Cavitation Device Research Articles

Generation of Bulk Nanobubbles by Self-Developed Venturi-Type Circulation Hydrodynamic Cavitation Device.

Bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have attracted substantial interest from academia and industry owing to their peculiar properties and extensive potential applications. However, a scalable engineering method needs to be developed. Herein, we developed a nanobubble generator based on venturi-type recirculating hydrodynamic cavitation. The existence of nanobubbles produced by our generator was confirmed using physicochemical test methods, including the Tyndall effect, multiple freeze-thaw degassing experiments, and trace metal analysis. Subsequently, the effects of different operating parameters (circulation time and operating pressure) on bulk nanobubble production and properties, as well as their stability, were investigated. The results suggest that the characteristics of BNBs varied with the circulation time (5-20 min) and operating pressure (2-5 bar). However, all the particle size distribution of BNBs had a bimodal distribution with a mean diameter of 180-210 nm for the different circulation time and operating pressures. For example, by increasing the circulation time from 5 to 20 min, the peak value of size distribution decreased from 333/122 nm to 218/52 nm, and the average sample scattering signal count rate (Avg. Count Rate) increased from 133 to 303 Kcps. The evaluation of the stability of the BNBs formed for the circulation time of 15 min and the operating pressure of 3 bar showed that they could continue existence and stability in the suspension for 72 h. The study results might provide a valuable method for further investigation of industrial applications of venturi-type nanobubble generators.

Possible use of precipitation for water recirculation system of a machine building site: analysis

An urgent task for industrial enterprises of metallurgical complexes is to create a rational and most environmentally friendly cycle of recycling water supply. One of the options for optimizing the efficiency of the water supply system is the collection and use of precipitation. This article presents the conducted studies of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation collected from the roof of the mechanical assembly shop of a machine-building enterprise in the Moscow region, as well as the possibilities of their further use in the circulating water supply cycle of this enterprise. At the first stage of the experiments, a primary assessment of the chemical and microbiological indicators of the quality of atmospheric precipitation was carried out depending on the season, and the data obtained were compared with the requirements of regulatory documents. In order to inhibit biological processes occurring during the collection and accumulation of atmospheric precipitation, a technology for the disinfection of effluents was proposed, based on the use of hydrodynamic cavitation devices. A method for calculating the applied hydrodynamic devices is presented. The technology of ultrafiltration purification through ceramic membrane filters was proposed as the final stage of additional purification of atmospheric precipitation but with standard values. This stage allows with a high degree of efficiency to remove from the water micro-impurities of suspended solids, as well as formed in the process of hydrodynamic treatment of insoluble compounds. The proposed technology of hydrodynamic treatment of atmospheric water with subsequent ultrafiltration was subsequently successfully tested in real conditions. The calculation of the expected volumes of formation and collection of atmospheric precipitation was carried out with an assessment of the possibility of reducing the volume of water consumption from an artesian well. The high prospects of using atmospheric precipitation for feeding individual operations (galvanic processes, boiler water) have been confirmed. This research was carried out under a programme aimed at giving support to young research and teaching staff of D.Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Application No. К-2020-015.

Improved hydrodynamic cavitation device with expanded orifice plate for effective chlorotetracycline degradation: Optimization of device and operation parameters

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a promising technology for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this work, the degradation of chlorotetracycline in aqueous solution is performed by using an improved HC device with expanded orifice plate in three-dimension. Different instrument parameters in the improved HC device such as the diameter (X) of orifice distribution region, the length (Y) of orifice plate inlet region and the length (Z) of orifice plate outlet region are optimized. The influences of some operating parameters including inlet pressure, solution pH and initial chlorotetracycline concentration on the HC degradation of chlorotetracycline are investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). Besides, the effects of inorganic anions, metal ions and H2O2 on the degradation of chlorotetracycline by using HC are explored. The formed intermediate products during the chlorotetracycline degradation are detected by using LC-MS. The results manifested that the chlorotetracycline molecules can be degraded into some organic compounds with low molecular weight in HC degradation process. And that, these intermediate products can be further oxidized into CO2, H2O and some inorganic ions with the extension of treatment time in the HC + H2O2 system. The experimental results indicated that, for optimized device parameters (X = 32 mm, Y = 100 mm and Z = 200 mm), the degradation ratios can reach 78.53% and 94.65%, respectively, in HC and HC + H2O2 systems under 3.0 bar inlet pressure, 10 mg/L initial chlorotetracycline concentration and pH = 7.0. And the mineralization ratio can reach 60.77% in the HC + H2O2 system for 60 min treatment time, demonstrating that chlorotetracycline can be mineralized effectively. The existences of the inorganic anions and the metal ions show a certain inhibition effect for the chlorotetracycline degradation reactions by using HC. Overall, the work revealed that the HC is a potential technology for a large-scale treatment of antibiotics contaminated water.

