Causes Of Social Exclusion Research Articles

Designing microtransit services in suburban areas: A case study in Palermo, Italy

Poor quality of Public Transport (PT) services is one of the main causes of social exclusion for people living in the suburbs. Public transport companies usually allocate few financial resources to these areas, providing transport services with low frequency, poor accessibility, poor reliability, and high waiting times at stops. Recently, microtransit has emerged as an effective solution to improve the travel experience in suburban areas, particularly for non-commuting trips during off-peak hours. This paper presents an integrated methodological approach for designing microtransit services to meet the mobility needs of people living in low-density suburbs. By conducting a Reveled Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP) survey and developing a travel demand model, the demand was estimated and used as input to simulate and size the service. Combining GIS and simulation models, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were assessed; fleet size to meet the trip requests was identified and the fare was selected using a sensitivity analysis. The method was applied to a real case study to design a new microtransit service with flexible routes and on-demand stops in a suburban area in Palermo, Italy. The results highlight how introducing a microtransit service with 30 nine-seater vans could change the mobility habits of people living in the suburban area, being attractive and financially sustainable if costing 2 €, or just a little more than the existing fixed-route bus service. It could improve the travel experience by reducing the average waiting time at stops to around 5 min and improve access to amenities and PT hubs by guaranteeing a walking time of maximum about 8 min.

AN EVALUATION OF THE SECURITY CHALLENGES CONFRONTING NIGERIA

This paper evaluated the security challenges confronting Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were: to evaluate the security challenges confronting Nigeria; to examine the dimensions of internal security; to identify the security challenges confronting Nigeria. The study used secondary data. It also adopted the frustration-aggression theory to provide a direction for the paper. The study found that Nigeria is faced with the burden of security challenges which resulted loss of live and property. The evil activities of Boko Haram terrorists, farmers-herders crashes armed banditry, kidnapping, and Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) are among the security challenges threatening the peace and stability of Nigeria. The Federal Government aims to curtail these activities, using various efforts but the security challenges persist, such as killing of innocent people, damage critical national infrastructure and displacement of hundred s of thousands of people across the country. The paper recommends that the government should address poverty and other causes of social exclusion which push young ones into crime and criminality in Nigeria; adopt both kinetic and non-kinetic strategies in the fight against insurgency and other criminal activities as well as ensure robust interagency cooperation among the security agencies involved in fighting insecurity in the country, especially in the area of information sharing and dissemination.

Linguistic hostility, social exclusion, and the agency of African migrants in Hong Kong

Abstract Long an immigrant society, whether Hong Kong welcomes ethnic minorities remains debatable. Combining Wesselmann and colleagues’ (2016) social exclusion framework, raciolinguistics, and interview data, this study investigates the social exclusion experience of Hong Kong's African economic and student migrants. The findings show that African immigrants who lack linguistic capacity are ostracised in different areas of life. Impolite language usage stigmatises them as poor and ghost-like and stereotypes them as refugees. Taking a raciolinguistic perspective, however, this study finds that race, rather than language, is the root cause of social exclusion. Lastly, the study shows that African migrants manifest agency in ameliorating marginalisation through various activities, revealing the bidirectional nature of social exclusion. Overall, this study empirically enriches the current understanding of Africans’ social exclusion experiences in Hong Kong through the lens of language. It theoretically contributes to the current discussion on raciolinguistics by extending it to the Asian context. (Social exclusion, Hong Kong, African immigrants, verbal rejection, non-verbal rejection, racism, raciolinguistics)*

How and Why Does Social Exclusion Affect Individuals?

This essay explores the various effects of social isolation, emphasizing its psychological, social, and economic repercussions on individuals and society. Based on extensive empirical research, this study investigates the causes of social exclusion, such as cognitive shifts, emotional turmoil, identity conflicts, and economic inequalities. The article shows that social exclusion impacts both the mental and physical health of individuals and contributes to ongoing cycles of adversity, inequality, and social instability. Social exclusion is a widespread problem that weakens community unity and democratic participation. It promotes inclusive policies and structural reforms to tackle its underlying reasons. The essay highlights the significance of comprehending the extensive effects of social exclusion to promote a fairer and more peaceful society.

