Cc Of Saline Research Articles

Effect of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia on Cessation of Macromolecular Transport in the Neonatal Calf

The effect of hypoglycemia on the absorption of colostral Ig was studied in 12 neonatal calves. Hypoglycemic calves received 1 cc (100 units) of insulin at birth; control calves received 1 cc of saline. Two dietary regimens were imposed; colostrum was fed at birth or at 24h. Glucose, insulin, and IgG were measured in venous blood. Insulin induced decreases in circulating glucose in insulin-treated calves from 12 to 42h postnatally; insulin concentrations were significantly higher from 12 through 24h. Concentrations of glucose also were decreased in calves deprived of initial colostrum compared with those fed at birth over the same period, although insulin concentrations were not different. Time of closure was delayed in insulin-treated calves relative to saline-treated calves (40 and 29h, respectively) and in calves deprived of initial colostrum relative to those fed at birth (45 and 23h, respectively). Glucose availability may influence timing of closure in the calf, although the decreased rate of absorption of IgG in hypoglycemic calves prevents them from realizing any benefit in peak IgG concentrations higher than those of their normoglycemic counterparts.

Non invasive estimation of mean right atrial pressure utilizing the 2D-Echo transverse diameter of the left hepatic vein.

Aim of our study was to assess if the 2D-Echo transverse diameter of the left hepatic vein (LHV) obtained from the subcostal approach is correlated with invasive mean right atrial pressure (RAP). Thirty-two consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied by simultaneous 2D-Echo and right heart catheterization. LHV could be adequately imaged in 90% of patients. Mean RAP values at catheterization ranged from 0 to 15 mmHg (mean 6 +/- 3.5 mmHg). A correlation was found between mean RAP and LHV diameter calculated after inspiration (r = 0.81, SEE = 1.54 mm, slope = 0.71, p less than 0.001) as well as after expiration (r = 0.82, SEE = 1.32 mm, slope = 0.62, p less than 0.001) or during post-expiratory apnoea (r = 0.85, SEE = 1.3 mm, slope = 0.71, p less than 0.001). Moreover, percent increments of LHV diameter correlated well with percent changes of mean RAP during rapid infusion of 250-500 cc of saline in 4 patients (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001). Thus, the 2D-Echo LHV diameter is a feasible measurement that seems to correlate well with invasive mean RAP over a wide range of mean RAP values in patients with myocardial infarction; the changes in LHV diameter correlate well with the percent increase in central venous pressure obtained with saline infusion. Underestimation of invasive RAP occurs when mean RAP value exceeds 12 mmHg and can be explained by limited venous compliance. However these preliminary results suggest that this method may represent a valid alternative to obtain a non invasive estimate of mean RAP with 2D-Echocardiography.

DMSO protects against adriamycin-induced tissue necrosis.

Inadvertent extravasation of Adriamycin (Adria) can result in severe tissue necrosis. The mechanism of this tissue damage is believed to be the release of free radicals into the tissue. Topical applications of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) used after Adria extravasation have been shown to decrease ulcer size. This may be due to DMSO's ability to scavenge free radicals. However, effective topical therapy requires prompt recognition of extravasation, which is often difficult. We hypothesized that the delivery of Adria in low concentrations DMSO would reduce Adria-induced ulcer size and ulcer incidence caused by Adria extravasation. To test this hypothesis, 180, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into three treatment groups of 60 each. All three groups received intradermal injections of Adria (1 mg) diluted in 0.5 cc of saline (Group 1), 10% DMSO (Group 2), or 20% DMSO (Group 3). Rats were observed for 4 weeks. Ulcer incidence (%) and size of ulcers (mm2) were assessed over time. Area of skin ulceration was calculated as the product of the two greatest diameters. Statistical evaluation of the differences in incidence and ulcer size between Group 1 and Groups 2 or 3 were evaluated using analysis of variance. Delivery of Adriamycin in 10 or 20% DMSO resulted in a statistically significant (P less than 0.001) decrease in the incidence of ulceration caused by intentional Adria extravasation.

