Cavitation Bubble Dynamics Research Articles

Assessment of Cavitation Erosion Using Combined Numerical and Experimental Approach

This paper aims to numerically assess the cavitation damage of hydrodynamic machines and hydraulic components and its development in time, based on cavitation erosion tests with samples of used materials. The theoretical part of this paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of unsteady multiphase flow by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and to the prediction of the erosive effects of the collapses of cavitation bubbles in the vicinity of solid surfaces. Compressible unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (URANS) are solved together with the Zwart cavitation model. To describe the destructive collapses of vapor bubbles, the modeling of cavitation bubble dynamics along selected streamlines or trajectories is applied. The hybrid Euler–Lagrange approach with one-way coupling and the full Rayleigh–Plesset equation (R–P) are therefore utilized. This paper also describes the experimental apparatus with a rotating disc used to reach genuine hydrodynamic cavitation and conditions similar to those of hydrodynamic machines. The simulations are compared with the obtained experimental data, with good agreement. The proposed methodology enables the application of the results of erosion tests to the real geometry of hydraulic machines and to reliably predict the locations and magnitude of cavitation erosion, so as to select appropriate materials or material treatments for endangered parts.

Numerical investigation on the liquid jet and the dynamics of the near-wall cavitation bubble under an acoustic field

The dynamics of the near-wall cavitation bubble in an acoustic field are the fundamental forms of acoustic cavitation, which has been associated with promising applications in ultrasonic cleaning, chemical engineering, and food processing. However, the potential physical mechanisms for acoustic cavitation-induced surface cleaning have not been fully elucidated. The dynamics of an ultrasonically driven near-wall cavitation bubble are numerically investigated by employing a compressible two-phase model implemented in OpenFOAM. The corresponding validation of the current model containing the acoustic field was performed by comparison with experimental and state-of-the-art theoretical results. Compared to the state without the acoustic field, the acoustic field can enhance the near-wall bubble collapse due to its stretching effect, causing higher jet velocities and shorter collapse intervals. The jet velocity in the acoustic field increases by 80.2%, and the collapse time reduces by 40.9% compared to those without an acoustic field for γ = 1.1. In addition, the effects of the stand-off distances (γ), acoustic pressure wave frequency (f), and initial pressure (p*) on the bubble dynamic behaviors were analyzed in depth. The results indicate that cavitation effects (e.g., pressure loads at the wall center and the maximal bubble temperature) are weakened with the increase in the frequency (f) owing to the shorter oscillation periods. Furthermore, the maximum radius of bubble expansion and the collapse time decrease with increasing f and increase with increasing p*. The bubble maximum radius reduces by 12.6% when f increases by 62.5% and increases by 20.5% when p* increases by 74%.

Combined ANFIS and numerical methods to reveal the mass transfer mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced extraction of proteins from millet

Millet protein, as a promising plant-based protein substitute source, is an excellent basis for essential amino acids compared to commonly consumed staple grains. Compared with the traditional extraction process, ultrasound has been used to enhance the extraction efficiency of various plant-based proteins. To reveal the mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced extraction of proteins, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm and numerical simulation based on Fick’s law were applied to illustrate the mass transfer behavior of millet proteins under different ultrasonic conditions including solid–liquid ratios (S/L ratios), pH and acoustic energy density levels (AED). The results showed that AED dominated the changes in effective diffusion coefficient (De), showing a positive correlation relationship (p < 0.05). Specifically, when the AED was 47.07 W/cm2, the De value increased by 95 % compared to that of 23.47 W/cm2. Meanwhile, the ANFIS model successfully predicted protein yields across all investigated parameters, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.97. This model also elucidated the interactions among four critical factors, among which pH and S/L ratios were the main factors affecting protein yield. Concerning the ultrasonic cavitation bubble dynamics, the bubble collapse efficiency enhanced with an increase in AED, and therefore high AED ultrasound can significantly enhance the cavitation effect. Additionally, the results of the yields and physical properties of millet protein also indicated that in contrast with the traditional extraction methods, the ultrasound impactfully improved extraction yield (by 165 %), and combined with pH condition, it decreased the protein particle size (from 813.55 nm to 299.30 nm) without altering the molecular weight distribution. This study offers a novel perspective on the mechanism underlying ultrasound-enhanced protein extraction, drawing upon principles of ultrasonics and extraction processes. The insights gained can serve as a foundation for the food industry to upscale the extraction process, potentially enhancing efficiency and yield.