Social Inclusion Attitude, an Insight among Teachers from Disadvantaged Areas

The concept of social inclusion is about accepting diversity and acknowledging the need to find solutions and mechanisms to meet the specific particularities of all types of people. The issue of social inclusion was particularly relevant in the past century context and it has maintained its topicality in the social-economic and political context of the 21st century. The present research is a analysis of the attitude of a group of secondary school teachers on next research topics: self-evaluation of knowledge about social inclusion; self perception regarding its importance and its impact on the school and local community; their perception of social inclusion; their opinions about the causes of social exclusion and the identification of effective strategies and best practices in facilitating social inclusion. The aim of our approach has been to identify the perspective of the teachers working in high schools from disadvantaged areas, especially in the rural ones, in order to identify some supporting models and to find future paths of specific intervention. We believe that our approach can lead to the identification of effective tools for the cooperation and collaboration between the pre-university and university levels for planning activities related to teacher training on inclusive education and equal opportunities, and for being able to facilitate the access of disadvantaged students to all kinds of education.

SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN INDONESIA MILITARY HOSPITAL

Background: In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the social protections in Indonesia that still requires special attention is the protection of public health. Aims: This study aims to analyze the principles of social protection in the Social Security Agency for Health (BPJS Kesehatan) and the implementation of inclusive health services in Indonesia Military Hospital. Methods: This study used a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews and made direct observations for one month by observing the processes and phenomena that occurred at the dr. Esnawan Antariksa Air Force Hospital as a case study. Results: The root cause of social exclusion in health services in military institutions was an aspect of the inherent hierarchy that caused exclusion in the income dimension triggered by socioeconomic level, status, and background of patients so that patients did not get the same rights in obtaining health services. Conclusion: Implementing social protection through BPJS Kesehatan in military-based hospitals caused patients with specific groups to experience layered exclusion. Patients who wanted to receive healthcare at military hospitals had differences in the stages of receiving them. However, the quality of medical services doctors and other health workers provided were not discriminatory. Keywords: BPJS kesehatan, health services, military hospital, social exclusion, social protection

SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN INDONESIA MILITARY HOSPITAL

Background: In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the social protections in Indonesia that still requires special attention is the protection of public health. Aims: This study aims to analyze the principles of social protection in the Social Security Agency for Health (BPJS Kesehatan) and the implementation of inclusive health services in Indonesia Military Hospital. Methods: This study used a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews and made direct observations for one month by observing the processes and phenomena that occurred at the dr. Esnawan Antariksa Air Force Hospital as a case study. Results: The root cause of social exclusion in health services in military institutions was an aspect of the inherent hierarchy that caused exclusion in the income dimension triggered by socioeconomic level, status, and background of patients so that patients did not get the same rights in obtaining health services. Conclusion: Implementing social protection through BPJS Kesehatan in military-based hospitals caused patients with specific groups to experience layered exclusion. Patients who wanted to receive healthcare at military hospitals had differences in the stages of receiving them. However, the quality of medical services doctors and other health workers provided were not discriminatory. Keywords: BPJS kesehatan, health services, military hospital, social exclusion, social protection

Проблема социального отчуждения и эффективность продовольственного потребления (теоретико-методологические аспекты)

Abstract. In the context of a steadily changing macroeconomic and geopolitical situation and the formation of a new social reality, the issues of the efficiency of food supply and consumption are coming to the fore in the policy of any state. In this regard, the object of this study is to analyze and evaluate the phenomenon of social exclusion in food consumption and its role in the development of the food supply system for the population of our country in the context of macroeconomic instability and turbulence. The objectives of the study are: to identify the most important reasons that cause the persistence of the phenomenon of social exclusion in the field of food consumption in modern Russian society; assessment of the main factors and possible consequences of social exclusion in the socio-economic development of the country; analysis of the relationship between social exclusion, the efficiency of food consumption and the level of poverty in the sphere of food consumption of the population. Methods. To achieve the goal, inductive-deductive, program-target, structural-functional, expert-analytical and historical-retrospective methods were used. Scientific novelty consists in revealing the fundamental causes and main factors of maintaining social exclusion in the sphere of food consumption and determining ways to overcome it in the new social reality. Among the causes of social exclusion in the field of food consumption are endogenous and exogenous factors: the rudimentary preservation of the remnants of the past nomenclature system of catering and its revival in the face of growing bureaucracy; a relatively low share of imported high-quality food products and a high share of low-quality domestic food products; low level of transparency in the organization of food supply; weak legal control and a high level of irresponsibility of officials in the organization of various (especially special) food practices; comparatively high rates of inflation and growth in food prices compared to other groups of goods. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of theoretical and methodological aspects of this problem and the possibilities of its application in the food policy of the state.

