Cavity Disinfectants Research Articles

Effect of a novel quaternary ammonium silane cavity disinfectant on durability of resin–dentine bond

ObjectiveThe present study examined the effect of a quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) cavity disinfectant on the viability of human dental pulp cells, dentine bond durability and nanoleakage of simplified etch-and-rinse adhesives. MethodsEtched dentine surface of third molars were randomly divided into two adhesive groups, Adper™ Single Bond 2 and Prime & Bond® NT™. For each adhesive, the teeth were randomly assigned to five cavity disinfectant groups (N=6): Group 1: deionised water (control); Group 2: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); Group 3: 2% QAS; Group 4: 5% QAS and Group 5: 10% QAS. The cavity disinfectants were applied on etched dentine surfaces for 20s, followed by adhesive application. The bonded teeth were sectioned for bond strength testing at 24h, 6 months and 12 months. Viability of human dental pulpal cells was examined using MTT assay. Bond strength data were analysed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Interfacial nanoleakage was evaluated after 24h and 12 months and analysed using Kruskal–Wallis test. ResultsSignificant differences in bond strength were observed for the factors disinfectants (p<0.001) and time (p<0.001); while the factor, adhesive, was not significantly different (p=0.203). The 2% QAS cavity disinfectant preserved bond strength of both adhesives and reduced interfacial nanoleakage after 12 months. Cell viability was the lowest for 2% CHX, followed by 2% QAS and the control. ConclusionsThe 2% QAS cavity disinfectant demonstrated greater cell viability compared to 2% CHX, with no adverse effect on immediate bond strength and preserved bond stability over time. Clinical significanceIncorporation of 2% quaternary ammonium silane cavity disinfectant in the resin–dentine bonding protocol enhances the success rate of bonded restorations.

Effect of a novel quaternary ammonium silane on dentin protease activities

ObjectivesDemineralized dentin collagen release C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide (ICTP) and C-terminal peptide (CTX) during degradation. The present study evaluated the effects of dentin pre-treatment with K21, a quaternary ammonium silane (QAS), on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and cathepsin K-mediated collagen degradation. MethodsDentin beams were demineralized with 10% H3PO4 for 24h. After baseline dry mass measurements, the beams were divided into 5 groups (N=10) according to protease inhibitors. The beams were pre-treated for 2min with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 2%, 5% or 10% QAS; no pre-treatment was performed for the control group. The beams were subsequently incubated in calcium- and zinc-containing medium for 3, 7 or 14days, after which changes in dry mass were measured and incubation media were examined for ICTP and CTX release. The MMP-2 and cathepsin K activities in QAS-treated dentin powder were also quantified using ELISA. ResultsThe two factors (disinfectants and time) had a significant effect on dry mass loss, ICTP and CTX release (p<0.001). The percentage of dry mass loss increased with time and was significantly lower in all experimental groups when compared to the control at 14days (p<0.001). Conversely, the rate of ICTP and CTX release was significantly lower in the experimental groups, compared to the uninhibited control at 7 and 14days (p<0.001). Dentinal MMP-2 and cathepsin K activities were significantly reduced after demineralized dentin was pre-treated with QAS. ConclusionThe experimental QAS is a good inhibitor of MMP and cathepsin K activities in demineralized dentin. Clinical significanceThe newly developed antibacterial quaternary ammonium silane increases the resistance of dentin collagen to degradation by inhibiting endogenous matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins. The quaternary ammonium silane cavity disinfectant is promising for use as a protease inhibitor to improve durability of resin-dentin bonds.

Role of Herbal Agents - Tea Tree Oil and Aloe vera as Cavity Disinfectant Adjuncts in Minimally Invasive Dentistry-An In vivo Comparative Study.