Safe water and technology initiative for water disinfection: Application of natural plant derived materials

Safe drinking water is the necessity of life. The present study reveals use of natural resources such as plant extracts and natural oils for water disinfection. Differences between oil and water soluble additives were highlighted for plant extracts and insoluble natural oils. A hybrid hydrodynamic cavitation process was quite effective in both the cases and high rates of disinfection were achieved. Studies were reported using oils (ginger, turmeric, lavender, tulsi) and rhizome derived plant extracts such as ginger, turmeric and mango ginger, as additives in process intensification (0.1% v/V). A vortex based cavitation device (vortex diode, nominal capacity 1 m3/h) was used with pressure drop of 1 bar. A high disinfection of 96% and 88% was obtained in 15 min for ginger oil and mango ginger extract respectively as compared to 44% using cavitation alone. Acoustic cavitation gave 94% and 30% disinfection with and without additive-mango ginger extract. The FTIR analyses before and after cavitation, with ginger additive, showed no by-products formation and indicated gingerol as active component in disinfection. The per-pass disinfection values were also higher, up to 5 times than cavitation alone. Hybrid hydrodynamic cavitation using natural plant derived materials can offer a promising technology alternative in water disinfection.

Effect of NaCl and CO2 on the inception control of hydrodynamic cavitation by gas solubility change

Hydrodynamic cavitation is a common natural phenomenon that has positive and negative implications in several fields. In one hand, it is a major cause of corrosion and noise radiation in the marine industry. On the other hand, it is used as an innovative process for enhancing mineral flotation and water disinfection. Therefore, understanding the promotion and prevention mechanisms of hydrodynamic cavitation inception is essential for industrial applications. In this study, a Venturi tube was used as the hydrodynamic cavitation device, and the cavitation inceptions were measured using the sound-detection method. NaCl was shown to promote cavitation inception of water. However, no obvious change was observed for air-saturated NaCl solutions. These results are explained by the increase in air saturation level when salt is added into water. Based on this idea, the cavitation inception can be controlled by modifying the CO2 solubility through changing the pH of carbonated water, a process that was shown to be reversible. These findings are applicable to industrial operations that try to avoid cavitation or those where the generation of bubbles is required.

Investigation into cavitational intensity and COD reduction performance of the pinned disc reactor with various rotor-stator arrangements

In this study, the hydrodynamic cavitation and wastewater treatment performance of a rotary generator with pin disk for hydrodynamic cavitation are investigated. Various geometrical features and arrangements of rotor and stator pins were evaluated to improve the configuration of the cavitation device. The pilot device used to perform the experiments was upgraded with a transparent cover that allows visualization of the hydrodynamic cavitation in the rotor-stator region with high-speed camera and simultaneous measurement of pressure fluctuations. Based on the hydrodynamic characteristics, three arrangements were selected and evaluated with respect to the chemical effects of cavitation on a 200-liter wastewater influent sample. The experimental results show that the rotational speed and the spacing of the rotor pins have the most significant effect on the cavitation intensity and effectiveness, while the pin diameter and the surface roughness are less significant design parameters. Cavitation intensity increases with pin velocity, but can be inhibited if the pins are arranged too close together. At best configuration, COD was reduced by 31% in 15 liquid passes, consuming 8.2 kWh/kg COD. The number of liquid passes also proved to be an important process parameter for improving the energy efficiency.

Effects of Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Needle Extract Produced via Hydrodynamic Cavitation on Seed Germination.

