CCR Method Research Articles

ARE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS STILL IMPORTANT FOR GROWTH? A NEW APPROACH FOR TÜRKİYE

So far, especially underdeveloped and developing countries have tried to attract foreign direct investments by adopting open economy policies. In this study, we investigated whether direct foreign investments have a significant impact on the gross domestic product of countries. For this purpose, we examined the long-term relationships between GDP and foreign direct investment between 1986 and 2020 in Türkiye, which is considered a developing country, with a new approach, structural breaks. The results of the research show that there is a two-way positive relationship between the variables. Accordingly, while GDP affects foreign direct investments in the long run, foreign direct investments also affect GDP. The findings obtained from the CCR, FMOLS and DOLS methods used to estimate the coefficients in the long term are generally consistent with each other. It is understood from this study that the policy of adopting open economy policies and attracting direct investments continues to be valid in Turkiye.

The Relationship between Bitcoin and Nasdaq, U.S. Dollar Index and Commodities

This paper investigates the long-run interaction between Bitcoin and Nasdaq, U.S. Dollar Index and commodities by applying weekly data from 1 January 2017 until 21 May 2023. This study uses FMOLS, DOLS and CCR methods to examine the long-run association between the variables. The results reveal a positive and significant relationship between Bitcoin and Nasdaq, as well as a similar positive association between Bitcoin and Oil prices. Notably, the U.S. Dollar Index exhibits a negative and significant impact on Bitcoin. However, results show that Gold does not have significant impact on Bitcoin. Finally, the results show that there are significant Granger causality from Nasdaq, oil and gold to Bitcoin.

Unlocking the potential of natural resources: Transforming the resource curse into a sustainable development corridor through research and development

This paper investigates the nexus between China's natural resource rents and R&D expenditure from 1989 to 2021, considering economic growth as a confounding variable. The analysis employs an array of time series methodologies such as the DF-GLS for unit root testing and the Johansen cointegration test for assessing long-term cointegration. The findings indicate a long-term cointegration among the first-order integrated variables (I(1)). Notably, the data reveals an asymmetric impact of natural resource rents on long-term R&D investments. Specifically, rents from coal and natural gas positively influence R&D spending, whereas forest rents appear to adversely affect it, as evidenced by the FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods. However, when accounting for structural breaks using the Least Squares method, the overall effect of natural resource rents on R&D appears detrimental, with coal rents' significance becoming ambiguous. Furthermore, economic growth consistently exerts a positive, significant influence on R&D expenditures, irrespective of the structural breaks considered. The robustness of these findings is confirmed through a robust regression analysis, which aligns with the results derived from the primary methods.

China's sustainable development perspective of financial development from the lens of geopolitical risk and resources extraction

The progress of economic development is greatly improved by financial development, and one of the main sources that can be used to encourage the expansion of financial systems is the revenue obtained from the sale of natural resources. The current study analyzes China's nexus of natural resources and financial development from 1989 to 2021. The study also included geopolitical risk as an additional determinant of financial development. With different covariates of the dependent variable, we make available several reliable econometric methods for this study; for the unit root testing, the Augmented Dicky-Fuller test; for primary outputs, Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) model is employed and for the robustness check analysis, Fully Modified Least Squares FMOLS, DOLS and CCR methods are provided. The outcomes exhibit that various rents of NRR have a negative and significant impact on financial expansion, exhibiting the resource curse hypothesis in China, while natural gas exhibits improve FD in China. Moreover, Geo-political risk has an insignificant but positive impact on financial development; therefore, GPR influence is inconclusive in both the short and long run. Robustness check results support the ARDL estimates, and the results are similar in all formats. The study provides policy implications regarding the nexus of FD and NRR.

Capital formation and natural resources extraction: A source of sustainable development or a curse for the economy?