Sensor for Right Ventricular Volumes Using the Trailing Edge Voltage of a Pulse Generator Output

Cardiac and thoracic volume (Vol) signals are useful for diagnosis and adaptive rate pacing. Present systems need an AC or pulsed constant current carrier to measure conductivity (proportional to Vol), causing high battery drain and requiring complex detection algorithms or special leads. The aim of this study was to propose a new and simple sensor for cardiac volumes using standard pacing leads and no AC carrier signal. "Constant voltage" pulse generators (PG) deliver a square pulse to the lead via a capacitor (Cap). The signal resulting from the interaction between the PG and the tissues and blood is trapezoidal, with a leading edge voltage determined by PG output and a trailing edge voltage (TEV) dependent on electrode surface and Cap value (device constants), and patient load. The hypothesis that right ventricular (RV) and chest Vol variations could produce load-related TEV changes was tested. Four PGs were connected to bipolar (Bip) leads within containers with 5-80 cc of saline, and TEV was measured with every 5 cc Vol change. Fifteen patients with previously implanted Bip PGs were studied during VOO pacing, scanning the intrinsic cardiac cycle. TEV was noninvasively measured as a function of time from onset of QRS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Methyl Prednisolone in Double-Lumen Gel-Saline Submuscular Mammary Prostheses

At the time of immediate breast reconstruction with submuscular implants, 76 consecutive patients (89 breasts) were randomized into two groups. One received a gel-saline, double-lumen implant with 40 cc of saline added to the outer lumen, while the other received the same implant plus 40 cc of saline and 16 mg methyl prednisolone (40 mg%). Patients were followed for a minimum of 3 years. The groups, which were matched for patient age and implant size, were evaluated at 3, 12, 24, and 36 months for capsular contracture, steroid atrophy, and other complications. With completion of the double-blind study, the patients with submuscular gel-saline implants with only saline added had an overall capsular contracture rate of 38 percent at 3 months, 38 percent at 12 months, and 44 percent at 24 and 36 months. Those with methyl prednisolone had an overall capsular contracture rate of 14 percent at 3 months, and this remained unchanged through the end of the study. The rates of all other complications were comparable. Methyl prednisolone in a dose of 16 mg in 40 cc saline (concentration 40 mg%), when used in the outer lumen of a double-lumen gel-saline implant in a submuscular pocket, is both safe and efficacious in reducing the risk of capsular contracture for a minimum of 3 years in patients undergoing immediate breast reconstruction with submuscular mammary implants.

The slope of the end–systolic pressure–volume relationship compared with the global end–systolic pressure–volume ratio in humans

The slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (Emax), which is generated clinically by load manipulation, as well as the "absolute" peak systolic pressure end-systolic volume ratio (denoted as pressure-volume ratio), have been suggested as indices defining left ventricular function. This study represents an attempt to determine the relationship between these two indices by studying 20 patients (16 with coronary artery disease and 4 with normal coronary arteries) undergoing cardiac catheterization. Left ventriculography was performed three times in each patient: (1) in the control baseline state, (2) after rapid intravenous infusion of 250-300 cc of saline, and (3) after sublingual administration of 5 mg isosorbide dinitrate. Emax was approximated by linear regression using the peak left ventricular pressure (replacing end-systolic pressure) and the smallest left ventricular (end-systolic) volume for these three different loads. Acute ischemia with typical chest pain and ECG changes developed in 4 patients during saline loading. The pressure-volume ratio showed no change with load manipulation in patients who did not demonstrate ischemia. In the 4 patients who developed acute ischemia, the pressure-volume ratio dropped from 4.4 +/- 1.3 to 2.9 +/- 0.9 mmHg/ml (p less than 0.001). In all of the patients, the pressure-volume ratio, but not the Emax, correlated with the ejection fraction (r = 0.6; p less than 0.05). In addition, the Emax line demonstrated a markedly nonphysiological Vo. There was no correlation between Emax and pressure-volume ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Nicotinamide enhances skin flap survival

