Cause Of Water Contamination Research Articles

Eriochrome Black T dye removal from an aqueous solution using graphene oxide-modified activated carbon materials

ABSTRACT The presence of a toxic anionic dye, like Eriochrome Black T (EBT) in the aquatic environment, is the major cause of water contamination. Considering this, we synthesised activated carbon, (AC) derived from the Carica papaya seeds, which is effective, low-cost, simple to design and with a higher surface area. The prepared materials (GO/AC) will be employed for the efficient removal of toxic EBT dye. The synthesised GO/AC composite was further analysed using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX and Raman spectra. The adsorption performance of GO/AC materials towards EBT dye removal was checked through a batch adsorption experiment. Various parameters, including initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, stirring speed and pH, were batch-wise varied for the adsorption experiment. The higher correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.99) indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model was followed by the experimental data suggesting that the adsorption process is a monolayer. The maximum adsorption capacity of EBT dye was found to be 51.84 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was well-fitted. The thermodynamic study suggested that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the desorption efficiency of the GO/AC materials was tested through reusability in five cycles. An adsorption mechanism was also performed for the removal of EBT dye.

Eco-friendly biosorbent based on local raw material: application to dye removal

Eco-friendly biosorbent based on local raw material: application to dye removal

Parasite eggs in 16th-18th century cesspits from Granada (Spain)

The study of parasites from archaeological materials can yield information on socioeconomic conditions, as well as hygiene and waste management. The investigation of contemporaneous texts offers a complementary approach to understanding health in the past. Finding ancient parasites has proved important for analyzing structures related to waste management, such as latrines, cesspits and sewer drains. The aim of this study was to analyze the sediment in four cesspits from the early modern period (16th-18th century CE) in the city of Granada, Spain. After rehydration, homogenization, and micro-sieving (RHM) with subsequent visualization under optical microscopy, roundworm (Ascaris sp.) and whipworm (Trichuris sp.) eggs were detected in all four cesspits, with liver fluke (Fasciola sp.) eggs also being found in one cesspit. These findings are consistent with written sources from this period, which describe waste management challenges as a cause of water contamination and reveal the possible utilization of human fecal material as fertilizer. The spread of parasites would have been favored by overcrowding in the city. This study offers the first analysis of cesspits from the early modern period in the Iberian Peninsula, and demonstrates that ineffective sanitation led to widespread infection of the population by intestinal worms.

A critical review of the food colourants effects on Human Health and Environment

Food colour is a common food additive. Colour is essential for food which enhances the specific appearance of the food product and freshness. Hence, the use of artificial food colourants has increased tremendously during the past decades. Studies have reported that usage of synthetic food colouring in food products leads to severe health issues. The continuous use of synthetic food colourants causes behavioural changes like attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder in children and allergic reactions. Several researchers have reported that food-borne diseases are mainly caused by non-permitted colours. Synthetic food colours not only affect individuals, but They are also a potential cause of water contamination and much more environmental effects. Taking this into account, this study reviews the effect of synthetic colourants on humans and environment.

A systematic review on water accessibility and safety in Ghana: The plausibility to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 by 2030

Background: Water is essential in everyday life hence, there is a need for it to be available in quality and quantity to all. This study aimed to review relevant published studies on water accessibility and safety in Ghana from 2015 to 2022 to determine the plausibility of Ghana achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 by 2030.
 Methodology: A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines using four databases including ProQuest, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus. Studies with data on specified keywords and published in English from January 2015 to June 2022 were included in this study. Duplicated titles were removed and the title, abstract and full text of remained studies were reviewed by two independent coders. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes.
 Results: Ten studies met the criteria and the majority of them used qualitative design (60%). Five main themes were identified including; causes of water contamination, the prevalence of waterborne diseases, types of water sources, implemented policies and challenges for policy implementation. The government implemented policies to provide safe and potable drinking water for the citizen and now, about 72% of the population have access to treated pipe water. Some challenges facing implemented policies include political interest in illegal mining, inadequate waste disposal facilities, and poverty.
 Conclusion: This study shows that Ghana can achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6.1which is "Access to clean and affordable water for all" by 2030. The government, public health organizations and stakeholders should work together to alleviate the challenges faced in achieving this goal.