Based on the evidence that gross capital formation contracted during the Covid-19 pandemic, the drivers of contraction were mainly natural resources volatility and economic growth disturbance. Hence, during the post-pandemic, when the economic system is going towards recovery, policymakers have focused on the concerns of the contraction of gross capital formation in low-income economies; thus, this issue requires attention. Hence, this study examines the impact of natural resource rents and economic growth on the gross fixed capital formation of low, and middle-income aggregate groups from 1985 to 2021. We have leveraged various time series econometric techniques for this study, including the ADF-GLS unit root test, which examines the stationarity of modeled variables. The study found that coal, forest, and oil rents are stationary at level (0), whereas the remaining modeled variables are stationary at I (1). This study found long-term cointegration of dependent and explanatory variables through Bayer-Hanck cointegration. The study's empirical results demonstrate that GDP, oil rents, and forest rents significantly positively impact gross fixed capital formation. In contrast, natural gas rents reduce gross capital formation for the FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods. Moreover, the study found the impact of mineral and coal rents insignificant and inconclusive. The Robustness check results provide similar results in robust regression analysis and quantile regression. However, oil rents were found to be significant in lower quantiles and became insignificant in the upper quantiles. Thus, this study suggests policy implications regarding efficient and sustainable usage of natural resources to generate enough revenues for gross fixed capital formation.

Estimating The Long-Term Effect of Credit Default Swap (Cds) on Borsa Istanbul 100 Index with FMOLS, DOLS and CCR Methods

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye 5 yıllık vadeli CDS primlerinin BİST 100 endeksi üzerindeki uzun dönemli etkisinin yönünü ve katsayısını ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmada Ocak 2010- Kasım 2022 dönemini kapsayan BİST 100 endeksi ve 5 yıllık vadeli CDS primi verileri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada seriler arasındaki eş bütünleşme ilişkisinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla Johansen Eş Bütünleşme analizi kullanılmıştır. Eş bütünleşme ilişkisinin yönü ve katsayısına yönelik tahminlemede ise FMOLS, CCR ve DOLS yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, serilerin uzun dönemde birlikte hareket ettiği ve FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemlerine göre sırayla CDS’de meydana gelen %1’lik artışın BİST100 endeksinde %28,2, %34,3 ve %29 oranında azalışa sebep olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The Role of National Development Banks on Economic Growth: BNDES Case

In this paper, the effect of loans from Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) on economic growth is evaluated from different aspects: total loans, loans by maturity, sectorial distribution of loans and loans by currency. FMOLS, DOLS and CCR methods are applied for 2002q1-2022q3 periods. Then, the paper also uses OLS estimation method to check the results. The findings show that total loans have a positive effect on economic growth. Additionally, different types of loans are positively related to economic growth, as well. So, National Development Banks (NDBs) may be the most important tool to stimulate economic growth through different types of loans.

Improved Evaluation of Cultivation Performance for Maize Based on Group Decision Method of Data Envelopment Analysis Model

Maize cultivation performance, including the efficiency of the input and output of maize, which reflect the allocation and utilization of resources in the process of maize cultivation, is crucial for evaluating and improving maize cultivation. This paper adopts the method of quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination experimental design to explore the effects of four main cultivation measures (planting density, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer) on maize yield at five levels (−2, −1, 0, 1; 2). The CCR (A. Charnes, W. Cooper and E. Rhodes) model, which is the basic model of data envelopment analysis (DEA), was used to evaluate the 36 groups of cultivation measures. The results show that 9 groups are CCR-effective cultivation measures, but the performance of these cultivation measures cannot be further evaluated. To improve the evaluation of cultivation performance, a novel method termed as the group decision method of DEA (GDM-DEA) is proposed to detect the improvement of evaluation performance and is tested using the measurements of maize cultivation. The results suggest that the GDM-DEA method can classify and sort the performance of all the cultivation measures, which is more sensitive and accurate than the CCR method. For the effective cultivation measures that meet the requirements of GDM-DEA, the optimal cultivation measures could be determined according to the ranking of yield. This method determined the most effective cultivation measure. Further independent validation showed that the final optimal cultivation measures fall in the range of the expected cultivation measures. The GDM-DEA model is capable of more effectively evaluating cultivation performance.