The prevention and control of caries necessitates the elimination of cariogenic bacteria and cavity disinfectants have proved to play a major role in achieving the goal. The use of phytotherapy is trending and many natural products have shown anti-microbial properties which can be used as cavity disinfectant in the field of dentistry. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of herbal antibacterial agents (Tea Tree Oil (TTO) and Aloe vera) with commercially available 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as cavity disinfectant for use in minimally invasive dentistry. The study included three test groups, Group I (2% chlorhexidine), Group II (tea tree oil), Group III (Aloe vera gel) with a control group (distilled water). Ten patients with atleast one tooth with an occlusal or occluso-proximal lesion suitable for Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) were selected for each group, dentinal samples were collected using sterile spoon excavators at three stages from each tooth viz., pre-excavation, post-excavation and post-disinfection of the cavities. These dentinal samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for Total Viable Count (TVC). The data collected were statistically analysed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. The results of present study showed that there was a statistically significant reduction in TVC when compared between pre and post excavation in all the groups (p<0.05) and post- excavation and post-disinfection in all the test groups (p<0.05) (except control group). Post-disinfection, 2% chlorhexidine showed highest reduction in TVC followed by 1% tea tree oil and aloe vera gel. Natural antibacterial agents like tea tree oil and aloe vera could be effectively used as cavity disinfectants which will help in minimizing secondary caries and rendering a long term restorative success.

Effect of Dentin Disinfection with 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate and 0.3% Iodine on Dentin Bond Strength: An in vitro Study.

Objective Cavity preparation is a surgical procedure that attempts to remove all infected dentin.1 Bacteria left beneath the filling material is greatest threat to the pulp. To reduce the potential for residual caries development and sensitivity, an antibacterial solution with the ability to disinfect the prepared tooth surface would be of help.2 So this study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of dentin disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Consepsis) and 0.3% iodine (Ora5) on shear bond strength (SBS) of self-etch adhesives to dentin.Materials and methods Buccal surfaces of 36 caries-free permanent third molars were ground to expose dentin. All specimens were mounted on acrylic block, divided randomly into three groups, namely group I (control), group II (Con-sepsis), and group III (Ora5). After the application of cavity disinfectant and bonding procedures as per manufacturer’s instructions, composite cylinders were built. Then SBS was measured using universal testing machine.Results Statistical analysis of the measurements were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), which showed that when cavity disinfectants (Consepsis and Ora5) were used there was significant reduction in SBS of composite to dentin when compared with that of control group.Interpretation and conclusion The results indicate that the use of commercially available cavity disinfectants, Consepsis containing 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and Ora5 containing 0.3% iodine and 0.15% potassium iodide with self-etch adhesive (Adper Prompt), would significantly lower SBS of composite to dentin.How to cite this article Suma NK, Shashibhushan KK, Reddy VVS. Effect of Dentin Disinfection with 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate and 0.3% Iodine on Dentin Bond Strength: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(3):223-228.

Farklı Kavite Dezenfektanlarının Bir Posterior Kompozitin Bağlanma Dayanımına Etkisi

Amaç: İki farklı adezif sistem kullanılarak posterior kompozit rezinin dentine bağlanmasında farklı kavite dezenfektan uygulamalarının etkisini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kırk adet molar diş dentin yüzeyi hazırlanarak kavite dezenfeksiyon uygulamalarına göre rastgele dört deney grubuna ayrıldı (n=10). Daha sonra her bir grup asitleme prosedürüne göre (''iki basamaklı'' ''etch & rinse'' sistem ve bir basamaklı ''self etch'' sistem) rastgele iki alt gruba daha ayrıldı (n=5). Kavite dezenfeksiyon işlemlerinden (klorheksidin glukonat, lazer, ozon) sonra bonding sistemler (Adper Single Bond 2 ve Clearfil S3 Bond Plus) üretici firmaların önerilerine göre uygulandı ve örnekler rezin kompozit (Clearfil Majesty Posterior) ile restore edildi. Yirmi dört saat sonra restore edilen dişler düşük hızda çalışan kesme cihazıyla (Isomet 1.000, Buehler) her bir dişten dört adet mikro örnek (1 mm x 1 mm) elde edilecek şekilde kesildi (n=20). Örneklere mikrotensil bağlanma testi uygulandı. Sonuçlar two-way ANOVA testi ile analiz edildi (p<0,05). Bulgular: ''self etch'' uygulanan kontrol ve lazer grupları arasında önemli farklılıklar saptandı (p<0,05). ''etch & rinse'' uygulanan kontrol grubunun bağlanma dayanımı değerleri lazer ve klorheksidin grubunun değerlerinden önemli derecede farklı idi (p<0,05). Sonuç: Kavite dezenfektan uygulamaları, posterior rezin kompozitin dentine bağlanmasını etkilemiştir.