Autoinjector optimization through cavitation response and severity minimization

Abrupt acceleration of the syringe of an autoinjector (AI) upon rod-plunger impact may induce undesired severe cavitation events and impose extraneous stresses upon the device, leading to device failure. Cavitation results from a rapid and significant pressure drop in a liquid, leading to the formation and growth of small vapor-filled cavities. Upon collapse, these cavities generate an intense shock wave that may lead to protein aggregation and device container damage and shatter. Since the maximum acceleration of the syringe depends upon the operating conditions of the AI, the severity of cavitation will likewise depend on the operating conditions of the AI. Likewise, injection time and ensuring proper needle displacement before drug release also depend on operating conditions, making optimization of the autoinjector a multiobjective optimization problem.Therefore, in this study, optimization of an autoinjector to limit cavitation severity is pursued via an experimentally validated computational model for cavitation in spring-driven autoinjectors. Our goal is to locate AI design configurations that balance maximizing device performance and patient comfort and minimizing the risks of device damage and severe cavitation upon actuation.Relevant parameters of interest are the drive spring force, air gap height, solution viscosity, friction between the rod and spring, frictional force on the plunger, rates of change of frictional force on the plunger, elasticity of plunger, viscosity of the plunger, and initial displacement between the plunger and the driving rod. The kinematics of the syringe barrel, needle displacement (travel distance) at the start of drug delivery, and injection time are gathered using an experimentally validated autoinjector kinematics model. At the same time, cavitation bubble dynamics are resolved using an experimentally validated cavitation model that takes the temporal displacement of the syringe and temporal air gap pressure as inputs.We use our experimentally validated models to explore the parameter space and understand the driving factors of our desired outcomes. Subsequently, we pose the design problem as a multi-objective optimization problem and develop a deep neural network surrogate model supplemented with iterative learning to speed up optimization. A variance-based sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity and influence of design parameters on the outcomes, and the main contributors to the outcomes of interest were isolated. Using a multi-objective optimization framework, we located 300 + successful candidates and evaluated them through uncertainty analysis to identify three promising candidates that meet all criteria for drug viscosities of interest. Finally, we show that this methodology can be used to conduct hypothesis testing, leading to novel design configurations.

Dynamics of a single cavitation bubble near an oscillating boundary

Cavitation and its effects are well investigated, especially single bubble cavitation and its collapse near rigid and elastic boundaries. In our current article, we investigated novel experiments of a single cavitation bubble near an oscillatory boundary. We generated the cavitation bubble by laser focusing in water. A flat glass plate was fixed to the shaft of the magnetostriction oscillator coil. We investigated the dynamics of bubbles at two relative wall distances (ratio of the distance between the bubble center and plate surface to the maximum radius of the bubble) of the bubble from the glass plate in combination with four modes of oscillation. Each mode has specific frequency and amplitude of oscillation. The high-speed camera captured the dynamics of the bubble using the back-illumination method with a framing rate of 120Kfps and simultaneously we used an optical CMOS sensor to measure the oscillation of the glass plate. We presented a clear comparison among the bubble dynamics near stationary and oscillating plates with parameters such as oscillating modes and direction. We correlated the dynamics of the bubble with the motion of the plate. In addition, we highlighted the differences including the characteristics of bubble shape and jetting that occurred during the collapse phase. The comparison of the time histories of the bubble’s equivalent size postulated that the bubble’s collapse times vary significantly in some cases compared to the bubble’s dynamics near the stationary plate. In all cases, we noticed the shortening of the bubble’s collapsing time, i.e. accelerated collapses. In our findings, we noticed a collapse times reduction of about 4–15%. Our finding signifies the importance of introducing the oscillation of the boundaries to obtain effective energy concentration over the time during the collapse. Our study also suggests that forced oscillation of boundaries is undesirable for destructive cavitation effects. The method we suggested for the manipulation of bubble dynamics holds potential for enhancing the efficiency of applications such as lithotripsy in biomedical devices, actuation and micro pumping in microfluidic devices, and effective semiconductor surface cleaning. Not but least, obtained results can be used as benchmark in future for validating numerical methods.