Measurement of DEA-Based ICT Development Efficiency Level with Modified CCR Method

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is the use of non-parametric mathematical programming that is useful for measuring the efficiency of the Decision Making Unit (DMU) of an organization. This study uses the Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) method known as the DEA-CCR multiplier which aims to determine the weight value of each input and output variable of the DMU being evaluated, but it is not sufficient to measure efficiency optimization. To get an efficient value of the weight value of each DMU as a reference to get updated DMU input and output values. So that the DMU efficiency value is obtained which is evaluated. The results of this study show how to modify the Multiplier Model-CCR into the Envelopment Model-CCR. Then displays the efficient level DMU which is evaluated as a result of the weight each DMU gets from the results of processing the LINDO application. Illustrations of changes in input variables and output variables are displayed in the form of tables and figures before and after the changes. The modified DEA-CCR model can also complete DMU super efficiency, effectiveness and productivity.

Evaluation of Service-Oriented Nursing Supervisor Strategy Based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Background: This study introduced a service-oriented nursing supervisor strategy to increase the performance efficiency of different hospital wards. The efficiency of this strategy in 12 wards under the supervision of 12 supervisors was evaluated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Materials and Methods: The efficiency of the service-oriented nursing supervisor strategy was evaluated using DEA. This study aims to evaluate the relative efficiency of hospital wards before and after implementing the service-oriented nursing supervisor strategy at Milad hospital. Data were evaluated using two basic models of data envelopment analysis technique, i.e., CCR and BCC output-oriented methods. Then, the relative performance efficiencies of 12 wards in 2 periods, including the first half of 2020 (before service-oriented nursing supervisor strategy) and the second half of 2020 (after service-oriented nursing supervisor strategy) were analyzed. Finally, efficient wards were ranked using the Anderson-Peterson method based on the results. Results: According to the CCR output-oriented method, after implementing service-oriented nursing supervisor strategy, Urology, Gastroenterology, and Neurosurgery wards, as well as ENT, had the highest and lowest efficiency rates, respectively. Based on the BCC output-oriented method, Urology, Renal Transplant, Neurosurgery, and Gynecology wards had the highest efficiency in performance, while ENT had the lowest efficiency. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this study offer a service-oriented nursing supervisor strategy that improves the efficiency of different wards of the hospital.

IS THE TRANSITION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION HAMPERED BY HIGH OIL PRICES?

The article examines the impact of oil price, income and CO2 emissions on renewable energy consumption in the case of Kazakhstan for the data period from 1992 to 2015, employing FMOLS and CCR methods. Empirical results reached that there is a long-run positive and statistically significant impact of income on the renewable energy consumption whereas a negative effect of oil price and CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan, for the investigated period. The results of this article might be beneficial for the policymakers and support the current literature for next researches for oil-rich developing countries.Keywords: Renewable energy consumption; Income; Oil price; FMOLS; CCR; KazakhstanJEL Classifications: 013, P28, Q42, Q43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11345

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE OF REPUBLICS

The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the health sector in the 22 republics of the Russian Federation using data for 2005, 2010 and 2013–2017. The data used in the study were obtained from the site of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes (CCR) and Banker-Charnes-Cooper (BCC) models of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were chosen as the analysis method, and the super-efficiency scores were determined. After the analysis, potential improvement proposals for inefficient republics were developed, and Tobit analysis was conducted to determine the factors affecting efficiency. As input variables was used; The number of doctors of all specialties, nursing staff and hospital beds per 10,000 people of the population, as the output variable was used; life expectancy at birth, the incidence per 1000 population, and infant mortality rates. As a result of a study in the performance analysis conducted by the CCR method, in 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014 6, in 2015 and 2017 5 and in 2016 4, in the performance analysis conducted by the BCC method, in 2005 9, in 2010 8, in 2014 and 2016 7, in 2013 6 and in 2015 and 2017 5 republics were rated as full efficiency scores. According to the results of the analysis of super-efficiency carried out by the CCR method, the Republic of Ingushetia and Chechnya, according to the BCC method, the republics of Chechnya and Tatarstan have the highest super-efficiency score.