Effect of cavity disinfectants on antibacterial activity and microtensile bond strength in class I cavity.

This study was performed to compare the antibacterial activities of three cavity disinfectants [chlorhexidine (CHX), NaOCl, urushiol] and to evaluate their effect on the microtensile bond strength of Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (3M-ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) in class I cavities. In both experiments, class I cavities were prepared in dentin. After inoculation with Streptococcus mutans, the cavities of control group were rinsed and those of CHX, NaOCl and urushiol groups were treated with each disinfectant. Standardized amounts of dentin chips were collected and number of S. mutans was determined. Following the same cavity treatment, same adhesive was applied in etch-and-rinse mode. Then, microtensile bond strength was evaluated. The number of S. mutans was significantly reduced in the cavities treated with CHX, NaOCl, and urushiol compared with control group (p<0.05). However, there was a significant bond strength reduction in NaOCl group, which showed statistical difference compared to the other groups (p<0.05).

Assessment of antibacterial activity of different treatment modalities in deciduous teeth: an in vitro study

ABSTRACTIn recent years, different biotechnological materials and modalities with antibacterial activity are being developed for oral cavity disinfection. However, the antimicrobial effects of all these materials have not been studied and understood in detail. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of ozone therapy with dentine-bonding agents (containing antibacterial monomer 12-meth-acryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB) and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) and Ca(OH)2 for deciduous teeth in vitro. The antibacterial effectiveness of the studied materials was determined by using a tooth cavity model on cylindrical cavities created in 90 deciduous second mandibular molars. Streptococcus mutans suspension was inoculated in the cavities. The teeth were distributed into six study groups (five different modalities and a negative control group). Dentine samples, which were collected from the cavities before and after the treatment sessions, were microbiologically evaluated and the materials’ antibacterial activities were compared. There were statistically significiant differences in the S. mutans counts before and after treatment (P < 0.05). In terms of antibacterial efficiency, 60-second O3 treatment was found to be the most successful method, followed by 30-second O3, Clearfil Protect Bond (containing MDPB), Clearfil SE Bond (containing MDP) and Ca(OH)2 treatment. The results from this study suggested that longer exposure to ozone might have more beneficial effects in terms of antibacterial activity for reducing the levels of S. mutans.

Development of a Cavity Disinfectant Containing Antibacterial Monomer MDPB

An experimental cavity disinfectant (ACC) that is intended to be used for various direct and indirect restorations was prepared by adding an antibacterial monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinum bromide (MDPB) at 5% into 80% ethanol. The antibacterial effectiveness of ACC and its influences on the bonding abilities of resin cements were investigated. To examine the antibacterial activity of unpolymerized MDPB, the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined for Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, Parvimonas micra, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Antibacterial activities of ACC and the commercial cavity disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine and ethanol (CPS) were evaluated by agar disk diffusion tests through 7 bacterial species and by MIC and MBC measurement for S. mutans. The effects of ACC and CPS to kill bacteria in dentinal tubules were compared with an S. mutans–infected dentin model. Shear bond strength tests were used to examine the influences of ACC on the dentin-bonding abilities of a self-adhesive resin cement and a dual-cure resin cement used with a primer. Unpolymerized MDPB showed strong antibacterial activity against 7 oral bacteria. ACC produced inhibition zones against all bacterial species similar to CPS. For ACC and CPS, the MIC value for S. mutans was identical, and the MBC was similar with only a 1-step dilution difference (1:2). Treatment of infected dentin with ACC resulted in significantly greater bactericidal effects than CPS (P < 0.05, analysis of variance and Tukey’s honest significant difference test). ACC showed no negative influences on the bonding abilities to dentin for both resin cements, while CPS reduced the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement (P < 0.05). This study clarified that the experimental cavity disinfectant containing 5% MDPB is more effective in vitro than the commercially available chlorhexidine solution to eradicate bacteria in dentin, without causing any adverse influences on the bonding abilities of resinous luting cements.

