Cause Of Tooth Loss Research Articles

Efficacy of a Novel Bioactive Glass-Polymer Composite for Enamel Remineralization following Erosive Challenge.

Introduction Dental caries is the most common cause of tooth loss. However, it can be stopped by enhancing remineralization. Fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) are among the most important remineralizing agents. Recent studies have used bioactive glass as a remineralizing agent in different forms. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a composite paste (prepared by mixing urethane polypropylene glycol oligomer with bioactive glass powder for easier application). Materials and Methods Enamel disks were cut out of the buccal surface of extracted sound third molars. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 and underwent Vickers microhardness test. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS) were performed. All samples were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 14 days. The tests were then repeated. Next, bioactive glass paste, fluoride, and CPP-ACP were applied on the surface of the samples and they were then stored in an artificial saliva for 14 days. The tests were repeated again. The microhardness values were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (P < 0.05). Results The microhardness of the bioactive glass group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05). XRD revealed an enamel structure more similar to sound enamel in the bioactive glass and CPP-ACP groups compared with the fluoride group. FESEM/EDS revealed higher hydroxyapatite deposition in the bioactive glass group than in the other two groups. Conclusions All three remineralizing agents caused remineralization, but bioactive glass paste had a greater efficacy.

Clinical features of prosthetic treatment in edentuluos patients

BACKGROUND: Social adaptation of patients with complete absence of teeth is associated with fixation and stabilization of prostheses during chewing and speech. It is necessary to take into account the somatic status of the patient, the causes of tooth loss, pay attention to the clinical stages of orthopedic treatment.&#x0D; AIM: Of the study is to increase the efficiency of the orthopedic dentist with full removable prosthetics.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: The conditions for obtaining a compression impression are a rigid spoon, silicone impression material of medium viscosity, constant pressure at the time of impression removal. The indication for removing the compression impression is the mucous membrane of the 1st type according to the Supple. The conditions for removing decompression impressions are a perforated individual spoon, liquid-flowing impression material, no pressure on the oral mucosa. The indication for the use of decompression impressions is a thin, atrophied mucous membrane of the oral cavity of the 2nd type according to Supple. It is necessary to use functional impressions combined according to the degree of pressure on the oral mucosa. This implies the peculiarities of manufacturing a rigid base with wax rollers. After determining the central ratio of the jaws and packing the template basis with bite rollers, the doctor applies the impression material differentially to its inner surface. Both templates with bite rollers are inserted into the oral cavity, the doctor controls the central position of the lower jaw, while functional impressions are taken from the upper and lower jaws, taking into account the functional pressure of the patients chewing muscles. This will allow you to evenly distribute the chewing pressure on the oral mucosa. The value of functional rest is determined by measuring two marked points at the base of the nose and on the chin and always exceeds the amount of separation in the state of the central ratio of the jaws by the amount of the interclusal space. Having determined the amount of functional rest, they begin to design the maxillary occlusion pattern, then note the anatomical landmarks. Often, the removal of impressions with a corrective silicone mass is performed in the position of the central ratio.&#x0D; The value of functional rest is determined by a set of anatomical landmarks in a state of maximum possible muscle relaxation in combination with phonetic tests when closing the lips without tension.&#x0D; RESULTS: The determination of the central ratio on rigid bases makes it possible to accurately fix the interalveolar distance. Patients adapt to prosthetic structures faster.&#x0D; The use of a facial arch with an articulator significantly improves the quality of the prosthetic structure, allows you to individualize the anatomical parameters of the patient.&#x0D; When determining the central ratio of the jaws, checking the design of the future prosthesis, cone-beam computed tomography of the temporomandibular joint was used to control the position of the heads of the lower jaw, confirming the correctness of the actions. At the stage of checking the design of the removable prosthesis, phonetic tests were used.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The use of combined impressions with simultaneous determination of the central ratio of the jaws and control of the position of the heads of the lower jaw can accelerate the process of orthopedic treatment (combining two stages) and adaptation to removable prostheses. To improve speech during treatment, it is necessary to use special phonetic tests that allow you to restore the correct ratio between the jaws, find the optimal position of artificial teeth, determine the boundaries and shape of the basis of the prosthesis and design the optimal prosthesis for each patient.