This paper describes the antigerminant capacity of water extracts of silver fir needles created by means of hydrodynamic cavitation processes. Fir needles (2 kg fresh weight) collected in the winter were blended and crushed in ice, poured in water only (120 L) and processed in a controlled hydrodynamic cavitation device based on a fixed Venturi-shaped reactor. The A. alba water extract (AWE), comprising an oil-in-water emulsion of silver fir needles’ essential oil (100% AWE), was diluted in distilled water to 75% and 50% AWE, and all aqueous solutions were tested as antigerminant against four weeds and four horticultural species and compared to control (distilled water). This study shows the effective inhibitory effect of pure AWE on germination, which mainly contains limonene (15.99 ng/mL) and α-pinene (11.87 ng/mL). Seeds showed delayed germination and inhibition but also a reduction in radicle elongation in AWE treatments as compared to control. This combined effect was particularly evident in three weeds (C. canadensis, C. album and A. retrofllexus) while horticultural species showed mainly effects on the radicle elongation as found in L. sativa, P. crispum and S. lycospermum, which showed on average 58%, 32% and 28%, respectively, shorter radicles than in the control. P. sativum was not affected by AWE, thus raising the hypothesis that seed characteristics and nutrition reserve might play a role in the resistance to terpenes inhibitory effect.

Modern Methods of Degumming of Vegetable Oils: An Analytical Review

The review article compares and discusses the most common ways to degumming vegetable oils. Its purpose is to update the information on this stage of vegetable oil refining in order to provide an opportunity to choose the optimal degumming method for the manufacturer. Degumming is the first of the stages of oil processing, designed to remove phospholipids, the presence of which makes it impossible to carry out high-quality performance of all subsequent stages of refining. The fractional composition of plant phospholipids of various oils is presented, the features of their structure, which affect their hydrophilicity, are considered. Various theoretical approaches to the degumming process are considered. The article compares the disadvantages, advantages and effectiveness of aqueous, acidic, enzymatic degumming, total degumming, and soft degumming. Enzymatic degumming is today considered the main method for extracting phospholipids from oils. Under industrial conditions, for oils with a low phospholipid content (for example, sunflower oil), the use of phospholipases in order to obtain a low-phosphoric oil (less than 10 ppm) is reasonable (with an eye to reducing oil losses at this stage). But this is only possible if preliminary acid degumming is carried out. The advantages and difficulties of enzymatic degumming are considered. The combination of acid degumming with alkaline neutralization is perhaps the most effective and easiest way to obtain oil with a low residual phospholipid content. Despite the traditional nature of this approach, it remains highly effective, the easiest to implement, and inexpensive. The intensification of the mixing of the phases "oil–degumming agent" leads to a significant increase in the efficiency of degumming. The article discusses the use of ultrasonic and cavitation devices for this purpose. A promising direction in the development of food industry technologies today is the use of membranes. The features of this physical method of degumming are considered. The selected type of degumming and the conditions for its implementation affect not only the composition and performance of oils, but also the quality and safety of a valuable by-product of this stage – lecithin. The highest quality lecithin is obtained as a result of water or enzymatic degumming – water or aqueous solutions of enzymes do not negatively affect the quality indicators of lecithin, its composition. Lecithin obtained by water degumming contains almost no non-hydrophilic phospholipids. Lecithin obtained using phospholipases contains increased amounts of lysoforms of phospholipids, which positively affects its surfactant properties.

Wastewater treatment and process intensification for degradation of solvents using hydrodynamic cavitation

Industrial wastewater treatment for removal of small concentrations of harmful solvents is pertinent issue in many chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The present work evaluates removal of three common solvents by hydrodynamic cavitation (nominal capacity, 1m3/h). Solvent degradation of three solvents viz. octanol, dimethyl formamide and cyclohexanol was studied in the concentration range of 50-200 mg/L and for the pressure drop range of 0.5-5 bar. The vortex based cavitation device (vortex diode) was compared with that of linear flow based device (orifice). Process intensification in the form of aeration and addition oxidizing agent- hydrogen peroxide was also evaluated for synergistic effect. The vortex diode required lower pressure drop and is superior to orifice and process intensification using aeration is most effective. A reduction in TOC to the extent of 74% could be achieved for octanol (200 ppm) using aeration with cavitational yield of 1202×10−4 mg/J for vortex diode, yield ~10 times of orifice. The degradation depends on the nature of solvent and it was revealed that low values of dielectric constant (ε<10) favour degradation. The kinetics was evaluated using rate model based on per-pass degradation factor. The process techno-economic feasibility is useful in industrial wastewater treatment.