The valorization of rosemary waste as a new biosorbent to eliminate the rhodamine B dye

The widespread use of dyes is one of the leading causes of water contamination. Activated carbon is a common adsorbent used in water treatment by one of the most efficient physicochemical techniques: adsorption. As an agricultural waste, the conversion of unwanted rosemary biomass (stems and roots) into activated carbon material (RS-AC) was investigated using varied phosphoric acid activation ratios at 400 °C. Rhodamine B was utilized as a model dye in water in this work to understand better dye depolluting by RS-AC. Many standard methods were used to characterize the materials, including XRD, FTIR, Boehm titration, SEM/EDX, and pHzpc. The effects of RS-AC dosage, adsorption temperature, adsorption duration, and solution pH on the adsorption of Rhodamine B by RS-AC were studied better to understand the process's kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model adequately explains the experimental data, and the equilibrium data showed an excellent fit to the Langmuir isothermal model for a maximum monolayer's adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B (Qmax = 65.78 mg/g). The density of function theory (DFT) was employed with the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) base to get an idea for the activated sites on Rhodamine B and to explain the process of adsorption; eventually, the results agree with the experimental results.

Strontium-doped chromium oxide for RhB reduction and antibacterial activity with evidence of molecular docking analysis.

The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in aquatic pathogens and the presence of cationic dyes are the leading causes of water contamination on a global scale. In this context, nanotechnology holds immense promise for utilizing various nanomaterials with catalytic and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the catalytic and bactericidal potential of undoped and Sr-doped Cr2O3 nanostructures (NSs) synthesized through the co-precipitation method. In addition, the morphological, optical, and structural properties of the resultant NSs were also examined. The optical bandgap energy of Cr2O3 has been substantially reduced by Sr doping, as confirmed through extracted values from absorption spectra recorded by UV-Vis studies. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs illustrate that the composition of Cr2O3 primarily consisted of agglomerated, irregularly shaped NSs with a morphology resembling nanoflakes. Moreover, the presence of Sr in the lattice of Cr2O3 increased the roughness of the resulting NSs. The catalytic activity of synthesized NSs was analyzed by their reduction ability of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye in the dark under different pH conditions. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated against MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sr doping increased antibacterial efficiency against MDR E. coli, as indicated by inhibition zone measurements of 10.15 and 11.75mm at low and high doses, respectively. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis was conducted to determine the binding interaction pattern between NSs and active sites in the target cell protein. The findings corroborated antimicrobial test results indicating that Sr-Cr2O3 is the most effective inhibitor of FabH and DHFR enzymes.

Campylobacter jejuni Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Management

Campylobacter spp has become one of the most important foodborne pathogens. Moreover, Campylobacter can cause an economic burden on the human population since it can cause about 8.4% of diarrheal cases worldwide. In addition, Campylobacteriosis outbreaks have been reported sporadically in association with untreated drinking water. Water that does not take from a licensed water supplier is considered the main cause of water contamination. The most common risk factor for Campylobacteriosis transmission to humans is raw undercooked chicken. Contamination among poultry may be the result of the environmental conditions inside the farms or chicken factories that could be spread very fast among others. This infection is usually self-limited with no signs or symptoms but it can also present with severe symptoms, including diarrhea that can last for more than one week and can ultimately lead to dehydration, fever, and abdominal pain. However, the main recognized sequelae are Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), Reactive Arthritis (REA), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and rarely Bacteremia. Recently, many cases of Campylobacter spp show important resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Thus, the prevention and monitoring of this infection play an essential role. Campylobacteriosis is self-limiting, and most of the cases does not need to be treated. Some medical interventions such as electrolytes replacement, as well as hydration may be followed to treat immunocompromised patients, patients suffering from severe symptoms, pregnant women, and the elderly.

Novel procaine-based gemini zwitterion incorporated PVDF membranes for efficient treatment of oily wastewater

Oily wastewater treatment has great significance due to environmental and industrial perspectives. Oily wastewater has emerged as one of the leading causes of water contamination. Owing to the lower efficiencies of the conventional methods, membrane technology is an emerging solution for separating the stabilized oil contaminants from water. In this work, a novel procaine-based zwitterionic geminal surfactant (PZGS) i.e., 3,3′-((((4,4′-(decanedioylbis(azanediyl)) bis(benzoyl))bis(oxy)) bis(ethane-2,1-diyl)) bis(diethylammoniumdiyl)) bis(propane-1-sulfonate) synthesized by utilizing procaine hydrochloride and 1,3-propane sultone precursors. The PZGS was well-characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. The synthesized PZGS was utilized to fabricate procaine-based zwitterionic gemini surfactant incorporated PVDF membranes (PZGS-Mx-PVDF), and the membranes were thoroughly investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle goniometry. It is observed that the performance of these newly fabricated membranes (PZGS-Mx-PVDF) was significantly improved after incorporating PZGS into the PVDF membranes. The surface of membranes has become water-friendly as the water contact angle substantially changed from 84.1° to 58.1°. In controlled addition of PZGS, the PZGS-M2-PVDF membrane has shown a substantially improved flux of 4.5 times to pristine PVDF. The maximum oil rejection of > 99.3% was attained using the PZGS-M1-PVDF membrane. A high flux recovery ratio (FRR) of about 83% was observed with the PZGS-M2-PVDF membrane. The PZGS-Mx-PVDF membranes have shown a good flux recovery ratio after continuous use of oil-in-water emulsions. The excellent separation efficiency, high permeation flux, and good flux recovery ratio indicated that the introduced PZGS-Mx-PVDF membranes have a significant potential for oily wastewater treatment.