Electrospun Polysaccharides for Periodontal Tissue Engineering: A Review of Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.

Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss among the adult population. Indeed, conventional treatment modalities have specific challenges such as scar tissue infiltration, the formation of long epithelium junctions, and aesthetic limitations. Therefore, the development of alternative strategies is highly demanded. In this regard, periodontal tissue engineering has shed new light on the next generation of treatment methods. The essence of this technology is the use of appropriate biomaterials, bioactive agents, and fabrication technologies to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) of periodontal tissue. Among different candidates, the use of electrospun polysaccharides has gained significant attention. These structures possess a solid resemblance to native periodontal tissue's ECM in physicochemical, biological, and structural properties. The current review discusses the recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives of electrospun polysaccharides in periodontal tissue engineering.

Management of Periodontal Disease with Adjunctive Therapy with Ozone and Photobiomodulation (PBM): A Randomized Clinical Trial

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the soft and hard tooth-supporting tissues, representing the first cause of tooth loss. In addition to standard mechanical debridement (Scaling and Root Planing, SRP), further approaches have been proposed as adjuncts. The aim of the present randomized clinical trial is to compare the efficacy of ozone or photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy in addition to SRP to treat periodontal disease. According to a split-mouth design, 240 pathological sites, corresponding to 30 periodontal patients, were randomly divided according to the professional oral hygiene protocol performed at baseline (T0) and after 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 3 (T3), 4 (T4), 5 (T5), and 6 (T6) months. A total of 120 sites underwent an ozonized water administration (ozone group), whereas the other 120 sites were treated with photobiomodulation (PBM group), both in addition to SRP. At every timepoint, the following clinical indexes were assessed: Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) (measured on six sites per element), Plaque Index (PI), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). As regards PPD, significant intergroup differences were noticed from T5, with significantly lower values in the PBM group (p &lt; 0.05), where values further decreased at T6 (p &lt; 0.05). Both PI and BoP generally decreased from baseline to T6 in both groups; a significant difference was found between T0 and T1 among the groups (p &lt; 0.05), with a progressively higher reduction in the PBM group among the time frames of the study, despite intergroup comparisons not being significant (p &gt; 0.05). Both ozone and PBM appear to be effective adjuvant treatments to SRP, obtaining a slightly better outcome for the latter in the long term, with significant differences at T5 and T6 for PPD. However, because of the absence of standardized protocols for PBM considering both therapeutic and research purposes, no definitive conclusions can be reached, and further studies are required.

A20 alleviated caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis and inflammation stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide and nicotine through autophagy enhancement.

Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss, and patients with smoking habits are at an increased risk of developing periodontitis. A20 (the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3, TNFAIP3) is one of the key regulators of inflammation and cell death in numerous tissues. Emerging researches indicated A20 as a fundamental molecule in the periodontal tissue. This study was to evaluate the role of A20 against cell death and inflammation in periodontitis and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In our study, western blot, autophagy detection, and transmission electron microscopy showed that lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg.LPS) and nicotine (NI) could enhance the activation of autophagy. Pg.LPS and NI induce the pyroptosis of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), as evidenced by the decrease of membrane integrity and the increase of NLRP3, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, caspase-1 activity, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α. Further researches were focused on that A20, an ubiquitin-editing enzyme, was linked to hPDLCs pyroptosis. Overexpression or silencing A20 could diminish or aggravate pyroptosis in hPDLCs by the modulation of autophagy. The above results demonstrated that A20 dictated the cross-talk between pyroptosis and autophagy. Overexpression of A20 enhanced autophagy to reduce pyroptosis, and thus alleviating inflammation, suggesting that A20 may be a potent target in the treatment of periodontitis.

Aggravating Effects of Psychological Stress on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis via the Involvement of Local Oxidative Damage and NF-κB Activation.

Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults, and psychological factors play an important role in the development of periodontitis. To elucidate the adverse effects of psychological stress on the inflammatory process and redox status of periodontitis tissue, fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the control, experimental periodontitis, psychological stress, experimental periodontitis plus psychological stress, and experimental periodontitis plus psychological stress plus fluoxetine groups. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used to establish psychological stress, and silk ligature was used to induce experimental periodontitis. Four weeks later, stressed rats showed altered behaviour, serum hormone levels, and sucrose preference. More obvious alveolar bone loss and attachment loss and higher protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines were observed in the experimental periodontitis plus psychological stress group. The combination of CUMS and periodontitis had synergistic effects on increasing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and decreasing antioxidant enzyme activities compared with those in the stress or periodontitis groups. Moreover, psychological stress further increased p-IκBα and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels and decreased IκBα protein levels in periodontitis rats. Fluoxetine administration alleviated the adverse effects of psychological stress on the progression of periodontitis in rats. These results hint us that psychological stress could aggravate inflammation in periodontitis tissues, which may be partly due to local worsening of oxidative damage and further activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling pathway.

Tooth loss and its risk factors among the young adults in the Kamrup (Metro) district of Assam: An epidemiological study

Background: Epidemiological studies on tooth loss, particularly in young adults (20–40 years), are very sparse, and it was probably not done in Assam and the whole of the northeast region of India. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the role of the oral health determinants and analyze their potential risk on tooth mortality among the young adults of the rural and urban areas of Kamrup (Metro) district of Assam. Materials and Methodology: A total of 1540 young adults (20–40 years), 770 each from the urban and rural areas of the Kamrup (Metro) district, were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Oral health assessment was done by asking individual questionnaires and intraoral examinations. Collected data were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Pearson's Chi-square test at 0.05 significance level. Results: Overall 30.6% of the young adults demonstrated one or more tooth loss with no significant difference between rural (29.70%) and urban areas (31.40%). Tooth decay is the prime cause of tooth loss (23.7%), followed by tooth mobility (4.5%) and trauma (0.9%). The potential risk of tooth loss can significantly be influenced by education, occupation, consumption of sweet food, water sources, oral hygiene practices, smoking and chewing of different types of smokeless tobacco, paan-betel nuts, paan-masalas, and consumption of alcohol (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Tooth loss is a major oral health problem affecting >30% of the young adults. The potential risk of tooth loss due to major oral diseases can be influenced by education, occupation, sweet food, water sources, oral hygiene practices, bad oral habits, and alcohol consumption.

Tooth Loss Among Adults at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital &amp;ldquo;Factors, Causes, And Clinical Characteristics&amp;rdquo;

The study aims at evaluating the causes of tooth loss and correlates them to risk factors in adult patients, who are frequenting King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital in Jeddah.&nbsp; A 153 patients were included, ages ranging from 14 to 85 years (mean 34.49&plusmn;15.8). Clinical chart review was conducted, past medical history, potential risk factors such as poor oral hygiene and smoking, DMFS and bone loss level were recorded. A validated questionnaire was used to collect demographic data

Treatment of inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis by stem cell-derived exosomes