The Effect of Oil Prices Mobility on Basic Macroeconomic Indicators

Bu çalışmada, 2007-2018 dönemi Türkiye ekonomisinin aylık verileri kullanılarak petrol fiyatlarının temel makroekonomik göstergeler üzerindeki uzun dönem etkisinin ekonometrik açıdan belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Uzun dönem ilişkinin tespiti için Johansen Eşbütünleşme, uzun dönem katsayıların hesaplanması için ise FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen amprik sonuçlar; petrol fiyatlarının temel makroekonomik göstergelerle uzun dönemde birlikte hareket ettiğini, petrol fiyatlarındaki hareketliliğin faiz, enflasyon, üretim, kur ve istihdam değişkenlerini pozitif, cari açığı ise negatif etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur.

Providing a Systematic Model to Determine the Efficiency of Urban Transport Organizations, Focusing on Quality of Service and Customer Satisfaction, to Rank Citizens Satisfaction by DEA Method

Despite the growing trend of IT-based systems, the implementation of the CSM system in urban transport services companies such as Tehran bus service can greatly assist in the efficient management of maintenance and repair activities, thereby reducing equipment failure and increasing reliability, increasing productivity, and most importantly increase the efficiency and productivity of its staff. CRM is one of the fast-growing management approaches that leads to improved competitive position, greater market share and profitability. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and explain the level of satisfaction of passengers with urban transport system, measure the efficiency of staff, identify efficient and inefficient systems, and rank the degree of satisfaction, over different time periods, and finally to compare and evaluate the effect of effective factors on their efficiency to enhance the organization's productivity with a customer satisfaction approach. In order to implement CRM in DEA model, input and output variables are respectively service quality and customer satisfaction. For this purpose, after identifying the factors affecting customer satisfaction through questionnaires distributed among 2500 passengers over 17 six-month periods, a DEA model including 3 inputs and 2 outputs is defined. By solving the model using the CCR method, the periods of efficient and inefficient are identified and the results of sensitivity analysis on the model inputs show the effect of each input on the output according to the rankings performed.

The impact of bank credits on non-oil GDP: evidence from Azerbaijan

This study explores the relationship between bank credits, exchange rate and non-oil GDP in Azerbaijan, utilizing FMOLS, CCR and DOLS co-integration methods to the data spanning from January 2005 to January 2019. The results from the different co-integration methods are consistent with each other and approve the presence of a long-run relationship among the variables. Estimation results reveal that there is a positive and statistically significant impact of bank credits and exchange rate on the non-oil GDP in the long run for the Azerbaijani case which are in line with the expectations and with the theoretical findings discussed in theoretical framework section. This finding also indicates that a 1% increase in credit and real exchange rate increases non-oil GDP by 0.51% and 0.56%, respectively. The results of this paper are useful for the policymakers and promote the economic literature for further researches in the case of oil-rich countries.

Measuring West-Africa Ports Efficiency Using Data Envelopment Analysis

The present study measured the relative efficiency of five major commercial ports in West Africa, using three different Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods, the CCR, BCC, and Windows I-C methods over the years 2005-2016. Seven input variables and one output variable were used in the model analysis. The CCR and BCC methods were used to evaluate the technical and scale efficiency while the Windows I-C method provided a comprehensive ranking of the studied ports. The results showed that the scale efficiency score of 89.53% indicated that on average the production scale of the ports had deviated from the most productive scale size (MPSS) by 10.47%. These results revealed that the source of the overall inefficiency is due to scale rather than pure technical inefficiency. Hence, in order to improve the overall efficiency, the two scaled inefficient ports of Abidjan and Cotonou should adjust their scale of operations. Then, further investigations were conducted to detect correlations between various variables used in this study. The research found that the absence of any correlation for non-significant variables and negative correlation for the significant variables throughout time resulted from the fact that these variables were not fully utilized. Meaning that they were not efficiently used to boost the container throughput on a scale basis, the research also found that a pandemic or insecurity could easily impact seaports activities with the case of the Ebola outbreak which strucked the West African region from the year 2013 to 2016, or the terrorism threats which prevailed in the region around the year 2012. Thus, for ports to stand out in the present fiercely competitive environment, ports authorities ought to analyze their operational scale to identify whether or not the production size is fitting before further port capacity expansion.