Acoustic Analysis of Vortex-based Cavitation Devices: Inception and extent of cavitation

Acoustic Analysis of Vortex-based Cavitation Devices: Inception and extent of cavitation

Oxidative degradation of emerging micropollutants induced by rotational hydrodynamic cavitating device: A case study with ciprofloxacin

The trace amount of micro-pollutants (organic mostly) those still remain in the final effluent of any industry even after the tertiary treatment is a serious matter of concern and needs special treatment strategy to address the same. Advanced oxidation processes have emerged as the best suited remedy for that. However, among all the AOPs, cavitation process is till now one of the most unattempted technologies in spite of inherent enormous potential. The present work reports a study with the degradation of the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (CIP) using a novel skid-mounted rotating hydrodynamic cavitation (RHC) reactor. Using only hydrodynamic cavitation, 44.8% CIP degradation was achieved within 60 min. Now RHC combined with oxidizing agents like O3 (0.75 g/h), H2O2 (0.3 g/L) and Fenton’s reagent (1:3) resulted in 91.4%, 85.6%, and 87.6% degradation within 30 min. The HC+H2O2 (0.3 g/L) surpassed the performances of other combinations from energetic and economic viewpoint. Liquid chromatography–mass spectra (LC–MS) studies were performed to evaluate the degradation mechanism. Lastly, a pilot scale study (400 L) with real life water sample post tertiary treatment collected from pharmaceutical industry was carried out to understand the techno-economic feasibility.

Mature Landfill Leachate as a Medium for Hydrodynamic Cavitation of Brewery Spent Grain

In this study, we evaluate the usefulness of mature landfill leachate (MLL) as a carrier allowing hydrodynamic cavitation (HD) of brewery spent grain (BSG). The HD experiments were conducted using an orifice plate with a conical concentric hole of 3/10 mm (inlet/outlet diameter) as a constriction in the cavitation device. The initial pressure was 7 bar and the number of recirculation passes through the cavitation zone reached 30. The results showed that complex organic matter was degraded and solubilized when cavitating the MLL and BSG mixture. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) increased by 45% and the BOD5/total chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio increased by 69%, whereas the COD, total solids, and nutrient concentration dropped noticeably. However, Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) revealed the generation of possibly toxic HD byproducts such as aromatic compounds. This seems to indicate that MLL could not be regarded as a suitable carrier for BSG cavitation.

Quantitative characterization of volume of cavities in hydrodynamic cavitation device using computational fluid dynamics

Hydrodynamic cavitation has been extensively studied for its potential to remove emerging pollutants. Despite the advance of the experimental studies involving this phenomenon, computational studies that evaluate the influence of the geometry of the cavitation devices on the flow parameters are still necessary. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the influence of the change in the geometry of a Venturi device on the volume of cavities formed in its divergent section using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The geometric parameters modified in the Venturi were: the diffuser angle and the relation between the height and the width of the throat (h/w). The volume of cavities is an important parameter because it influences the cavitation intensity. A cavitational bench system was constructed in order to obtain input data for simulation. The results showed that the increase in the diffuser angle from 6.5° to 18.5° gradually reduced the volume of cavities from 93 mm3 to 10 mm3. Between the relations h/w = 0.05 and h/w = 0.45 was observed the formation of cavities between 106 mm3 and 77 mm3, however between h/w = 0.45 and h/w = 1.0 there was the formation of 213 mm3. Therefore, Venturi’s with diffuser angle less than 6.5º and relation h/w greater than 0.45 produce greater volume of cavities. The greater volume of cavities will not necessarily produce greater cavitational intensity, since cavitation clouds can be formed and reduce the implosion intensity of the cavitation bubbles.

Method for calculating the longitudinal dimensions of hydrodynamic cavitation devices with a pressure jump

Cavitation technologies are widely used in many industries: from heavy machine building to the food industry. Such a wide range of different industries testifies to the variety of tasks that can be solved using these technologies: to disinfect wastewater, carry out various processes of dispersion, mixing, homogenization and many other processes. Depending on the source-cause of cavitation, ultrasonic and hydrodynamic are distinguished. The working process of hydrodynamic cavitation is rather complicated, but the development of a correct closed mathematical model allows one to calculate the parameters of cavitation devices. The applied calculation method is important in this. The article describes the workflow of a hydrodynamic cavitation device with a pressure jump and proposes a method for calculating such devices. The calculation problem is solved by the method of successive approximations and allows one to determine the longitudinal dimensions of the device. The industrial approbation of the device, calculated by this method, showed good convergence of theoretical and experimental data.