Periodontitis is the primary cause of tooth loss, but there is no effective treatment to repair inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis. Exosomes emerge as essential paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that mediated tissue regeneration. Here, we investigated the potential of exosomes secreted by periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) as therapeutics for the bone defect in periodontitis. Exosomes secreted from PDLSCs derived from healthy periodontal ligaments (h-PDLSCs) and their function were evaluated on PDLSCs isolated from the inflammatory periodontal ligament of periodontitis patients (i-PDLSCs). Treatment of exosomes of h-PDLSCs led to an increase in the formation of mineralized nodules and the expressions of osteogenic genes and proteins in i-PDLSCs. Mechanistically, h-PDLSCs-exosomes suppressed the over-activation of canonical Wnt signaling to recover the osteogenic differentiation capacity of i-PDLSCs. To evaluate the therapeutic of exosomes on inflammatory bone loss, h-PDLSCs-exosomes loaded with Matrigel or β-TCP were employed to repair bone defects in rat models of periodontitis. Compared to the vehicle-treated control group, h-PDLSCs-exosomes-treated rats resulted in more bone formation in the defect of alveolar bone. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that exosomes derived from healthy PDLSCs could rescue the osteogenesis capacity of endogenous stem cells under an inflammatory environment and promote regeneration of alveolar bone. Our findings suggest that MSCs-derived exosome is an effective and practical cell-free MSC therapeutic for the treatment of periodontitis. Statement of significanceThere is no effective treatment to repair inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis. As essential paracrine factors of PDLSCs, exosomes might mediate tissue regeneration during stem cell therapy. Here, we reported that exosomes secreted from healthy PDLSCs promoted the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs derived from periodontitis tissue. Healthy PDLSCs-exosomes treatment resulted in accelerated bone formation in the defect of alveolar bone in rat models of periodontitis. Mechanistically, h-PDLSCs-exosomes suppressed the over-activation of canonical Wnt signaling to recover the osteogenic differentiation capacity of inflammatory PDLSCs. These findings suggest that MSCs-derived exosome is an effective and practical cell-free MSC therapeutic for the treatment of periodontitis.

Human β-defensin 2 enhances IL-1β production and pyroptosis through P2X7-mediated NLRP3 expression in macrophages

Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss, which is also a high-risk factor for other diseases including oral cancer and cardiovascular disease. Periodontitis is one of the most common type of periodontal diseases. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, the mechanism how IL-1β is produced during periodontitis is still unclear. In the present study, we found that human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) enhances IL-1β production through an LPS-primed human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) macrophage model. Inhibition of P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7) reduced hBD2-enhanced IL-1β production. Incubation of LPS-primed THP-1 macrophages with potassium chloride also suppressed hBD2-enhanced IL-1β production. Silence of inflammasome adaptor Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) led to reduced hBD2-enhanced IL-1β production. Likewise, inhibition of caspase-1 also resulted in the decrease of IL-1β. Moreover, an ethidium bromide uptake test indicated that hBD2-activated caspase-1 mediated pyroptotic pore formation. Subsequent lactate dehydrogenase detection and flow cytometric analysis indicated that hBD2 also induced pyroptosis. In brief, these findings illustrated not only the mechanism of hBD2 in enhancing the inflammatory response, but also provided novel therapeutic targets for periodontitis.

P4 - Prevention of Alveolar Bone Loss of Colocasia Esculenta Varnish

Periodontitis is the primary cause of tooth loss in adults. Colocasia esculenta extract (CE) was known to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoclastogenic effects. We fabricated experimental varnish mixed with CE that can be adhered to teeth in the long term. This study aimed to evaluate the prevention effect of the alveolar bone loss of CE varnish using the rat ligature-induced periodontitis model The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CE against Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated. Cytotoxicity of CE was determined with a CCK-8 kit for L929 cells. An experimental varnish was fabricated, and 15 wt% CE was mixed with the varnish. Sprague Dawley rats (8-week-old, male) were divided into four groups; Negative control (NC), Positive control (PC), Varnish group(V), and Varnish with CE group(VCE). Periodontitis was induced by ligature of 4/0 silk to the maxillary second molar. In the NC group, the ligation was immediately removed. Then, the varnish was applied around the ligated teeth. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed, and alveolar bone loss was evaluated using micro-CT. Inflammatory cytokines of the gingiva were analyzed by real-time qPCR. The MIC of CE was 31.3 ?g/mL, and the MBC was 62.5 ?g/mL. CE showed no cytotoxicity at 500 ?g/mL or less. The VCE group showed significantly lower alveolar bone loss than the PC group (p<0.05), but no significant difference from the V group (p>0.05). MMP-9 and IL-6 were significantly lower CEV varnish group than in the V group (p < 0.05). CE was effective in inhibiting P. gingivalis and did not show any cytotoxicity at the antibacterial concentrations. VCE prevented alveolar bone loss in the rat and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Varnish with CE is regarded to be applied to teeth for the prevention of periodontitis.