Novel Cavity Disinfectants Containing Quaternary Ammonium Monomer Dimethylaminododecyl Methacrylate.

This study was set to assess the possible benefits of novel cavity disinfectants with 5% dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM); and compare the effectiveness of saliva microbial-aging method with water-aging in measuring the changing of resin–dentin bond strength. Three cavity disinfectants were tested: 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX); 5% DMADDM; and 5% DMADDM + 0.2% CHX. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test was performed after microbial-aging with saliva microbial or water aging for one month. Hydroxyproline (HYP), the production of collagen degradation, was measured spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the antibacterial effects of each reagent were evaluated. The 5% DMADDM exerted the least percentage of resin–dentin bond strength loss after one month microbial-aging (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences of bond strength decrease after one month water aging among the tested groups (p > 0.05). Microbial-aging method yield more drop of bond strength than water aging in all groups except 5% DMADDM (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, 5% DMADDM had the same matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitory effects as the other two agents (p > 0.05), but much stronger antibacterial capability than 0.2% CHX (p < 0.05). This indicated that a cavity disinfectant with 5% DMADDM is promising for improving the stability of resin–dentin bonds in appearance of saliva biofilm; and the saliva microbial-aging method is more promising for studying the durability of resin–dentin bonds than water aging.

Ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera and propolis as cavity disinfectants: An in vitro study

Introduction: Though a large number of agents including chlorhexidine have been used for cavity disinfection during restorative procedures, till date none has proved to be “ideal.” Thus, there is a need for an alternative cavity disinfectant, which is safe, effective, and economic. Herbal extracts of Aloe vera and propolis have shown the potential to be used as cavity disinfectants but not much is known about them. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera and propolis against S. mutans and L. acidophilus, along with assessing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Materials and Methods: The study included three groups: 2% chlorhexidine solution (group I), ethanolic extract of Aloe vera (group II), and ethanolic extract of propolis (group III). An MIC test was carried out using tissue culture microplates and serial dilution technique and later to MBC, an aliquot of each incubated well with concentrations higher than MIC was subcultured on brain heart infusion (BHI) medium. Antibacterial assay was carried out using agar disk diffusion technique and zones of inhibition were determined. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for intergroup comparison followed by post hoc Tukey’s test for groupwise comparison. Results: Group II and Group III showed bacteriostatic effect but no bactericidal effect against both S. mutans and L. acidophilus. There was a significant difference in the antibacterial activity against both the tested microorganisms among all the groups, the highest being in group I followed by group II and group III. Conclusions: Ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera and propolis are only bacteriostatic and their antibacterial efficacy is inferior to chlorhexidine against both S. mutans and L. acidophilus.

In vivo comparison of cavity disinfection efficacy with APF gel, Propolis, Diode Laser, and 2% chlorhexidine in primary teeth.

Background:The survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations would be enhanced if near total elimination of cariogenic microorganisms could be done in the process of cavity cleaning before placing a restoration. Thus, use of disinfecting agents for achieving this goal could herald a new beginning in the field of contemporary dentistry.Aim:To assess and compare the cavity disinfection efficacy of APF gel, Brazilian Propolis, Diode Laser, and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX).Materials and Methods:The study was a randomized, single blinded, parallel grouped, active controlled trial. Eighty primary molars in 68 children with cavitated dentinal occlusal caries were randomly assigned into four groups (20 teeth each) Group I: APF gel; Group II: Propolis; Group III: Diode Laser, and Group IV: 2% CHX (control). After cavity preparation using ART procedure, dentinal samples collected before and after disinfection with respective agent of the group. These samples were subjected to microbiological evaluation, for total viable count (TVC) on blood agar, Streptococcus mutans on mutans-sanguis (MS) agar, and Lactobacilli (LB) on Rogosa agar.Results:Intragroup comparison (Wilcoxon signed rank test) showed significant reductions in TVC, MS, and LB counts in all the groups. Pairwise Mann–Whitney test showed APF gel had least bacterial reductions among the agents tested.Conclusion:This study illustrated the need for cavity disinfection. Diode Laser and Brazilian Propolis are equally effective as 2% CHX in cavity disinfection.