Design and optimization of a cavitating device for Congo red decolorization: Experimental investigation and CFD simulation

The aim of this work is to perform design and optimization of a cavitating device based on CFD simulation. A set of operational and geometrical parameters such as convergence angle, divergence angle, length of throat, and inlet pressure that can affect the hydrodynamic cavitation phenomenon generating in a Venturi are evaluated through CFD simulation and experimental approaches. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to achieve the optimum geometrical configuration. The CFD results show that the maximum cavitation zone in the Venturi can be obtained when half angle of the convergence section, throat length and half angle of the divergence section are 22.7°, 4 mm, and 6.5°, respectively. A maximum decolorization of 38.8% has been obtained using the designed Venturi at cavitation number (Cv) of 0.12. Additionally, the results were compared to that of various orifice plates. A decolorization of 26.2% using 33 holes orifice plate and 11.55% in one hole orifice plate approved the superiority of the designed Venturi.

Технологія комплексної переробки торфу

Every country tries to be independent in everything, first of all it is necessary to have a high level of use of own energy resources. Due to the energy crisis, the transition from traditional energy sources to the integrated implementation of alternatives is relevant. The purpose of the study is complex processing of peat for fuel and extraction of humic substances for fertilizer production. Studies of extraction of humic substances were performed on a laboratory stand EI-10, which reproduces the work of a pulsating dispersant with an active diaphragm. The classical technology of extraction of humic substances using chemical methods is based on high temperatures of the mixture, which requires high energy consumption. It was proposed mode of extracting humic component developed by the standard rules, but changes in temperature and duration of extraction processing in an alkaline solution cavitation device. The use of cavitation in the technology of obtaining humic preparations makes it possible to achieve their high physiological activity, high yield of water-soluble organic substances. Briquetting was used to increase the energy density of solid fuel. Based on the research, the technology of obtaining humic fertilizers from peat was developed. The developed technology allows to be integrated into the existing production of the peat briquette plant and will allow to extract as much as possible humic substances from peat with essential reduction of temperature and extraction time with the subsequent application of liquid fraction as fertilizer.

Combined oxidation processes based on ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation and chemical oxidants for treatment of real industrial wastewater from cellulosic fiber manufacturing sector

The present work reports the application of cavitation for the real industrial effluent treatment, which was derived from the cellulosic fiber manufacturing sector, individually or in combination with advanced oxidation processes. Cavitation has been applied with the objective of reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the industrial effluent and to study its simultaneous effect on the total dissolved solids (TDS). A combination of cavitation with different additives/oxidants viz. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone (O3), sodium hypochlorite (NaCLO), and Fenton's reagent have been studied. Ultrasonic horn operating at an acoustic power of 120 W with a frequency of 20 kHz and duty cycle of 80% (8 sec ON, 2 sec OFF) was used for treatment based on ultrasound. Under optimized conditions, it was established that a combination of ultrasound (US) with Fenton’s reagent using an optimum mole ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ of 3 followed by lime coagulation gave a maximum COD reduction of 92% and also resulted in TDS reduction of 31%. Studies were also performed using a hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) reactor (10 L capacity) where slit venturi was used as a cavitating device. It has been observed that a combination of HC with Fenton's reagent at molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ as 3 gave the maximum COD reduction of 86% and a TDS reduction of 47%. It was also established that lime treatment played an important role in separating the sludge formed during the Fenton oxidation treatment and in converting brownish colored effluent to colorless effluent. Overall, it has been established that cavitation coupled with the Fenton oxidation was most the efficient among all studied combinations giving a good COD reduction as well as TDS reduction with a final colourless nature of effluent.