Chronic diseases and multi-morbidity in persons experiencing homelessness: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) suffer a high burden of chronic diseases, yet face significant barriers in accessing health services. We describe and compare chronic diseases and multi-morbidity in PEH, housing exclusion and secure housing who lacked access to regular health services in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Methods Study participants were adults who sought care at clinics of the humanitarian organisation “Ärzte der Welt” in Munich, Hamburg and Berlin in 2020. The patients were categorised into three groups according to the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS). We described socio-demographic characteristics, self-rated health, chronic diseases, multi-morbidity and SARS-COV-2 infections in each group. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify socio-demographic factors associated with higher odds of chronic diseases and multi-morbidity. Results Of the 695 study participants, 333 experienced homelessness, 292 housing exclusion and 70 had secure housing. 92.3 % had no or limited health insurance and 96.7% were below the poverty line. Males and EU citizens were highly represented among PEH (74.2% and 56.8% respectively). PEH had lower self-rated health (47.8%, p = 0.04), and higher rates of psychiatric illness (20.9%, p = 0.04). In adjusted analyses, being 35-49 and ≥50 years was associated with greater odds of chronic diseases (AOR= 2.33, 95% CI = 1.68-3.24; AOR=3.57, 95% CI = 2.55-5.01, respectively), while being male was associated with lower odds of multi-morbidity (AOR=0.602, 95% CI = 0.38-0.9). Of the 18 symptomatic patients tested for SARS-COV-2 infection, 15 were PEH, of whom one tested positive. Conclusions Housing was not a risk factor for chronic disease and multi-morbidity in this study. However, PEH reported poorer self-rated and psychiatric health. Strategies to improve access to health services for persons experiencing homelessness and housing exclusion are much needed in Germany. Key messages • Research to highlight the health inequity, both in access and outcomes, in persons experiencing all forms of homelessness is much needed. • This study provides data on a population disconnected from the formal healthcare system. Making such data visible is a step towards addressing the structural causes of social exclusion.

Translation Policy: A Tool to Digitally Empower or to Digitally Disempower Migrant Communities?

Digitally mediated communication in the public sector has changed how citizens and authorities communicate. Within this digital context, it has been identified that language problems may be an underlying cause of social exclusion for migrant groups (see Khorshed and Imran, 2015, p. 347), which seems to indicate that the lack of language proficiency in the host country’s language may give rise to new forms of digital divides in migratory contexts. Bearing this in mind, here we contend that, for migrants with language barriers, access to key digital services within the public sector can happen through translation provision, which may be used as a tool to digitally empower them. Thus, based on this logic, in this paper the digital empowerment (Mäkinen, 2006) of migrant communities is explored assessing to what extent the implementation of translation policy empowers migrants’ digital communication with the host country’ authorities within the public services. To this end, we will focus on a case study, the translation policy implemented in the case of the digital communication between the Spanish ministry for Migration and migrants in the case of two immigration procedures, which will be investigated from a descriptive stance using the methodological concept of domain. Our initial findings suggest that the translation policy implemented by this Spanish ministry results in diametrically opposed levels of migrants’ digital empowerment in our case study. Thus, arguably, even if translation policy could be used as a tool to digitally empower all migrants in our case study, it seems to be used as a tool to empower only some of them; the most powerful group of migrants

The Occurrence of the Preconditions for Social Exclusion in the Czech Republic: A Basis for the Planning of Social Prevention Services

Abstract Persisting social exclusion is one of the key issues the European Union Member States have to handle according to the headline targets of the Europe 2020 strategy. In the Czech Republic, more than 1 million people – 12.5% of the whole population – lived in the year 2019 at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Between the years 2010 and 2019, the monetary poverty rate oscillated around 10%. Although these are one of the lowest rates among the EU Member States, reduction and elimination of social exclusion has still been a challenge for the Czech policy-makers due to the relatively constant rates of monetary poverty, as low incomes are generally recognized as one of the causes of social exclusion. The aim of the paper is to identify the occurrence of the preconditions for social exclusion in the Czech districts revealed in the inter-district comparison that is based on the multi-criterial evaluation of the socio-economic situation in these districts. Such evaluation can serve as a basis for the planning of social prevention services, which are regarded as the means of prevention and reduction of social exclusion. Our findings obtained with the use of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making technique reveal that the occurrence of the preconditions for social exclusion varies among LAU1 districts of the Czech Republic and that districts lying in two NUT3 regions are affected more than others. Individuals living there are more likely to be socially excluded, especially if this higher probability derived from the districts’ socio-economic situation is accompanied with their individual poor skills, health, or family breakdown.