Effects and Effectiveness of Cavity Disinfectants in Operative Dentistry: A Literature Review

The degree of success in the elimination of bacteria during cavity preparation and prior to the insertion of a restoration may increase the longevity of the restoration and therefore the success of the restorative procedure. The complete eradication of bacteria in a caries-affected tooth, during cavity preparation, is considered a difficult clinical task. In addition to weakening the tooth structure, attempts to excavate extensive carious tissue completely, by only mechanical procedures, may affect the vitality of the pulp. Therefore, disinfection of the cavity preparation after caries excavation can aid in the elimination of bacterial remnants that can be responsible for recurrent caries, postoperative sensitivity, and failure of the restoration. However, the effects of disinfectants on the restorative treatment have been a major concern for dental clinicians and researchers. This review aims to explore existing literature and provide information about different materials and techniques that have been used for disinfecting cavity preparations and their effects and effectiveness in operative dentistry and, therefore, helps dental practitioners with clinical decision to use cavity disinfectants during restorative procedures. Antimicrobial effectiveness and effects on the pulp and dental restorations, in addition to possible side effects, were all reviewed in this paper.

Disinfectants to Fight Oral Candida Biofilms.

Oral biofilms, especially those caused by oral mycobiota, which include Candida species, are very difficult to eradicate, due to their complex structure and recalcitrance. Moreover, the mouth is prone to be colonized since it presents different types of surfaces, especially biomaterials and dental implants, often associated with a high rate of infections. Therefore, although disinfection of the oral cavity is of major importance, the number of commercially available disinfectants is not high. However, new solutions, as silver nanoparticles are being developed to help oral biofilms' eradication.

Antibacterial capacity of cavity disinfectants against Streptococcus mutans and their effects on shear bond strength of a self-etch adhesive.

We evaluated the antibacterial properties of three disinfectants [2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and 0.01% urushiol)] against Streptococcus mutans and their effects on bond strength of Scotchbond(TM) Universal. The reduction in bacterial growth was evaluated by the colony counting method. Total 105 specimens were assigned to seven groups, according to surface pretreatment: control group (C) without pretreatment; chlorhexidine gluconate with rinse (CR) or without rinse (CD); NaOCl with rinse (NR) or without rinse (ND); and urushiol with rinse (UR) or without rinse (UD). The shear bond test was performed at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. None of the disinfected specimens had viable microbes after a 30 min incubation. The control group exhibited the strongest bond; however, no significant difference was detected with the disinfectant-treated groups, except weak bonding with ND group. These findings suggest that all disinfectants tested had strong antibacterial capacity and may better be rinsed away.

The Effect of Ozone Gas on Dentin Shear Bond Strength

Introduction The basic aim in the prevention of dental decay is to reduce the factors creating decay and to increase the protective approaches [1]. Complete elimination cannot be provided of the pathogen bacteria in the dentin to remove the decay lesion. When minimally invasive cavity design is planned to prevent excessive substance loss, this problem becomes more important. Bacteria remaining in the dentin tissue under a restoration may cause secondary decay and pulpal inflammation [2]. After physical removal of the decay lesion, the elimination of bacteria and bacterial by-products is necessary [2,3]. In previous studies, cavity disinfectants, antibacterial restorative materials, laser, light-activated disinfection systems and ozone have been used for this purpose [3].

Does 2% chlorhexidine digluconate cavity disinfectant or sodium fluoride/hydroxyethyl methacrylate affect adhesion of universal adhesive to dentin?