The impact of inorganic salts on the ultrasonic degradation of contaminants: A review

This comprehensive review explores the interplay between inorganic salts and ultrasound-assisted degradation of various contaminants. The addition of salt to aqueous matrices has been attributed to increasing contaminant degradation via the salting-out effect. However, research investigating the impact of salt on degradation has yielded inconsistent results. This review incorporated degradation information from 44 studies organizing data according to compound class and ionic strength to analyze the impact of inorganic salts on cavitation bubble dynamics, contaminant behavior, radical species generation, and contaminant degradation. Frequency and salt type were assessed for potential roles in contaminant degradation. The analysis showed that high intensity ultrasound was most beneficial to degradation in salt solutions. Unexpectedly, hydrophilic compounds showed marked enhancement with increasing ionic strength while many hydrophobic compounds did not benefit as greatly. Based on the collected data and analysis, enhanced degradation in the presence of salt appears to be primarily radical-mediated rather than due to the salting-out effect. Finally, the analysis provides guidance for designing sonolytic reactors for contaminant degradation.

Trigger mechanism for a singing cavitating tip vortex

The discrete tone radiated from tip vortex cavitation (TVC), known as ‘vortex singing’, was recognized in 1989, but its triggering remains unclear for over thirty years. In this study, the desinent cavitation number and viscous correction are applied to describe the dynamics of cavitation bubbles and the dispersion relation of cavity interfacial waves. The wavenumber-frequency spectrum of the cavity radius from the experiment in CSSRC indicates that singing waves predominantly consist of the stationary double helical modes (kθ = 2- and -2+) and the breathing mode (kθ = 0-), rather than standing waves as assumed in previous literatures. Moreover, two trigger mechanisms, expressed by two triggering lines, are proposed: the twisted TVC, initially at rest, is driven into motion through the corrected natural frequency (fn) due to the step change of the far-field pressure. Subsequently, the frequency associated with the zero-group-velocity point (ῶzgv) at kθ = 0- is excited through ῶi, the frequency at the intersection of dispersion curves at kθ = 0- and -2+, or ῶj, the frequency at the intersection of dispersion curves at kθ = 0- and 2-, corresponding to two types of the vortex singing triggering. These solutions, without empirical parameters, are validated using singing conditions provided by CSSRC and G.T.H., respectively. Furthermore, the coherence and the cross-power spectral density spectrum indicates a large-scale breathing wave propagating along the singing cavity surface and travelling from downstream to hydrofoil tip, providing us a comprehensive understanding for the triggering of vortex singing.

Optimizing laser ablation in liquid: The role of ablation region confinement

In the present work, pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) experiments have been conducted on a disk-shaped copper (Cu) target with a confined ablation region. Nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by employing a flat target and targets with valley (channel) widths of 4 and 3 mm to investigate the effect of confinement on properties of NPs. On the flat target, Cu NPs exhibiting bimodal size distribution with average sizes of 8 and 23 nm have been produced. In contrast, monomodal NPs are synthesized in confined valleys, with average sizes decreasing to 4 and 6 nm for 4 and 3 mm valleys, respectively. To understand the influence of confinement on cavitation bubble dynamics, shadowgraphy investigation is employed. The study revealed that the bubble size increases as the valley width decreases. The Gilmore model has been used to estimate the temperature and pressure within the bubble, indicating that both the parameters enhance with confinement. The shadowgraphy results suggest that the reheating of the ablation region due to shockwave interaction with the valley walls is the primary factor influencing the NP properties and cavitation bubble dynamics.

On the transient dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubbles near the end of a slender cylinder

In this work, we perform high-speed imaging and numerical simulation to investigate the transient dynamics of cavitation bubbles near the end of a slender cylinder. The bubble dynamics can be categorized into four distinct regimes in terms of the types of bubble collapse, corresponding to the regular jet, needle jet, in-phase double jets, and anti-phase double jets, respectively, depending on two dimensionless parameters, the normalized cylinder radius η (=rc/Rmax, where rc is the cylinder radius and Rmax is the spherical bubble radius at maximum expansion), and the dimensionless standoff distance γ (=SD/Rmax, where SD is the standoff distance between the end surface of the cylinder and bubble center). The peak velocity of the liquid jet could easily reach a supersonic state in the regime of the needle jet when the cavitation bubble collapses near a slender cylinder, and the maximum jet velocity can reach up to 635 m/s. Quantitative analysis of the evolution of pressure distribution also indicates that the end surface of the cylinder will have strong hydrodynamic pressure loading, particularly for the case of η=0.3 and γ ranging from 0.5 to 0.83. Additionally, we find that the collapse time of the cavitation bubble near a slender cylinder is close to the Rayleigh collapse time. We believe that our findings can be valuable in mitigating or utilizing cavitation near solid cylinders.