The effects of nicotinamide in an abdominal island pedicle skin flap were examined. A 7 x 7 cm island pedicle skin flap ligating the left inferior neurovascular pedicle was created on 50 male Sprague Dawley rats (250-275 grams) that were divided into five groups. Animals received either 0.6 cc of saline or doses of nicotinamide for 16 days (14 days preoperatively and 2 days postoperatively): 25 mg b.i.d., 50 mg b.i.d., 100 mg b.i.d. or 200 mg b.i.d. Forty-eight hours postoperatively each animal received 25 mg of Fluorescein via the tail vein. The area of necrosis was visualized and quantified and is presented as % survival. A one factor Fisher PLSD test was performed with a statistical significance of p less than 0.05 with the results as follows: saline 58.8%, 25 mg 68.6%, 50 mg 82%, 100 mg 80.8%, and 200 mg 86%. From this data it would appear that the angiogenic factor nicotinamide may increase random flap survival.

Altered leukocyte delivery to specific and nonspecific inflammatory skin lesions following burn injury.

This study assessed the effect of burn trauma on the in vivo leukocyte cell delivery during the first 24 hr of the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test reaction and a bacterial skin abscess. Inbred male Lewis rats sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were given a 30% scald burn or sham burn. Three days later the animals were injected intradermally, at different sites, with 0.3 mg of KLH, 10(8) organisms of S. aureus 502A, and 0.1 cc of saline, at 2 to 24 hr. Leukocytes labelled with Indium111 oxine(leu111) were injected intravenously. In sham rats the peak leu111 influx in the DTH reaction occurred at 2-4 hr while in the abscess it was biphasic with peaks at 3 hr and 6-8 hr. In burn trauma rats there was a markedly increased leu111 peak at 2 hr in both the DTH and abscess reactions followed by a significantly lower than normal leu111 delivery in the late (6-24) hours. This marked early leukocyte influx in burned rats was paralleled by a reduced DTH skin test lesion (8.2 +/- 1.1 mm to 4.2 +/- 1.1 mm) and an increased bacterial abscess (5.1 +/- 1.1 mm to 8.1 +/- 0.9 mm) post burn. There was a direct correlation between leukocyte cell delivery to a DTH reaction and a bacterial abscess (r8 = 0.69, Spearman rank; p less than 0.001). We conclude that burn trauma results in altered leukocyte delivery to inflammatory lesions and the DTH response can be used to assess the ability of a burn trauma host to recruit leukocytes at a site of infection.

Insulin administration protects from paraplegia in the rat aortic occlusion model

The effect of insulin induced hypoglycemia was evaluated in a rat aortic occlusion model of ischemic paraplegia. One hour before aortic occlusion, 200–250 g Sprague-Dawley rats received either 1 cc of saline or 0.5 units regular insulin in 1 cc saline. Rats were then anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated with halothane (1–1.5%). The aortic arch was exposed and snares were placed on the right and left subclavian arteries and the aorta distal to the left subclavian. The three vessels were occluded for 10 min. Lower extremity neurologic deficit was evaluated at 1, 4, 18, and 24 hr postocclusion based on a 15-point scale (0 = normal, 15 = severe deficit). Lower extremity neurologic deficit was significantly decreased in the insulin-treated group at 18 and 24 hr postocclusion ( P = 0.005 and 0.006, respectively, Student's t test). Blood glucose concentration was significantly lower at the time of occlusion in the insulin-treated group when compared to the saline-treated group ( P = 0.001). We conclude that in this rat model of paraplegia, insulin induced hypoglycemia is associated with a reduction in lower extremity neurologic deficit produced by temporary aortic occlusion.

Detrusor activity at rest in patients with idiopathic detrusor hyperreflexia.

The detrusor activity of the bladder at rest was investigated in the supine position for one hour following instillation of 100 cc of saline in 8 patients with idiopathic hyperreflexia. During the investigation, 5 patients showed bladder hyperreflexia. In 4 cases the activity was accompanied by an increase in the anal sphincter activity, while 1 case showed decreasing sphincteric activity prior to contractions. An analysis of the distribution of the contractions revealed a predominant frequency. The frequency and the amplitude of the detrusor contractions were independent of the bladder volume. Low provocation prolonged cystometry might be a future method of studying bladder activity and bladder pharmacology.