Wavelet Guided 3D Deep Model to improve Dental Microfracture Detection.

Epidemiological studies indicate that microfractures (cracks) are the third most common cause of tooth loss in industrialized countries. An undetected crack will continue to progress, often with significant pain, until the tooth is lost. Previous attempts to utilize cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detecting cracks in teeth had very limited success. We propose a model that detects cracked teeth in high resolution (hr) CBCT scans by combining signal enhancement with a deep CNNbased crack detection model. We perform experiments on a dataset of 45 ex-vivo human teeth with 31 cracked and 14 controls. We demonstrate that a model that combines classical wavelet-based features with a deep 3D CNN model can improve fractured tooth detection accuracy in both micro-Computed Tomography (ground truth) and hr-CBCT scans. The CNN model is trained to predict a probability map showing the most likely fractured regions. Based on this fracture probability map we detect the presence of fracture and are able to differentiate a fractured tooth from a control tooth. We compare these results to a 2D CNN-based approach and we show that our approach provides superior detection results. We also show that the proposed solution is able to outperform oral and maxillofacial radiologists in detecting fractures from the hr-CBCT scans. Early detection of cracks will lead to the design of more appropriate treatments and longer tooth retention.

Prevalence of partial edentulism among the patients visiting a Tertiary Health Care Center in the Western Region, Nepal

Introduction: Tooth loss causes impairment, functional limitation, physical, psychological, and social disability. Hence, the study of pattern of tooth loss can provide a rough information about the frequency, cause and magnitude of oral problems, its sequelae that eventually can act as mirror image of prosthodontic treatment needs. &#x0D; Objectives: To assess the prevalence of partial edentulism and its etiology, to determine its association with sociodemographic parameters, and to find out the motivational factor/s for replacement in willing patients.&#x0D; Methods: Total 417 patients with partial edentulism were examined intraorally on the basis of Kennedy’s classification with Applegate’s modification. The descriptive analysis was done using frequency distribution. Pearson Chi-square analysis test was used to determine the association between demographic variables and type of tooth loss where p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: Partial edentulism was more prevalent in mandibular arch (41.7%) followed by both arches (30.9%). Kennedy’s Class III was the commonest and Kennedy’s class III modification 1 was second most common type of partial edentulism. Age and educational status had statistically significant association while gender had no association with various classes of partial edentulism. Dental caries (62.8%) followed by periodontitis (25.9%) were the major causes of tooth loss. Functional demand (46.8%) was the key motivational factor for the replacement among those who were willing (78.4%).&#x0D; Conclusions: This study can help in assessing the epidemiological features of partial edentulism of one community in a more classified form and can help gather information necessary to assess the treatment needs.&#x0D;

Molecular tools for the diagnosis of periodontitis

Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic biofilms and aberrant host inflammatory response. It is characterized by destruction of the tissues that support the teeth. Periodontitis is the major cause of tooth loss in adults significantly affecting the quality of life and is associated with many chronic non communicable diseases by contributing to systemic inflammatory burden. Early and accurate diagnosis is the key to the successful management of periodontitis as the entire treatment plan, prognosis, and maintenance directly depend on the quality of periodontal diagnosis. Traditionally the diagnosis of Periodontitis is based on recording medical and dental history, periodontal examination and radiographic findings. The current periodontal diagnostic process reveals only historical tissue destruction and does not provide any information regarding current disease activity, future progression or for monitoring response to therapy. For these reasons, new molecular diagnostic aids are being developed that allow an early detection of disease, determine the presence of current disease activity, predict sites at risk for future breakdown and monitor the response to periodontal therapy. Advanced molecular diagnostic techniques are a class of diagnostic tests that are used to detect and measure nucleic acids, proteins or metabolites in clinical samples to identify risk factors, screen asymptomatic patients, provide more accurate diagnosis and guide the process of development of an ideal therapeutic intervention. This paper provides a review of the molecular diagnostic tools that have the potential to be utilized for diagnosis and management of periodontitis.

Differences in Dental Care Referral for Diabetic Patients Between General Practitioners and Diabetes Specialists in Japan, Analyzed from NSAID-Study 3.