The best whistler: A cavitating tip vortex

The discrete tone radiated from a cavitating tip vortex, known as “vortex singing,” was first recognized in 1989, but its sound generation mechanism has remained a mystery for over 30 years. In this Letter, by means of the correction for the cavitation bubble dynamics and the dispersion relation of cavity interfacial waves, we found that after the far-end disturbances propagate upstream, the whistling vortex should be triggered by near-end sound sources, the breathing mode waves. Further utilizing the theoretical solutions for singing lines and the potential singing cavitation number with frequency, we accurately identified all available tests for seeking the vortex singing over the past three decades, which not only demonstrates that the vortex singing frequency is only determined by the measurable mean cavity radius (rc), cavitation number (σ), and desinent cavitation number (σd) in experiments, but also responses to a long-standing perplexity: why such a best whistler is able to appear only within a narrow range of the cavitation number.

Dynamics of a single cavitation bubble near a cylindrical blind hole

Cavitation bubble dynamics, such as microjets and moving shock waves, are strongly influenced by their surroundings. We investigated the complex bubble behavior during the growth and collapse stages near a blind hole. The simultaneous study, which is a combination of experiment and numerical methods, was performed. The single bubble was induced by a laser focus beam near a blind hole in the cuvette and measured by a high-speed camera with an image processing method. Numerical predictions were conducted for a detailed further investigation of the pressure and velocity fields near and inside the bubble. A fully compressible two-phase Navier-Stokes solver based on the homogeneous flow assumption was used. Both experimental and numerical results showed good agreement with each other. Strong deformation of the bottom bubble surface evolution was observed at low standoffs above the hole entrance. An extremely high-velocity microjet with a mushroom cap-shaped bubble was predicted under high standoffs below the hole entrance. Secondary cavitation in the blind hole was observed experimentally, and we discussed the low-pressure region caused by the interaction among the shock wave, bubble, and blind hole. Consequently, the tendencies of maximum microjet velocity and time-dependent surface pressure in the collapse phase are suggested.

Numerical study of laser-induced cavitation bubble with consideration of chemical reactions

Cavitation generated during injector jetting can significantly affect fuel atomization. Laser-induced cavitation bubble is an important phenomenon in laser induced plasma ignition technology. Limited by the difficulties in experimental measurements, numerical simulations have become an important tool in the study of laser-induced cavitation bubble, but most previous numerical models used to study the dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubble usually ignore the effect of chemical reactions. In this study, the finite volume method is used to solve the compressible two-dimensional reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equation by considering the heat and mass transfer as well as the chemical reactions within the cavitation bubble. The effects of overall reaction and elementary reactions on the cavitation bubble are evaluated, respectively. It is found that by additionally considering chemical reactions within the numerical model, lower maximum temperatures and higher maximum pressures are predicted within the bubble. And the generated non-condensable gases produced by the chemical reactions enhance the subsequent expansion process of the cavitation bubble. Besides, the effect of the one-sided wall boundary condition on cavitation bubble is compared with the infinite boundary condition. Influenced by the wall boundary, the cavitation bubble forms a localized high pressure on the side of the bubble away from the wall during the collapse process, which causes the bubble to be compressed into a ”crescent” shape. The maximum pressure and temperature inside the bubble are lower due to localized losses caused by the wall.

Numerical study of cavitation bubble dynamics in a flowing tube

Cavitation in tubes is a common occurrence in nature and engineering applications. Previous studies of cavitation bubble dynamics mainly consider bubbles in stagnant-water tubes, but the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in tubes with flow is not clear. This study investigates the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in tubes with flow by numerical simulations. The results show that, unlike bubbles in stagnant-water tubes, bubbles under the combined effects of water inflow and tube wall confinement exhibit asymmetric behavior along the axis of the tube. The inflow suppresses the development of the bubble interface near the tube inlet, causing that side of the interface to move with the inflow. In contrast, the expansion and contraction of the bubble and the generation of liquid jets occur on the side near the outlet. This feature results in significant asymmetry in the bubble interface; therefore, we introduce a skewness parameter to characterize the difference in length between the left and right parts of the bubble during the bubble evolution. The evolution of the bubble significantly affects the mass flow rate at the outlet of the tube, and even leads to backflow during the bubble contraction process.