Morphometry of brain parenchymal vessels following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that vascular spasm can occur in brain parenchymal vessels following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Five cc of autologous blood was injected into the cisterna magna of test cats and 5 cc of saline into control cats. After 2 hours, a cranial window was created and cortical tissue frozen in situ with liquid nitrogen. Statistical analysis of 124 test and 93 control arteries and arterioles showed a significantly greater mean wall to lumen ratio in the test vessels but with almost identical mean cross sectional areas for both groups of vessels. This finding provides evidence for at least vasoconstriction, if not frank spasm, in parenchymal vessels in conjunction with SAH.

Effect of tetracaine on pancreatic protein synthesis.

The major interest regarding the pancreatic acinar cell function concerns the mechanism whereby processes of secretion and synthesis are integrated. We now have good evidence from in vivo experiments that feeding (1), cholinergic drugs and pan-creozymin (2) are associated with increased pancreatic enzyme secretion as well as synthesis. Moreover, recent data obtained in vivo (3) and in vitro (4) suggest that changes in the rate of protein synthesis are related to the secretion of the digestive enzymes. Experiments performed with atropine failed to demonstrate such a dissociation between the two processes; indeed, the anti-cholinergic drug was shown to initially reduce enzyme secretion in pigeons (5) and cats (6) and later, to decrease protein (5) and RNA synthesis in pigeons (7). In search for an inhibitor of the pancreozymin effect on pancreatic enzyme secretion, it was recently shown that tetracaine blocked secretion initiated by both the duodenal hormone and urecholine (8). The present investigation was therefore performed to determine if the local anesthetic also cause a reduction in protein synthesis and thus perhaps add another evidence for the control of pancreatic protein synthesis by some factors related to the secretory process. Materials and Methods. Studies were performed using male albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain (335-355 g wt). Before sacrifice, they were prepared under a definite schedule as previously described (4). In vivo experiments. Control rats received intraperitoneally 0.5 cc of saline; treated rats received 14.7 mg/kg of tetracaine. All animals were sacrificed by decapitation 30 min after the injection and their pancreases were incubated as described in the in vitro experiments. In vitro experiments and L-phenylalanine-14C incorporation studies. Rats were sacrificed and their pancreas removed; fat and excess tissue were trimmed and pieces of pancreatic tissue (400 mg) were incubated in tissue culture media (5 ml) containing 1 /xCi of L-phenylalanine-14C (0.37 mCi/μmole) for 30 min at 37°.

State dependent control of discrimination by morphine and pentobarbital.

Rats were trained in state dependent discrimination to escape shock in a T-maze by turning one way under a drug and the other way under saline without aid of exteroceptive cues. In experiment 1, 9.0 nig/kg of morphine, 20 mg/kg of pentobarbital and 0.3 cc of saline were used with a balanced order of training which employed 18 training days under one condition followed by 18 days in the other condition; twelve test days were then given in which conditions were alternated daily. Pentobarbital produced strong state dependent behavior but morphine did not. Experiment 2 used 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, and 36.0 mg/kg of morphine and 0.3 cc of saline with the same procedures as for the first study. Orderly state dependent learning was not found. In experiment 3, the dose levels and procedures were the same as for the second study except that training under the two conditions was carried out concurrently, i.e. morphine and saline trials were given alternately in balanced order. Highly significant dose-related state dependent behavior occurred in both the training and test periods. The results were discussed in relation to state dependent learning, dissociation and opiate addiction.

Local Anesthesia Technique For Anorectal Surgery

To the Editor:— The purpose of this letter is to publicize a simple technique of local anesthesia for anorectal surgery which evolved from that of Schneider 1 and Salvati and Kratzer. 2 Patients are premedicated with an individualized dose of intramuscularly administered meperidine and atropine. The anesthetic solution is prepared by adding 2 ampules of hyaluronidase to 50 cc of 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine. The patient is placed in the prone jack-knife position and the perianal area is thoroughly cleaned. Extremely obese patients or those in whom an airway problem is anticipated are placed in lithotomy position. An intravenous infusion is then started and 2 cc of a solution containing 2 cc of a droperidol and fentanyl citrate mixture (Innovar) and 8 cc of saline is administered into the intravenous tubing. The remaining Innovar solution is administered intermittently during procedure, directly into the intravenous tubing. Perianal infiltration is begun

Slow-infusion compared with direct- injection cholangiography. Application of zonography.