Social Exclusion of People with Disabilities in Relation to Social Work Education in Eastern Cape

ABSTRACT The social exclusion of people with disabilities in South Africa has its own manifestations intensified by the lack of resources and a poor service infrastructure. The study aimed to investigate the causes of social exclusion of people with disabilities in relation to social work education in Alice. The study used a triangulation (both quantitative and qualitative) research design, which involved the use of questionnaires and interviews in collecting the data. Findings of the study reveal social work practice as associated with monotonous duties or an inescapable boring work routine. The study concluded that those social policies that government adopted to help people with disabilities have not been strictly and effectively adhered to. The study recommended that there is a need to equip more social workers with local based skills and knowledge to be able to professionally practice.

Living conditions of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the region of ‘Tâmega e Sousa’ (Portugal)

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are the most impairing psychiatric disorders and are a major cause of social exclusion. Despite that, there are only two studies published assessing the socioeconomic characteristics of SSD patients living in Portugal. The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of social and family support for SSD patients living in the region of 'Tâmega e Sousa', in northern Portugal. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using patients under home-based care provided by the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa. We retrieved sociodemographic data from clinical records. The study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. Our sample consists on 67 patients with SSD, mostly men (74.6%). Although the majority was single (69.2%) and childless (85.7%), only a minority lived alone (21.2%). In relation to their professional status, only 5.0% were employed and 78.3% got a disability pension. Among the patients that lived accompanied, 68% lived with their parents or grandparents, and a quarter lived with family members affected by psychiatric disorders. These findings highlight the dependence of SSD patients on their family's support. Lack of labour market integration, economic dependence and difficulty establishing stable relationships further aggravate their social exclusion. Although our results are consistent with a previous observational study held in Portugal, our patients display a worse functional status. Even considering the possible patient selection bias, there is evidence supporting the need for more investment in psychosocial rehabilitation that should take into account the sociodemographic idiosyncrasies of this Portuguese region.

Children’s social interactions by means of digital media – Research report

Children grow up surrounded by new technologies, which obviously affects their entire childhood. Observing the closest environment – family and school – children undergo digital socialization and learn that by means of new technologies you can interact with society. They quickly notice that new technologies make it easier to enter peer relationships, but they can also pose a kind of danger by generating negative phenomena. Early school age children's perception of such entering into social relations with the help of new technologies has become the subject of research presented in the article. To answer the research problems set out in the text, I used the method of focus interview conducted on a group of nine-year-olds (5 groups of 3 children in each group). Based on the data obtained, I came to the conclusion that the social relations in which the child enters with the help of new technologies are just as important and significant for a child as those that take place directly. They allow children to integrate on the basis of common interests and experiences, but at the same time they can also be the cause of social exclusion or can lead to giving a specific rank to a peer group. On the one hand, they prove to be helpful – by strengthening social skills acquired offline, they are also a place where a child rejected by peers finds support. On the other hand, for other children, they can cause a build-up of their problems: can cause exclusion and increase feelings of loneliness. Undoubtedly, they change the way children spend their free time, which increasingly takes place with the help of new technologies. However, the way of entering social interactions does not change – usually relationships are initiated in the offline world but developed and maintained in the online world thanks to new technologies.

PERSONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT NEEDS OF SOCIAL WORKERS AND YOUNG PEOPLE AT RISK

Social exclusion is widely recognized as having a lasting negative impact on quality of life and future opportunities. Many young people live in families at risk of poverty. One of the causes of social exclusion is the inability to manage personal finances. Social workers working with these young people may not always be able to help, as they often do not have sufficient knowledge on how to properly consult young people on their personal financial issues. In order to find out the needs of personal financial management, a case study involving social workers and young people from social exclusion groups was carried out with the financial support of Nordplus Horizontal programme. This article analyses data from a Latvian survey that reveals main reasons causing personal financial management problems, as well as ways to overcome them. The study also answers the question of what knowledge and skills, as well as methodological materials, are needed by social workers to support young people at risk and to develop their personal financial management skills.

Individualization of disadvantaged young people’s agency

ABSTRACT This article examines how professionals working in youth support services articulate the agency of disadvantaged young people living in a suburban area. Using focus group discussions between professionals in the field of youth services, this article shows that professional articulations of disadvantaged young peoples’ agency are shaped in line with institutional and ideological individualization, which is embedded in the predominant societal practices and welfare policies of the Western societies. These articulations privatize (im)possibilities of agency and exclusionary social dynamics in the individual lives of disadvantaged young people themselves and ignore wider socio-structural contexts limiting their agency and causing social problems. We argue that the dominant understandings that professionals hold of young people’s agency have a threefold individualizing character. First, those understandings identify agency as and through the personal characteristics of individual young people; second, they address individual factors as the ultimate causes of social exclusion; and third, they seek solutions to social problems at the level of the individual. These findings contribute to the on-going debate in youth studies on individualization and the roles of agency and structure in young people’s lives by bringing the professional emphasis on individualized agency to the fore.