Effect of liquid elasticity on transient cavitation bubbles in the tube

We investigate the effect of liquid elasticity on the transient cavitation bubbles confined in a tube both experimentally and theoretically. In experiments, the tube-arrest apparatus is used to generate cavitation bubbles near the tube bottom with various polyethylene oxide solutions. Our experiments show that bubble dynamics, particularly the maximum bubble length, are significantly influenced by liquid elasticity. We establish a double oscillator model for the liquid column to explain the experimental results and predict the bubble dynamics over a broader range. Finally, we propose that the reciprocal of the cavitation number Ca2 and prR/k determine the regimes of the liquid column separation, where pr is the reference pressure, R is tube radius, and k is the “stiffness coefficient” of the liquid column. Our work provides a quantitative scaling of the dynamics of large cylindrical cavitation bubbles in viscoelastic liquids during the transient process.

Wettability tuning on stainless steel LIPSS by laser oxidation and its implication on cavitation bubble dynamics

The modification of surface wettability of stainless steel is essential for many biological applications and industrial implementations. Having a hydrophobic or hydrophilic surface is ideal depending on its application. In this study, the wettability tuning of stainless steel was carried out by producing LIPSS at different laser peak energies. Results showed non-significant changes in the periodicity of the ripples, however hydrophilicity increased with greater laser energies. Raman spectroscopy and SED analysis demonstrated the presence of iron oxide peaks and increased oxygen concentration, demonstrating a chemical surface modification governed by oxidation. Transitions from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surfaces were accomplished by ethanolic triethoxyoctylsilane coated LIPSS. Hydrophobicity enhancement was achieved by the adsorption of organic species promoted by the oxide layer at the ripples. The dynamics of cavitation bubbles close to the coated LIPPS were analyzed. A reduction of the main bubble lifetime with hydrophobicity, whereas a delay of collapse time and deformation of the rebound bubble were found. This led to an experiment for erosion testing producing multiple cavitation events. An increment of surface damage area with increased hydrophobicity was observed. This was attributed to longer collapse times of the rebound bubble which led to stronger shockwaves at the samples surface. This work demonstrates a simple method to tune the surface wettability of stainless steel by laser oxidation, which is a crucial factor for applications related to cavitation phenomena.

Modern Approaches to the Description of the Dynamics of Cavitation Bubbles and Cavitation Clouds

Modern Approaches to the Description of the Dynamics of Cavitation Bubbles and Cavitation Clouds

The multi-cycle dynamics of the cavitation bubble near the solid wall with an air-entrapping hole or a hemispherical air bubble: A numerical study

Investigating the interaction between the near-wall cavitation bubble and the air bubble has great significance for understanding the mechanism of air entrainment to alleviate cavitation in actual hydraulic engineering. To quantify the effect of the air bubble on the multi-cycle dynamics of the near-wall cavitation bubble, a more comprehensive compressible three-phase model considering the phase-change process was developed based on OpenFOAM, and corresponding validation was performed by comparing the simulated bubble shape with the published experimental values. The key features of the multi-cyclical evolution of the cavitation bubble are nicely reproduced based on the current numerical model. For the cavitation bubble near the solid wall containing a hemispherical air bubble, the simulated results reveal that the air bubble can reflect the shock wave and thus prevent it from impacting directly on the solid wall, which will help to uncover the microscopic mechanism of aeration avoiding cavitation damage. The dynamical features of the cavitation bubble at different dimensionless distances (γ1) and dimensionless sizes (ε) are investigated and analyzed. For the near-wall cavitation bubble with an air-entrapping hole, the air hole plays a crucial role in the multi-cycle dynamics of the cavitation bubble, leading to the bubble that is always far away from both the air hole and the solid wall. Thus, the current results may provide a potential application for preventing the wall damage caused by the impact of the liquid jet.