A partial least squares-path model of causality among environmental deterioration indicators in the dry period of Paraopeba River after the rupture of B1 tailings dam in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

This study investigated the collapse of B1 mine-tailings dam that occurred in 25 January 2019 and severely affected the Brumadinho region (Minas Gerais state, Brazil) socially, economically and environmentally. As regards water resources, the event impacted the Paraopeba River in the first 155.3 km counted from the dam site, meaning nearly half the main water course downstream of B1. In the impacted sector, high concentrations of tailings-related Al, Fe, Mn, P in river sediment-tailings mixtures and water were detected, as well as changes to the reflectance of riparian forests. In the river water, the metal concentrations raised significantly above safe levels. For caution, the water management authorities declared immediate suspension of Paraopeba River as drinking water source to the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (6 million people), irrespective of representing nearly 30% of all supply. In this study, the main purpose was to assess potential links between tailings distribution, river water composition and reflectance of forest vegetation, which worked out as latent variables in regression models. The latent variables were represented by numerous physical and chemical parameters, measured 4 times in 22 sites during the dry period of 2019. The modeling results suggested the release of aluminum and phosphorus from sand fractions in the mine tailings as major cause of water contamination. The NDVI changes were interpreted as environmental deterioration. Changes in redox potential may have raised manganese concentrations in surface water further affecting the forest NDVI. Distance from the B1 dam and dissolved calcium appear to attenuate deterioration. Overall, the regressions allowed robust prognoses of environmental deterioration in the Paraopeba River under low flow conditions. More importantly, they can be transposed to similar dam ruptures helping environmental authorities to decide upon measures that can bring the affected rivers to pre-rupture conditions.

Impact of Nutrient Management on Wheat/Vegetable Yields and the Fate of 15N-Labeled Fertilizer in the Yangtze River Basin

The Yangtze River Basin (YRB) crosses three economic zones and major agricultural regions of eastern, central, and western China. Increasing non-point source pollution, caused by excessive nitrogen (N) inputs to farms, is one of the main causes of water contamination in the YRB. To improve N fertilizer use efficiency, we conducted a field experiment using 15N-labeled urea at three sites located in upstream, midstream, and downstream regions of the YRB to evaluate the impacts of improved fertilizer management on crop yield, fertilizer N recovery, and losses in three crop rotations: rice–wheat (RW), rice–vegetable (RV) [tuber mustard at Jiangjin (Chongqing), cabbage at Shayang (Hubei), and savoy cabbage at Rugao (Jiangsu)] and maize–wheat (MW). Applying only 50% of the traditional application of N and P fertilizer maintained the wheat yield at Jiangjin and Shayang and savoy cabbage yield at Rugao. However, it caused a 27% reduction of the wheat yield at Rugao. The 15N recovery showed that 27% of the fertilizer N was retained in the soil and that 25% less fertilizer N was lost to the environment compared to the traditional fertilizer application. Improved fertilizer management would reduce the environmental cost of farming in the YRB, but with some consequences to winter crop yields.

A Review Study in Water Pollution

Water is required for life to exist. It is unnecessary to emphasize how vital it is. On the other shand, water contamination is among the most important environmental concerns we face today. Toxic compounds enter bodies of water including lakes, rivers, and seas and are dissolved, floating in the water, or settle on the bottom, polluting the water. As a result, the water quality deteriorates. This would be disastrous not just for marine ecosystems, but also for groundwater, since contaminants would seep through and pollute the water we use in our everyday activities, including drinking. Water pollution may occur in a variety of ways, with municipal wastewater and industrial waste disposal being the most serious. Contaminants that reach the water supply via soils or groundwater systems, as well as rain, are examples of indirect causes of water contamination. Human agricultural practices, as well as illegally disposed of industrial wastes, pollute soils and groundwater. Contaminants include organic, chemical, radioactive, as well as other types.