Determinants of corruption in Nigeria: evidence from various estimation techniques

Reducing corruption has been one major challenge facing government and policy makers in Nigeria. This study employs the ARDL, CCR and FMOLS methods to assess the determinants of corruption in Nigeria over the period 1984–2016. The result of the cointegration test indicates that corruption and its determinants (economic development, political rights, military expenditure, rents, civil liberties and openness) have a long-run relationship. The results of the ARDL, CCR and FMOLS estimation demonstrate that economic development, political rights, military expenditure, rents, civil liberties and openness, are the main determinants of corruption in the long-run. Higher-economic development, greater civil liberties, more openness and higher military expenditure are related to lower corruption, but higher rents and political rights are associated with higher corruption. Based on these outcomes, this study recommends policies to promote economic development, civil liberties, political rights and openness, including reducing the reliance on the oil sector to curb corruption in Nigeria.

PO030 Genetic Variations and Clinical Characterization of Patients In Latvian Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) Registry

The present study aimed to measure the efficiency of dental services at the provincial level in Turkey and to identify the potential areas of improvement.The study population comprised hospitals and centers providing dental services under the Ministry of Health, located in 81 provinces of Turkey. All hospitals, oral and dental centers under the Ministry of Health were included in the study. The number of units and dentists were considered as input variables, while the number of polyclinics, tooth extractions, root canal treatments, dental fillings, dental surgeries, prosthesis fittings, fissure sealant procedures and local flor procedures were considered as output variables. The efficiency of oral and dental centers was evaluated using the Data Envelopment Analysis method.While the CCR method showed that 18 of the 81 provinces were efficient and 63 provinces were inefficient, the BCC method showed that 32 provinces were efficient and 49 were inefficient. According to the scale efficiency scores, 32 provinces were found as efficient and 49 provinces as inefficient. Statistically significant differences were found between the efficient and inefficient provinces, in terms of the input and output variables (p < 0.05).The present results are expected to provide important clues to policy makers for planning oral health services.

The impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between the economic growth and CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan. A cointegration analysis is conducted over the period 1992–2013. For getting more robust results, Johansen, ARDLBT, DOLS, FMOLS and CCR methods are employed to explore cointegration and estimate long-run coefficients. We use cubic, quadratic and linear specifications and conclude that the last one is an adequate representation for the impact of the economic growth on CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan. The results from the different cointegration methods are consistent with each other and show that the economic growth has a positive and statistically significant impact on the emissions in the long-run implying that the EKC hypothesis does not hold for Azerbaijan. The income elasticity of CO2 emissions, using different methods, is found to be between 0.7 and 0.8. Moreover, we find that any short-run imbalance can be adjusted towards the long-run equilibrium path within less than one year. The paper concludes that measures to increase energy efficiency, carbon pricing instruments in production and international-domestic trade activities, and nationwide social awareness programs to instruct about the negative consequences of pollution can be considered as relevant environmental policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions.

Assessment of the efficiency of dental services in Turkey

AimThe present study aimed to measure the efficiency of dental services at the provincial level in Turkey and to identify the potential areas of improvement. MethodsThe study population comprised hospitals and centers providing dental services under the Ministry of Health, located in 81 provinces of Turkey. All hospitals, oral and dental centers under the Ministry of Health were included in the study. The number of units and dentists were considered as input variables, while the number of polyclinics, tooth extractions, root canal treatments, dental fillings, dental surgeries, prosthesis fittings, fissure sealant procedures and local flor procedures were considered as output variables. The efficiency of oral and dental centers was evaluated using the Data Envelopment Analysis method. ResultsWhile the CCR method showed that 18 of the 81 provinces were efficient and 63 provinces were inefficient, the BCC method showed that 32 provinces were efficient and 49 were inefficient. According to the scale efficiency scores, 32 provinces were found as efficient and 49 provinces as inefficient. Statistically significant differences were found between the efficient and inefficient provinces, in terms of the input and output variables (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe present results are expected to provide important clues to policy makers for planning oral health services.