Praca jako czynnik chroniący ekswięźniów przed powrotnością do przestępstwa i wykluczeniem społecznym

<p>W artykule poruszono zagadnienie zagrożenia byłych więźniów powrotnością do przestępstwa i wykluczeniem społecznym, niedostatecznie wspomaganych instytucjonalnie i pozainstytucjonalnie w wysiłkach readaptacyjnych, zwłaszcza w zakresie poszukiwania i utrzymania stałego zatrudnienia. Autorka odnosi się do reintegracyjnego ujęcia przyczyn wykluczenia społecznego, które wiąże z koncepcją Margaret S. Archer, akcentującą morfogeniczne podejście do ludzkiego sprawstwa. Zaprezentowane w opracowaniu badania własne były ukierunkowane na rozpoznanie samooceny skazanych w roli pracownika, ich planów zatrudnieniowych po wyjściu na wolność oraz predyktorów motywacji do poszukiwania zatrudnienia. Wyniki wskazują na konieczność objęcia więźniów i byłych więźniów oddziaływaniami podnoszącymi ich samoocenę pracowniczą, poczucie sprawczości i motywację do podjęcia pracy oraz urealniającymi ich oczekiwania wobec pracodawców. W tym obszarze działania nie mniej istotne są treningi kompetencyjne w zakresie wyszukiwania ofert pracy i prowadzenia skutecznej rozmowy kwalifikacyjnej. Powinny one być realizowane jeszcze na etapie pobytu skazanych w zakładzie karnym i kontynuowane po ich wyjściu na wolność w ramach sieci wsparcia lokalnego.</p>

A Multicriteria Approach for Well-Being Assessment in Rural Areas

Maintaining an adequate quality of life in rural areas is fundamental to expedite processes of endogenous development of these areas. Policies applied in this sense require information tools that take into account the multi-dimensionality of the concept of quality of life and enable quantitative assessments of well-being. One of the greatest problems found in literature is that of succeeding in conjugating the theoretical approaches of well-being with coherent measurement methodologies. The goal of this paper is to propose a methodology that identifies conditions of an unsatisfactory quality of life on the territorial level, combining the theory of capabilities of A. Sen with tools of fuzzy analysis. This methodology thus proves to coherently combine the theoretical principles for defining the indicators with mathematical tools suited for aggregating and assessing them, thereby making it possible to work around and evaluate them, and allowing us to go beyond the traditional limits of the proposed models, such as the assumptions of substitutability and linearity in concisely evaluating the components of well-being. Moreover, the advantages of this model also include those of being flexible and transparent, which means it can be applied in diversified socioeconomic contexts and can be verified by stakeholders in the course of its principal phases of realisation. This methodology has been applied to the rural townships of Tuscany. The results have permitted us to point out the main causes of social exclusion and the strong relationships between levels of well-being, as they have been defined, and phenomena of population decline.

Identity and trust in government: A comparison of locals and migrants in urban China

The household registration (hukou) system has been regarded as the root cause of social exclusion in urban China. This article studies social integration in urban China by analysing the relationship between hukou identities, which differentiate citizenship in China, and trust in the central and local governments. Compared to urban locals, both rural migrants and urban migrants have lower levels of trust in the local government, which is consistent with the fact that migrants face hukou-based social exclusion in cities. Regarding trust towards the central government, while urban migrants have the lowest level, rural migrants still maintain a strong faith. Levels of generalized trust, perceptions of inequality and orientations towards authority vary systematically across the three groups of urban populations, thereby contributing to their differing political attitudes. In particular, feelings of political exclusion are prevalent among migrants and significantly erode their political trust. While improving the economic outcomes of migrants is necessary, our paper highlights the importance of promoting political integration among diversified urban populations.

Exklusionseffekte kartographischer Epistemologien — Gedanken zu den Mapping-Paradigmen von OpenStreetMap und Wikimapia

Although the emergence of collaborative online mapping platforms has radically lowered access barriers to cartographic practices, many studies have shown how participation in online mapping is biased socially towards more privileged groups and geographically towards higher income regions. Yet, exclusion-mechanisms beyond those socio-economic divides have hardly been considered so far. Adding one such possible cause of social exclusion that is not directly linked to socio-economic factors, this paper makes an argument for the consideration of cartographic epistemologies. We illustrate the exclusion-mechanisms of cartographic epistemologies through two exemplary case studies, focusing on the ground-truth agenda of OSM and on Wikimapia's endeavor to describe the world.