Non-toxic chitosan-based hydrogel with strong adsorption and sensitive detection abilities for tetracycline

Antibiotics are classified as a severe cause of water contamination. Therefore, there is a great demand for an efficient and non-toxic adsorbent for antibiotics. In this study, a non-toxic chitosan-based hydrogel (CH) was developed using cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) and carbon dots (CDs). This CH had strong sorption ability (a maximum sorption capacity of 541.3 mg/g) and sensitive detection ability (linear ranges of 0.2–1.0 μg/L and 1–200 mg/L, and a detection limit of 0.12 μg/L) for tetracycline (TC). The physical and chemical structures, cytotoxicity, TC sorption and detection abilities of the CH were studied. Sorption and detection mechanisms were proposed. The study revealed that CNs offered a skeleton structure for improving the adsorption ability, and the CDs served as remarkable fluorescent probes for detecting TC with high selectivity and sensitivity.

A Review on Current Status of Riverine Pollution in India

Water is one of the essential resources needed on Earth for the survival of humans. The Indian people consider rivers such as Ganga, Yamuna, and Sabarmati sacred, while the Mithi river had bio-diversified importance. Drinking and taking bath in the sacred rivers is a common practice.These rivers cover a total distance of 4272 kilometres. But the water quality of these rivers is compromised by the presence of various contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals, organic waste, chemical waste, and direct discharge of sewage.The pollution levels have risen as a result of the chemical industry's output of 30984 metric tonnes in 2019-2020. Over the years, the agriculture sector has used 3,50,000 Mt of DDT.The water has become unfit for any human consumption, thus posing a possible threat of diseases outbreak. These rivers pass through the major urban cities of India like Delhi, major economic cities of Uttar Pradesh state, Ahmedabad, and Mumbai. There is a risk of certain lethal diseases due to the direct exposure of humans and other life forms to toxic chemicals and heavy metals through polluted river water. The objective of this study is to examine the causes of water contamination in major Indian rivers and their potential risk on human health.

Survey on China's industrial transformation and pollution generation

The country's finite freshwater resources are being strained by ever-increasing water demands resulting from population and economic development throughout China's industrial revolution. Meanwhile, extensive water contamination that developed as a result of industrialization exacerbates water scarcity. This is an excellent piece of work. Provides an overview of water scarcity and pollution in the United States. China, and investigates the fundamental causes of water contamination—increased pollution levels. industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution discharges excessive water abstraction from the environment, and poor water quality Management of water resources and pollution control enforcement regulations. The three most important factors that influence long-term water quality economic change, and technological advancement After that, institutional and policy changes, as well as innovation, are addressed. in particulars The quality of China's surface water has deteriorated during the past two decades. China is approaching a critical juncture in its development, according to decades of evidence. Pollution reduction and improvement are two goals of the industrial transition. There will be a degradation in environmental quality. Measures and policies To speed up the process, institutional changes are also suggested. China's surface water quality is improving.

Biosorción de Cd (II) y Pb (II) de soluciones acousas en residuos agrícolas de Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Optimización, cinética, isotermas y desorción

Industrial activities are the most common cause of water contamination by heavy metals, which endanger the quality of water resources and human health, due to their bioaccumulation capacity and consequent biomagnification. For this reason, the removal of metals from effluents before their discharge into the receiving water bodies is of crucial importance. This is why, in the present investigation, the biosorption processes of Cd (II) and Pb (II) in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean) agricultural residues (stems, leaves and leaf sheaths) were optimized. The influence of pH, biosorbent doses and initial concentration levels of metallic ions was evaluated using the response surface methodology (RSM). Quadratic models were developed for the percent removal of Cd (II) and Pb (II). Optimal biosorption conditions were attained at pH = 4.3, a 7.4 g/L biosorbent dose and an initial 9.14 mg/L concentration of each metal, achieving percent removals of 87.70 and 95.58% for Cd (II) and Pb (II), respectively. The FT-IR characterization showed that the functional groups involved in adsorption would be in the range of 2300 to 2400 cm-1. The biosorption kinetics were described by the pseudo first order model and the equilibrium data was adjusted to the Freundlich isotherm. An approximate desorption of 98% of Cd (II) and Pb (II) was achieved. The Phaseolus vulgaris L. residue showed a great biosorption capacity of Cd (II) and Pb (II) simultaneously.