Numerical study on collapsing cavitation bubble dynamics in cryogenic fluids

The paper addresses the implementation of a dual distribution function multiphase lattice Boltzmann method (DDF-MLBM) for studying the collapse of cavitation bubbles in cryogenic liquids. The present scheme incorporates the energy equation and imposes interparticle interactions and fluid–solid adhesive forces through the exact difference method (EDM). To accurately model phase changes and the molecular complexities of cryogenic fluids like liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid nitrogen (LN2), the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state is employed along with an acentric factor. The accuracy of the present numerical technique is evaluated using the Laplace law and the Maxwell equal area construction theorem for a two-phase liquid–vapor system in equilibrium. For transient solutions, the study compares results of heterogeneous cavitation with the analytical solution derived from the thermal Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The research investigates the impact of the distance between a cavitation bubble with an adjacent solid wall on velocity, pressure, temperature, and collapse time. Furthermore, it is assessed how surface wettability influences cavitation bubble collapse intensity. Additionally, the paper examines the collapse of a cavitation bubble cluster and evaluates the effects of different physical parameters on the collapse properties of the bubble cluster. The results underscore the significant influence of the distance between cavitation bubbles in the cluster, the distance between bubbles and the adjacent solid surface on the micro-jet velocity. Moreover, it is found that increasing the contact angle of the solid surface enhances the collapse intensity and micro-jet velocity of the collapsing bubble cluster.

Dynamics of a cavitation bubble confined in a thin liquid layer at null Kelvin impulse

In this work, we experimentally and numerically investigate cavitation bubble dynamics in a thin liquid layer surrounded by gas. We focus on configurations featuring strongly confined bubbles at dimensionless bubble-free surface stand-off distances D* below unity. Additionally, we impose the condition of null Kelvin impulse, subjecting a bubble to the oppositely equal influence of two opposing free surfaces, resulting in the formation of two convergent water jets. We observe a diverse spectrum of jetting phenomena, including broad jets, mushroom-capped jets, and cylindrical jets. These jets become progressively thinner and faster with lower D* values, reaching radii as small as 3% of the maximal bubble radius and speeds up to 150 m/s. Numerical results reveal a linear relationship between the jet impact velocity and the local curvature at the bubble region proximal to the free surface. This suggests that the magnitude of bubble deformation during its growth phase is the primary factor influencing the observed fivefold increase in the jet impact velocity in the parameter space considered. Our findings show that bubble collapse intensity is progressively dampened with increased confinement of its environment. As D* decreases beyond a critical value, the liquid layer separating the bubble and ambient air thins, leading to the onset of interfacial shape instabilities, its breakdown, and bubble atomization. Furthermore, we compare bubbles at zero Kelvin impulse to corresponding anisotropic scenarios with a single free surface, revealing that the dynamics of axial jets until the time of impact is primarily influenced by the proximal free surface. The impact of convergent axial jets at null Kelvin impulse results in local pressure transients up to 100 MPa and triggers the formation of a fast and thin annular outflow in the form of a liquid sheet, affected by the Rayleigh–Plateau and flapping shape instability.

Synergistic influence of external electric field on laser ablation in liquid: correlating nanoparticle synthesis and cavitation bubble dynamics

The present study aims to investigate the changes in the properties of nanoparticles (NPs) and cavitation bubble dynamics by applying an external electric field during laser ablation in liquid (LAL). Investigating electric field assisted laser ablation in liquid (EFLAL) is crucial since phenomena such as plasma charging effect and electrostatic pressure have important role in determining the size, shape, and crystallinity. of the NPs. With this motivation, the present study has been conducted with different electric fields of 0, 100, 500 and 1000 V cm−1 to probe the effect of an external electric field on the dynamics of EFLAL. The charging effect observed on NPs during cavitation bubble dynamics was also investigated at these field intensities. The size of NPs witnesses a reduction from ∼30 nm without electric field to ∼19 nm in presence of electric field. Also, a significant narrowing of the size distribution by over 4 times was observed in the presence of electric field. This clearly demonstrates that EFLAL can be used to obtain NPs with uniform size distribution. Moreover, NPs of different shapes have also been observed by varying the electric field intensities (100 and 1000 V cm−1). The effect of the external electric field on the dynamics of the cavitation bubble produced during EFLAL has been probed using shadowgraphy technique. It has been observed that the bubble size increases with the presence of an electric field. The estimation of the bubble pressure in the presence of an electric field has revealed that the implosion bubble pressure is significantly lower than pressure in the absence of the field. The results obtained for NPs have been correlated to the changes in bubble parameters in this work.