The objectives of this study were to investigate the adhesion of a universal adhesive used either in total-etch (TE) or self-etch (SE) mode with and without 2% chlorhexidine digluconate cavity disinfectant (CHX) or sodium fluoride/hydroxyethyl methacrylate (NaF/HEMA) to dentin. Dentin surfaces of extracted human non-carious third molar teeth (N = 18) were exposed and randomly assigned to two groups. Half of the teeth were conditioned with TE and the others with SE adhesive mode. The teeth were then randomly divided into two groups where half were cleaned with 2% CHX (Cavity Cleanser, Bisco, CC) and the other half with NaF/HEMA (Aqua Prep F, Bisco, APF). Control groups in TE (C1) and SE (C2) adhesive system did not receive any cavity disinfectant. Dentin surfaces were conditioned with universal adhesive (Single Bond Universal, SBU) and resin composite blocks (3 M Z550) were bonded incrementally on the conditioned dentin using a mold. The teeth were stored in water for 48 h, and from each tooth, beam-shaped specimens (1 mm2) were prepared (n = 14, per group). Microtensile bond strength (MBS) was measured using a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). Data (MPa) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Two-parameter Weibull distribution values including the Weibull modulus, scale (m), and shape (0) values were calculated. Mean MTBS results (MPa) showed significant difference between the experimental groups (p = 0.001) and were in descending order as follows: C1-CC (32.8 ± 6.4)a < C1 (24.4 ± 5.2)b < C2 (21.1 ± 4.8)b < C1-APF (19.3 ± 4.4)b < C2-CC (14.1 ± 4.1)c < C2-APF (8.1 ± 2.1)d. C1 and C2 presented non-significant bond strength of the resin composite bonded with SBU (p > 0.05). CC application significantly increased the bond strength in TE mode, but significant reduction was observed when used in SE mode (p < 0.05). The use of APF did not significantly decrease the bond strength in TE mode, but significant reduction was observed when used in SE mode. Considering Weibull parameters, characteristics of adhesion seem to be less reliable for C2-CC (m = 3.86) and more reliable for C1-CC (m = 6.77). Failure types were predominantly adhesive between the dentin and the adhesive resin. Mixed failures were more common for both C1 and C2 and total etch-CC combination.

Effects of cavity disinfectants on bond strength of an etch-and-rinse adhesive to water- or ethanol-saturated sound and caries-affected dentin

Objective: To evaluate the effect of cavity disinfectants on the immediate microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of an etch-and-rinse adhesive to water- and ethanol-saturated sound and caries-affected dentin (CAD). Material and Methods: Thirty-six human molars were sectioned to expose 1/3 of the mid-coronal dentin surface. Sound (n = 18) and CAD (n = 18) specimens were divided into six groups each (n = 3): one positive control (sound), one negative control (CAD), and five experimental groups each. In the control group, dentin surfaces were bonded using an etch-and-rinse adhesive with a traditional water-wet bonding technique. In the experimental groups, ozone was applied before etching and chlorhexidine after etching. In the ethanol-wet bonding groups, acid-etched dentin surfaces were treated with ethanol. Following adhesive application and composite buildups, bonded specimens were sectioned to form sticks. Failure modes were analyzed using a stereomicroscope. Results: The water-wet bonded sound control group yielded the highest μTBS among all groups (p < 0.001). The lowest μTBS values were observed in the ozone groups (p < 0.05). The ethanol-wet bonded CAD group exhibited a higher μTBS than the water-wet bonded negative controls. Although compared to the positive control, chlorhexidine decreased the μTBS (p < 0.05), an increase with no significant difference was observed in the negative control (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The μTBS values of CAD were lower than those of sound dentin. Ethanol-wet bonding improved the μTBS of CAD. Ozone application reduced the μTBS in both sound and CAD; chlorhexidine improved the immediate μTBS after etching in CAD.

Can Dentin Surfaces Be Bonded Safely With Ozone and Boric Acid?