IntroductionPeriodontal disease is a common inflammation worldwide and is not only the foremost cause of tooth loss but also a cause of deterioration of glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus. In addition, effective glycemic management improves the control of periodontitis infection. The aim of this study was to clarify whether awareness of the need to refer their patients with diabetes to dentists differs between general practitioners and diabetes specialists. This was achieved by secondary analysis of data from the 2018 Nationwide Survey on Actual Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) by Japanese Practitioners (NSAID Study).MethodsData from 380 general practitioners and 79 diabetes specialists who participated in the NSAID study and responded to the question of whether they referred T2DM patients to the dentist were analyzed in this study.ResultsThe proportion of general practitioners who referred T2DM patients to dentists was significantly lower than that of diabetes specialists (35.4% vs. 64.1%, respectively).ConclusionThis result suggests that the general practitioners who participated in this study were less cognizant of oral hygiene in patients with diabetes than those who specialized in diabetes. It is also necessary to increase the opportunities for education of physicians who provide diabetic care to promote appropriate dental referrals.

Is there a relationship between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease? Systematic review and comparative analysis

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease with unknown cause, being the first cause of dementia affecting 24 million people, which is set to double by 2040. Periodontitis is a multifactorial, inflammatory and chronic disease that causes the loss of the tooth’s support system; being the number one cause of tooth loss in adults. Both diseases are highly prevalent, making them an important public health issue. New studies have shown that there might be a relation between them.MethodSystematic review and comparative analysis of studies through a bibliographic search that included clinical trials, case‐control and cohort studies in humans, with objective tests for the diagnosis of both diseases. Excluding: descriptive studies or studies that didn’t focus on Alzheimer’s; studies that didn’t diagnose periodontitis clinically; sigle case studies; based on patients with syndromes; or evaluated exclusively the quality of life of the patients. From the 473 articles found only 9 fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria.ResultOut of the 9 articles selected, 7 found a statistically significant difference between people with Alzheimer’s and without it in relation to periodontitis (Choi S et al, Ide M et al, de Suza T et al, Martande SS et al, Holmer J et al, Cestari JA at al, Aragón F et al). Chen CK et al didn’t find a statistical significance at the beginning (p=0.0547) but did in the 10 years follow‐up (p=0.00264). Tiisanoja A et al didn’t find a statistic significance (RR=1.54; IC=0.52‐4.56). However, when subjecting the article’s results to CI for the proportion analysis we discovered that only one study found this difference significant out of the 6 included.ConclusionThe most common oral problems in patients with Alzheimer’s were gingivitis, periodontitis, tooth loss, candidiasis, calculus. Although there seems to be a relationship between the two, further studies with larger populations and a better screening process for participants, are needed in order to truly assess whether there is a causal relationship between the two pathologies or not. One of the greatest limitations we encountered was the lack of homogeneity between the studies statistical tools, making it impossible to do a meta‐analysis.

Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women and Impact on in Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia

Background: Periodontal disease is amongst the top ten most common diseases to affect humans and the leading cause of tooth loss for adults, so it’s important to be aware of the condition and how it can develop.Periodontitis is an inflammatory process initiated by bacterial plaque involving the supporting structures of the tooth which include the gingiva, the junctional epithelium, root cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study using a self-managed questionnaire conducted among 127 pregnant women in King Salman Armed Forces Hospital in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia (2020).&#x0D; Results: the study found that 69.3% of cases had symptoms of periodontitis. Also, the study found that there were no significant correlations betweensymptoms of periodontitis and all variables like; age group, marital status, educational level, employment, number of children, brushing daily, and visiting dental clinic during pregnancy (p&gt;0.05). As regards symptoms of periodontitisassociated with pregnancy, our study reported that 56.7% had Bleeding per gum, 44.9% had gum swelling and 40.9% had an offensive odor from the mouth.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pregnant women cases had periodontitis and there was no significant association found with different variables like age, educational level, marital status. Also, there was good practice and attitude toward pregnancy-associated periodontitis.