Exploration of dye degradation potential of eco-friendly green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles using extract of Acacia nilotica

Nowadays the requirement for clean water in human population is growing day by day. The different factories and industries like pharmaceutical, textile, food processing, leather, printing and chemical industries are the major cause of water contamination by adding an organic dyes. The aim of present study is to synthesize the green nanoparticles for the purification waste water. The TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared using crude extract of pharmaceutical important local plant Acacia nilotica. The synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles were characterized using different analytical approaches. The TiO 2 nanoparticles initially were confirmed by color change and later by UV-spectroscopy. The Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) were also performed. The size and shape of TiO 2 nanoparticles were assessed by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometric analysis (EDS) was performed to measure the elements concentrations. Dye removing potential of prepared TiO 2 nanoparticles were performed using methylene blue induced dye mixture. The result showed that the synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles were round and spherical in shape ranging from 50-120nm with average of 60nm. EDS confirmed the TiO 2 presence in nanoparticles. The synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles showed 75% dye removing capacity after 2 hours of exposure. In conclusion, our rapidly green synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles were highly effective for removing dye from water, therefore these TiO 2 nanoparticles can be used as best source for waste water treatment with minimum cast for removing dyes from waste water

Presence of Coliform and Fecal Coliform and Evaluation of the Drinking Water Quality in Chittagong University Campus

Water contaminated with harmful pathogen and due to the lack of access to safe drinking water can cause various health defects like infection, water born disease and undesirable appearance of water. This study is focused to determine the microbial quality of drinking water in Chittagong University campus which is one of the mostly populated University in Bangladesh. To determine the microbial quality of drinking water, water was collected from three highly populated place of the campus and the sampling sites were canteen of Biological Science Faculty, Deshnetri Begum Khaleda Zia Hall and Canteen near Shahid Minar. For collecting water samples three random place were selected from those collection sites and water samples were collected using standard procedure for three consecutive days. The temperature and pH was measured at the sampling site; for checking bacteriological parameters (total coliform and fecal coliform) were tested for each sample and their potential for health hazard were measured. Average viable bacterial count in the samples were 13.19×10 6 , 9.32 ×10 6 and 9.7×10 6 respectively in sample 1, sample 2 and sample 3. The results of the study demonstrated that physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water at sources was not up to the mark. But water from canteen near Shahid Minar (Sample 3) has a very high risk of infection as the number of coliform is >1100 and fecal coliform ≅93 and Salmonella was present in that place, demonstrated that water from this site is not safe for drinking. Also Salmonella was found in drinking water sample of canteen of Biological Science Faculty (Sample 1). Possible cause of water contamination may be the irrational practice of drawing water from pipe by suction, improper layout of water supply lines and sewer there might be crossing between them and poor hygienic practice and illiteracy of workers of canteen people. It is recommended that to carryout regular monitoring, crosscheck of the water supply lines.

Genomic damage in Mugil curema (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) reveals the effects of intense urbanization on estuaries in northeastern Brazil

The largest metropolitan centers in northeastern region of Brazil are all located near the coast, and industrial, tourist, and agro-industrial activities are the principal causes of water contamination due to discharges of untreated sewage. Adverse environmental conditions can often be detected by analyzing the genetic material of organisms exposed to pollutants, and furnish an overview of environmental quality. We evaluated possible damage to the DNA of one of the fish resources most widely consumed and commercialized by coastal communities in northeastern Brazil, Mugil curema (“tainha”). Erythrocytes from M. curema were analyzed by the presence of micronuclei and by comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis, SCGE). Statistical comparisons to both tests revealed considerably greater genomic damage in polluted estuaries than in the control site (p < 0.05), suggesting strong genotoxic impacts on the specimens evaluated, principally among those taken near localities with dense demographic and industrial development.

SISTEM IDENTIFIKASI PERSEBARAN PECEMARAN AIR OLEH LIMBAH DI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN AVERAGE LINKAGE DAN K-MEAN CLUSTER

Water contamination is a problem that is always difficult to resolved. One of the main sources that causes water contamination is waste caused by human activities. The needed for a system that can analyze the data of water contamination sources. The main cause of water contamination that became variables in this study are family, factory and other waste. The method of Cluster and Average Linkage is used to analyze hierarchical data. The results of Cluster analysis hierarchically divided into three provincial groups based on the population distribution of waste. The first group is the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, Bangka Belitung, DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, Banten, Bali, NTB, NTT, East Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Gorontalo, West Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku, West Papua and Papua. The second group consists of West Java and Central Java. In the third group occupied by West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan. The source of water contamination, namely family waste, dominates the second group or it can be said that the province classified as the second group is dominated by family waste. The source of factory waste water contamination that dominates in the third group or it can be said that the provinces classified in the third group are dominated by factory waste as one of the most important sources of water contamination. The first group consisted of 28 members or 28 provinces, the second group had 2 members, while the third group consisted of 3 members. The first group has a source of water contamination, the most important of which is based on the indicators that are seen to be stable for the three indicators. The main source of water contamination based on the three indicators studied for the second group is dominated by family waste and other wastes. Whereas for the third group is dominated by factory waste.