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different cavity disinfectants on shear bond strength. In this study, 60 caries-free human molar teeth were used. Smooth dentin surfaces were revealed by cutting occlusal enamel and a standard smear layer was obtained by using 600-grid sandpaper. Specimens were randomly assigned to four groups according to the disinfectant used: Group 1: Control (no disinfectant); Group 2: Ozone; Group 3: Chlorhexidine, Group 4: Boric acid. Specimens were bonded using S3 Plus Bond and the composite buildups were created by using composite resin according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After specimens were kept for 24 h, at 37 °C in distilled water, the shear bond strength test was measured with a universal test machine. The highest bond strength values were observed in the control group. The bond strength was significantly lower in the chlorhexidine, and boric acid-treated groups than it was in the control group (respectively, p = 0.046 and p = 0.028); however, no significant difference in the bond strength was observed between the ozone group and the control group (p = 0.444). The ozone group was detected as having the best shear bond strength values in groups which were applied to cavity disinfectants.

Effect of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate cavity disinfectant on microtensile bond strength of tooth-coloured restorative materials to sound and caries-affected dentin

This study evaluated the effect of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-based cavity disinfectant (CHX) on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer and packable resin composite to sound and caries-affected dentin. Sound and occlusal caries-affected human third molars (N = 36, n = 3 per group) were randomly divided into three experimental groups to receive one of the following restorative materials. (a) Glass ionomer (Ketac Molar, 3 M ESPE; GI), (b) resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer, 3 M ESPE; RMGI) and (c) packable resin composite (Surefil, Dentsply; PRC) with a bonding agent (Prime Bond NT, Dentsply De Trey). Caries was removed using a caries-detecting dye (Caries Detector, Kuraray Medical Ltd.) and flat dentin surfaces were achieved by finishing up to 1200-grit silicon carbide abrasive. Half of the teeth in each group received 2% CHX (Consepsis, Ultradent). Dentin surfaces were built-up with the respective materials incrementally and were sectioned with a slow-speed saw into multiple beams. The beams were subjected to μTBS test (0.5 mm/min) in a Universal Testing Machine. The data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests. For each restorative material, μTBS results were not affected by the application of CHX (p > 0.05) on both sound and caries-affected dentin (p > 0.05). PRC in combination with the corresponding bonding agent showed significantly higher results (p < 0.05) than those of GI and RMGI, on sound and caries-affected teeth, respectively. Cohesive failure in dentin was not observed in any of the groups. The use of 2% chlorhexidine-based cavity disinfectant did not impair the adhesion of the restorative materials tested to either sound or caries-affected dentin.

EFFETS OF DIFFERENT CAVITY DISINFECTANT PROCEDURES ON MICROTENSILE BOND STRENGTH OF PERMANENT TEETH

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different cavity disinfectants and KTP laser applied before/after acid-etching on microtensile bond strength of a composite resin to permanent teeth. The selection of the right cavity disinfectants may reduce the residual bacteria after cavity preparation. Materials and Methods: Chlorhexidine (CHX), propolis(PRO), ozonated water(OW), gaseous ozone(OG) and KTP laser were used for this purpose. Twenty two third molar teeth were divided into two groups (n=12,n=10). In the first group, the cavity disinfectants were used before acid-etching (n=12) and in the second group, cavity disinfectants were used after acid-etching(n=10). One group received no pre-treatment and was set as control(CONT). After sample preparation, composite crowns were built up and sticks were obtained from these samples. The sticks were then stressed in tension until failure using a universal testing machine and the data were recorded. The sticks were analyzed under SEM. Results: The μTBS values of the disinfectants applied before acid-etching were KTP>CONT>OW>PRO>CHX>OG and the μTBS values when disinfectant solutions were applied after acid-etching were KTP>CONT>PRO>OW>CHX>OG, respectively.SEM analyses showed cohesive fractures in increased μTBS. Conclusion: The cavity disinfectants should be used before acid-etching and the results of this study revealed that KTP and OW might be safely used as cavity disinfectants.