Curry Leaf Triggers Cell Death of P. gingivalis with Membrane Blebbing.

Periodontal disease has become a serious public health problem, as indicated by accumulating evidence that periodontal disease is not only a major cause of tooth loss but is also associated with various systemic diseases. The present study assessed the anti-bacterial activities of three herbal products (curry leaf, clove, and cinnamon) against Porphyomonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen for periodontal diseases. The curry leaf extract (CLE) showed the strongest growth inhibitory activity among them, and the activity was maintained even after extensive heat treatment. Of note, while clove and cinnamon extracts at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) significantly enhanced the biofilm formation of P. gingivalis, CLE at sub-MIC did not have any effect on the biofilm formation. The MIC of CLE against P. gingivalis was higher than those against a wide range of other oral bacterial species. P. gingivalis cells were completely killed within 30 min after treatment with CLE. Spatiotemporal analysis using high-speed atomic force microscopy revealed that CLE immediately triggered aberrant membrane vesicle formation on the bacterial surface. Bacterial membrane potential assay revealed that CLE induced depolarization of the bacterial membrane. Taken together, these findings suggest the mechanism behind early bactericidal activity of CLE and its therapeutic applicability in patients with periodontal diseases.

Tooth Elongation of Maxillary Second Premolars and Mandibular Third Molars and Associated Periodontal Disease in Horses: A Retrospective Study.

Periodontal disease has been identified in horses and donkeys through the millennia at a prevalence of up to 75% and is a leading cause of tooth loss in horses. We hypothesize that there is a correlation between tooth elongations and periodontal disease. Dental records of all client owned horses examined by a single AVDC/equine board certified practitioner in 2016-2018 were analyzed. Inclusion criteria consisted of the examination finding of tooth elongation of one of the following teeth pairs 106/107, 206/207, 310/311, or 410-411. The included cases were then examined for the finding of periodontal disease in Stages 1-4 (PD 1-4). Bayesian correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations of elongations and periodontal disease existed between PD1 and proximal tooth pairs 106-107 and 206-207, PD2 and PD4 with all four tooth pairs, and PD3 with 106-107. Clinically, early diagnosis and treatment of newly formed elongations, or prevention of their formation altogether through diligent dental prophylaxis could prove key in preservation of teeth through prevention of the associated development of periodontal disease in the horse.

Periodontal disease-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: An emerging concept of oral-liver axis.

Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues, is not only a major cause of tooth loss, but it is also known to exacerbate/be associated with various metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Recently, growing evidence has suggested that periodontal disease has adverse effects on the pathophysiology of liver disease. In particular, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, has been associated with periodontal disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by hepatic fat deposition in the absence of a habitual drinking history, viral infections, or autoimmune diseases. A subset of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases can develop into more severe and progressive forms, namely nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The latter can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are end‐stage liver diseases. Extensive research has provided plausible mechanisms to explain how periodontal disease can negatively affect nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, namely via hematogenous or enteral routes. During periodontitis, the liver is under constant exposure to various pathogenic factors that diffuse systemically from the oral cavity, such as bacteria and their by‐products, inflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species, and these can be involved in disease promotion of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Also, gut microbiome dysbiosis induced by enteral translocation of periodontopathic bacteria may impair gut wall barrier function and promote the transfer of hepatotoxins and enterobacteria to the liver through the enterohepatic circulation. Moreover, in a population with metabolic syndrome, the interaction between periodontitis and systemic conditions related to insulin resistance further strengthens the association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, most of the pathologic links between periodontitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans are provided by epidemiologic observational studies, with the causal relationship not yet being established. Several systematic and meta‐analysis studies also show conflicting results. In addition, the effect of periodontal treatment on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has hardly been studied. Despite these limitations, the global burden of periodontal disease combined with the recent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease epidemic has important clinical and public health implications. Emerging evidence suggests an association between periodontal disease and liver diseases, and thus we propose the term periodontal disease–related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or periodontal disease–related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Continued efforts in this area will pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on a periodontologic viewpoint to address this life‐threatening liver disease.