At the present time there are conflicting reports concerning the efficacy of large-dose slow-infusion cholangiography (1, 2). The large-dose slow-infusion method has been compared with the common direct-injection method. In a consecutive completely unselected study, 53 patients were examined by the large-dose infusion method and 53 by the common direct-injection technic. All cases for which intravenous cholangiography was requested were included in this study. There were no exceptions. Technic In both groups the patients were given nothing orally from midnight on. In the direct injection group 20 cc meglumine Cholografin (methylglucamine iodipamide) was injected over a one- to two-minute period. In the infusion group 40 cc of meglumine Cholografin was diluted with 50 cc of saline and infused over a fifteen-minute period. Films were made every fifteen minutes from the onset of administration of medium for a two-hour period unless interrupted by zonography. Single-film examination was done at four hours and...

Renal Phlebography: An Experimental Study in the Pig

By Mats Haverling. Acta radiol., Suppl. 251. Paper, Sw. Kr. 30.—. Pp. 74, with 25 figures and 8 tables. Stockholm, Sweden, 1966. In this thesis, written for the Swedish Doctor of Medicine degree, Docent Haverling reports on the development of an angiographic technic in pigs which allows the consistent demonstration of all the renal veins, including the cortical. Prior to this work, renal veins were filled consistently only to the level of the subcortical veins. He achieves the improved renal venous filling by occluding the aorta and then injecting contrast medium into the inferior vena cava at the level of the renal veins, with the central inferior vena cava occluded. With the renal blood flow effectively stopped, contrast medium is not washed out of the veins, and they can be completely filled. The major part of the monograph is a thorough description of the development of the procedure, a comparison to other technics for renal phlebography, and an evaluation of its potential toxic effects in the kidney. A final section is devoted to its use in 9 patients. The method requires 4 catheters: 2 occlusive balloon catheters, an injection catheter, and a pressure-recording catheter. The injection catheter is introduced into the inferior vena cava via one femoral vein, and its tip is placed at the level of the renal vein orifices. The catheter for recording distal aortic pressure is then introduced via one of the femoral arteries into the distal aorta. One of the balloon catheters is introduced into the inferior vena cava via a femoral vein and placed just above the renal veins. Finally, the other balloon catheter is introduced via a femoral artery into the abdominal aorta and placed above the renal arteries. For the examination, the aorta is occluded by filling the aortic balloon catheter with about 30 cc of saline. A stop watch is started when the blood pressure in the distal aorta begins to fall, and twenty seconds later the vena cava is occluded by filling the vena caval balloon catheter with about 30 cc of saline. About 2 ml/kg body weight of 60 per cent Renografin is then injected into the inferior vena cava over a five-minute period, and 2 to 6 exposures are taken per second for ten to twelve seconds. The balloons are then deflated, and the examination is complete. This technic offers three distinct advantages over previous methods for renal phlebography. (1) The renal venous system can be filled completely; blood flow artefacts are thereby eliminated. (2) Both kidneys can be examined at the same injection. (3) No catheter is placed in the renal vein, which might dislodge thrombus or tumor embolus. Unfortunately, the disadvantages of the method, i.e., the number of catheters used and the fact that two of the catheters are balloon catheters, limit its application to man. This is particularly true because of the relatively primitive state of development of balloon catheters.

The small-bowel examination.

