inform community representatives and the local public about CCS technology and to involve them in the planning process for the prospective CCS project. The research showed that in local contexts, it is necessary to include local stakeholders directly in planning processes in order to build trust, that a generally positive public climate towards CCS is not sufficient for local acceptance of CCS projects, and that a thorough social site characterization can provide starting points for future communication activities.

Implementation of the EU CCS Directive in Europe: Results and Development in 2013

Abstract Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, entered into force on June 25th 2009. By the end 2013 the CCS Directive has been fully transposed into national law to the satisfaction of the EC in 20 out of 28 EU Member States, while six EU countries (Austria, Cyprus, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden and Slovenia) had to complete transposing measures. In July 2014 the European Commission closed infringement procedures against Cyprus, Hungary and Ireland, which have notified the EC that they have taken measures to incorporate the CCS Directive into national law. Among other three countries Sweden has updated its legislation and published a new law in their country in March 2014, permitting CO2 storage offshore. The evaluation of the national laws in Poland, which were accepted at national level in November 2013, and Croatia, which entered the EU on 7 July 2013 and simultaneously transposed the CCS directive, is still ongoing in 2014. The first storage permit under the Directive (for the ROAD Project in the offshore Netherlands) has been approved by the EC. While CO2 storage is permitted in a number of European countries, temporary restrictions were applied in Czech Republic, Denmark and Poland. CO2 storage is prohibited except for research and development in Estonia, Finland, Luxembourg, two regions in Belgium and Slovenia due to their geological conditions, but also forbidden in Austraia, Ireland and Latvia. The size of exploration areas for CO2 storage sites is limited in Bulgaria and Hungary. In Germany, only limited CO2 storage will be permitted until 2018 (up to 4 Mt CO2 annually). Several challenges still remain for the large-scale implementation of CCS projects in Europe. These include high investment costs and lack of public and consequently political support for onshore storage (particularly in Denmark, Germany, and The Netherlands). An European atlas matching all storage sites and capacities is still required. Among six projects supported by European Energy Programme for Recovery only Spanish project Compostilla was active and only UK submitted their application for CCS project to the NER300 second call in 2013 receiving support in 2014. The most active countries in pilot and demonstration projects research and development activities in Europe were Norway and the largest CO2 emitters in EU (Germany, UK, Italy, France, Spain and The Netherlands). The most promising driving force for CCS implementation is to combine it with CO2 use, including EOR-CCS, mineral carbonation options and geothermal-CCS, which will cause more trust among Green NGOs and general public. Research on CCUS has started in many countries, including Geothermal-CCS project in France, Norway and Germany.

Opportunity and Challenges of Integrated Enhanced Oil Recovery Using CO2 Flooding with Geological CO2 Storage in the Ordos Basin, China

In the current global economic and technological environment, integrating geological CO2 storage with enhanced oil recovery is the most practical way to reduce green-house gas emissions and increase the energy supply (CCUS). The overlapping development of large-scale coal conversion industries with existing oil and gas industries in the Ordos Basin, Northern Shaanxi Province has created a unique opportunity to apply a systematic approach to an energy/environmental protection development strategy: the integration of geological CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery utilizing CO2 flooding (CO2 EOR) and geological storage that has been developed in Wyoming. The coal conversion industry in the Ordos Basin (i.e., coal-to-methanol, coal-to-olefins, etc.) provides affordable, capture- ready CO2 sources for developing large-scale CO2 EOR and CO2 storage projects in the Ordos Basin, China. Currently, over 40 Mt of highly concentrated CO2 (> 95%) are being captured and vented from the methanol plants. Compared with other CCS projects, the ability to use CO2 from the coal-conversion industry for CO2 EOR and geological CO2 storage will make these CCUS projects in the Ordos Basin more cost effective, technologically efficient, and environmentally sound. Supported by US-China Clean Energy Research Center, Shaanxi Provincial Government, and Yanchang Petroleum Group Company, the University of Wyoming, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Energy Resources and Chemical Engineering, and Research Institute of Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Company have developed a CO2 enhanced oil recovery demonstration project that includes geological CO2 storage in a mature, depleted oil field located in the Northern Shaanxi Province, Ordos Basin. Various scenarios for enhanced oil recovery using CO2 flooding integrated with geological CO2 storage are being simulated and optimized. The results of the reservoir characterization and CO2 flooding simulation show that integrating CO2 EOR with geological CO2 storage is a viable way to reduce CO2 emission in the region.

CO2 Storage Development: Status of the Large European CCS Projects with EEPR Funding

This paper presents an overview of the CO2 storage element of the projects that are part of the European CCS Demonstration Project Network, an FP7 funded project to support the knowledge exchange among the CCS projects that have received funding under the EEPR framework. These projects include the ROAD project (The Netherlands) and the Don Valley project (UK). The Hontomin project (Spain) can be regarded as the third project, as it was developed as the research site for the Compostilla project in Spain; the Compostilla project, also a beneficiary of EEPR funds, was discontinued in 2013 after completing FEED studies. The Sleipner project joined the Network in 2011 and provided its experience and expertise to the EEPR funded projects. Together, the projects in the Network cover a wide range of storage options, from a depleted gas field to saline sandstone and carbonate formations. The ROAD project uses a compartment of an offshore depleted gas field, and the Don Valley project is developing an offshore saline aquifer. The Hontomin site, dedicated to research, uses an onshore carbonate reservoir. This paper gives an overview of the storage solutions developed or under development by these projects

CO2 from Natural Gas Sweetening to Kick-start EOR in the North Sea

Abstract The cost of CO 2 removal from natural gas with subsequent storage is estimated and the results show that it can be very close to an economically viable process. The cost of removing CO 2 from a natural gas stream(sweetening) using the MDEA process is 30% lower than cost of conventional amine MEA technology for CO 2 capture from flue gas, putting this project at a much lower cost than capture from most other industrial CO 2 sources. The cost of CO 2 removal is as low as 35€/tonne. In addition natural gas sweetening projects will capture potentially larger volumes of CO 2 than many industrial projects if new large gas fields are developed. The large scale could provide the necessary amount and steady supply of CO 2 needed to kick-start the deployment of CCS. This could happen either by allowing a large-scale offshore central CO 2 storage or offshore EOR projects. Large scale storage would reduce the storage cost for CO 2 improving the cost benefit situation for a CCS project. A large scale EOR project could create a market for CO 2 in the Nordic region that also land-based industry can sell to thereby reducing their costs for CCS sufficiently to allow industrial CCS projects to start.

What is the Socio-political Scaffolding CCS Needs to Thrive? Case Study from Finland.

Abstract The adoption of CCS depends on many societal issues beyond technological and economic viability. This paper maps these issues based on multiple data sets from two research projects in Finland, looking at social, cultural, and political issues. The analysis takes advantage of various data sets collected within the projects, including interview data, media corpuses, stakeholder workshop materials, and secondary survey data. The goal is to explain the social and political support systems that CCS requires to fit the energy systems and the society at large. The result is a socio-ecological systems mapping that should provide CCS projects and policy-makers a tool for revealing the potential pitfalls in a range of societies.