Method for calculating a cylindrical ultrasonic cavitation filter chamber with a regeneration effect

Introduction. The creation of modern ultrasonic cavitation equipment for filtering working fluids in various technological processes is associated with the study of the interaction of a liquid load with ultrasonic emitters, taking into account the influence of the geometric shape of the cavitation chamber. The efficiency of the operation of ultrasonic cavitation devices for filtration is a rather urgent issue today and directly depends on the quality of this agreement. Problem statement. To build an ultrasonic filter with a regeneration effect and to increase its efficiency, it is necessary to create a calculation method that will take into account both the impedance of electro-acoustic emitters and the complexity of the geometric shape of the cavitation chamber. Development of calculation methods. The proposed method for calculating the geometric dimensions of the acoustic resonance system of the modular section of the tubular ultrasonic cavitator, which is excited by folded piezoelectric drive-emitters, which carry out longitudinal vibrations and are installed on the outer surface of the tubular vibrator. Simulation results. The results of modeling in the Abaqus Student Edition 2018 software environment are presented, confirming the possibility of creating ultrasonic flow cavitators, the vibrator, which are excited in a radial-flexion mode of vibration, for the technological process of ultrasonic cavitation filtration with the regeneration effect. Conclusions. The proposed calculation technique allows designing cylindrical ultrasonic cavitation filter chambers with a regeneration effect. Repeated practical verification of the presented method for calculating resonant acoustic systems has confirmed its sufficient accuracy under the applied assumptions.

Improving efficiency for removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from wastewaters using hydrodynamic cavitation

The present study reports significant improvements in the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from wastewater which is an important problem for many industries such as dyes and pigment, distilleries and fisheries. Pilot plant studies (capacity, 1 m3/h) on synthetic wastewater using 4-amino phenol as model nitrogen containing organic compound and two real industrial effluents of high ammoniacal nitrogen content were carried out using hydrodynamic cavitation. Two reactor geometries were evaluated for increased efficiency in removal-orifice and vortex diode. Effect of initial concentration (100–500 mg/L), effect of pressure drop (0.5–5 bar) and nature of cavitating device (linear and vortex flow for cavitation) were evaluated along with effect of salt content, effect of hydrogen peroxide addition and aeration. Initial concentration was found to have significant impact on the extent of removal: ~ 5 g/m3 removal for initial concentration of 100 mg/L and up to 12 g/m3 removal at high concentration of 500 mg/L. Interestingly, significant improvement of the order of magnitude (up to 8 times) in removal of ammoniacal nitrogen could be obtained by sparging air or oxygen in hydrodynamic cavitation and a very high removal of above 80% could be achieved. The removal of ammoniacal nitrogen by vortex diode was also found to be effective in the industrial wastewaters and results on two different effluent samples of distillery industry indicated up to 75% removal, though with longer time of treatment compared to that of synthetic wastewater. The developed methodology of hydrodynamic cavitation technology with aeration and vortex diode as a cavitating device was found to be highly effective for improving the efficiency of the conventional cavitation methods and hence can be highly useful in industrial wastewater treatment, specifically for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen.

Scale-up of vortex based hydrodynamic cavitation devices: A case of degradation of di-chloro aniline in water

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is being increasingly used in a wide range of applications. Unlike ultrasonic cavitation, HC is scalable and has been used at large scale industrial applications. However, no information about influence of scale on performance of HC is available in the open literature. In this work, we present for the first time, experimental data on use of HC for degradation of complex organic pollutants in water on four different scales (~200 times scale-up in terms of capacity). Vortex based HC devices offer various advantages like early inception, high cavitational yield and significantly lower propensity to clogging and erosion. We have used vortex based HC devices in this work. 2,4 dichloroaniline (DCA) – an aromatic compound with multiple functional groups was considered as a model pollutant. Degradation of DCA in water was performed using vortex-based HC devices with characteristic throat dimension, dt as 3, 6, 12 and 38 mm with scale-up of almost 200 time based on the flow rates (1.3 to 247 LPM). Considering the experimental constraints on operating the largest scale HC device, the experimental data is presented here at only one value of pressure drop across HC device (280 kPa). A previously used per-pass degradation model was extended to describe the experimental data for the pollutant used in this study and a generalised form is presented. The degradation performance was found to decrease with increase in the scale and then plateaus. Appropriate correlation was developed based on the experimental data. The developed approach and presented results provide a sound basis and a data set for further development of comprehensive multi-scale modelling of HC devices.