Further experience with the reflux examination of the small intestine and the experience of others, a typical example of which is found elsewhere in this issue of Radiology (p. 1051), support our original enthusiasm for this method of examination and confirm our opinion that the complete reflux method, though relatively new, when properly used is an additional powerful weapon in our diagnostic arsenal. The procedure has been described elsewhere in detail (2). In brief, one should use large-bore tubing and an effective retention device. A 2,000 cc enema of precisely suspended barium sulfate is then followed by 2,500 cc of saline. This pushes the barium into the small bowel, and one can fill it as far as the site of obstruction or the duodenum. The colon is then drained. Two points are important—first, the patient is completely comfortable after drainage and the examiner should then fluoroscope and palpate the abdomen. Particular attention should be paid to any previous or present area of tenderness. Second, this author now uses 100 to 150 mg Demerol and 1 mg atropine ten minutes before the examination to make the patient more comfortable. The first reaction of many radiologists and clinicians to the procedure has been that this examination must be extremely painful. We make no claim that it is a pleasant experience for the patient. The addition of premedication with Demerol, however, has made the examination much easier. It should be emphasized that the period of discomfort is short, lasting only three to five minutes while the small bowel is being filled. As soon as the first film is taken and the bulk of fluid is drained, relief is immediate. Many examinations, including cystoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, esophagoscopy, and bronchoscopy, are more uncomfortable, but are repeatedly utilized when indicated. We do not feel that this method should completely replace the antegrade approach. Except for acute obstruction almost all of our patients have had antegrade studies first, and then the reflux examination has been performed either because no lesion was shown or because it was poorly defined. As a consequence of this selection of cases, disease has been demonstrated in about 50 per cent of those examined. To accomplish the reflux of barium through the ileocecal valve has been much easier than might be expected. Failure has occurred in only 4 per cent of our patients. Success depends partly upon the experience and diligence of the examiner. The contraindications to the reflux examination are the same as for any barium enema study. It has been performed in our department upon more than 150 patients, including the author, and we have had no complications.

Induced ovulation in adult female rats and mice by the single subcutaneous injection of ICSH and HCG

In general, the biological properties of ICSH and HCG are thought to be similar.However, some biological effects of HCG are distinct from that of ICSH. Differences in effects on the male reproductive organs were discussed in the preceding reports 6).In the present paper, the potency of ICSH and HCG to induce ovulationwas compared. Adult female rats of the wistar strain showing the regular 4 dayestrous cycle were employed. Animals received the single subcutaneous injection on the afternoon of the day when the late diestrous smear stage wasshown. Twentyto twenty-two hours after the injection, they were sacrificed and the tubal ova were inspected under 10 time magnification. Hormones used were the same preparations as in the previous studies.6), 9) A given dose of the hormone was dissolved in 0.1 to 0.4 cc of saline on the day of the injection.Summarized results of the induced ovulation by sheep ICSH and two preparations of HCG in rats areshown in Fig. 1. The dosage of gonadotrophins is expressed by the prostate unit, which is the convinient unit available to standardize the biological activity of any sort of gonadotrophic substances.6) To standardize the ovulation inducing activity of gonadotrophins, the authors define one rat ovulating unit as the amount ofhormone which will induce ovulation in 50 % of treated rats. One rat ovulating unit of preparations of sheep ICSH, purified and crude HCG is about 0.19, 11 and 25 Pr. U. respectively. Accordingly, it is clear that, in ICSH, the ovulation inducing potency is more active as compared with the effect stimulating androgensecretion, On the contrary, the ovulation inducing potency is very weak when compared with the androgen secreting activity in HCG. These results may give some suggestion in clinical apprication.The dd strain mice is not so sensitive to sheep ICSH,

24-Hour rhythm in susceptibility of C mice to a toxic dose of ethanol.

Male C mice were injected (i.p.) with 0.8 cc of saline or with a 25% ethanol solution in two experiments. In each experiment, separate subgroups of comparable mice were injected at 4-hour intervals during a 24-hour period, under conditions standardized for periodicity analysis. Death rates from ethanol showed a 24-hour rhythm in susceptibility; over 50% of the mice injected in one phase of rhythm died from the injection of a dose of ethanol which barely killed 30% of comparable mice injected in another phase, 12 hours earlier or 12 hours later. In one experiment, ethanol-induced hypothermia was recorded and its degree also was found to be a function of 24-hour rhythm. Submitted on January 6, 1959

Continuous Recording of Circulatory Hemoglobin

An electronic method for continuously recording hemoglobin concentration in the blood of experimental animals is described, and the theory, calibration, accuracy, and uses of the apparatus are discussed. The principal value of the apparatus lies in the study of very rapid changes in hemoglobin concentration such as that which occurs following injection of fluid into the blood stream. As little as one-half cc of saline injected into the vein of an average dog will cause a quantitatively measurable change in the hemoglobin concentration.