Causes Of Sleep Disorders Research Articles

Sleep-disordered Breathing and the Menopausal Transition Among Participants in the Sleep in Midlife Women Study

ABSTRACT Objective Menopause is widely believed to be an established cause of sleep disorders, but evidence for this theory is inconclusive. Attributing any sleep problem to normal processes of menopause may lead to underdiagnosis of treatable sleep disorders in midlife women. This study uses detailed longitudinal data on sleep and menopausal health from participants in the Sleep in Midlife Women Study to investigate whether risk and severity of sleep-disordered breathing increase with progression through menopause, accounting for changes in age and body habitus. Methods A total of 219 women aged 38 to 62 years were recruited from participants in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. Menopause status was determined from daily diaries in which participants reported menstrual flow, hot flashes, and use of hormonal medications. Each participant underwent in-home polysomnography studies every 6 months, to measure the apneahypopnea index (AHI) (N = 1,667 studies). Linear models with empirical standard errors were fit for logarithm of AHI on menopause status and years in menopause, adjusting for age, body mass index, waist girth, and neck girth. Results Compared with women in premenopause, AHI was 21% higher among participants in perimenopause (95% CI, −4 to 54), 31% higher among participants in postmenopause (95% CI, 2-68), and 41% higher among participants whose menopausal stage could not be distinguished between peri- and postmenopause (95% CI, 8-82). Among women who had begun perimenopause, each additional year in menopause was associated with 4% greater AHI (95% CI, 2-6). Conclusions Progression through menopause is associated with greater sleep-disordered breathing severity. This association is independent of aging and changes in body habitus.

What do the doctors of different specialties know about sleep disorders and their treatment

To assessdoctor's knowledge on the relevance of the problem of sleep disorders, methods of their diagnosis and treatment. The survey was conducted among90physicians of different the rapeuticspecialties of Kazan medical institutions. The doctors believe that main causes of sleep disorders are stressors (20%), depression (13%), neurosis (13%), chronic diseases (13%), asthenia (10%), pain (10%). An analysis of treatment prescribed to patients with sleep disorders revealed large differences. Physicians are not well informed about the problems of sleep disorders, have a small idea of the methods of sleepresearch and drugs for their treatment as well as of a sequence of operations that should be used to resolve this problem.

Characteristics of prescription and nonprescription sleep medication users in the United States.

Sleep deprivation and disturbances can result in lowered productivity and increased errors/accidents. Little is known about population characteristics associated with the use of sleep medications. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of sociodemographic factors with the use of sleep medications in the US population. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study using data from the 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, which contains nationally representative data from the US population. The study population included all respondents older than 18 years of age. A multiple logistic regression model was built to analyze the odds of reporting use of prescription or nonprescription sleep medication. In 2010, an estimated 19 million survey respondents (10%) used some type of medication to fall asleep. The odds of reporting use of sleep medication were significantly lower among males (odds ratio [OR]=0.695, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.599-0.808), and the uninsured (OR=0.613, 95% CI=0.439-0.855). The odds of sleep medication use were significantly higher among age groups 24-44 years and 44-64 years as compared with 18-24 years (OR=1.868, 95% CI=1.254-2.781 and OR=1.936, 95% CI=1.309-2.865, respectively), whites (OR=2.003, 95% CI=1.597-2.512) compared with African Americans, or non-Hispanics (OR=1.609, 95% CI=1.316-1.967), the unemployed (OR=1.773, 95% CI=1.496-2.101), and respondents with depression (OR=2.077, 95% CI=1.463-2.951) or anxiety (OR=6.855, 95% CI=4.998-9.403). Differences in sleep medication use were seen among specific subpopulations. Further research into why such differences exist is necessary. The factors identified in this study should be investigated further to identify vulnerable populations to determine the underlying causes of sleep disorders.

Drugs That Negatively Affect Sleep

Getting adequate sleep is a healthy lifestyle activity that is important for the body to function optimally both physically and mentally. Unfortunately, 70 million Americans suffer from chronic sleep loss or sleep disorders. Secondary causes of sleep disorders are often overlooked and can occur from the consumption of social or medicinal drugs. Common social drugs that can disrupt sleep include alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. Certain medications can also have side-effects that can induce sleep disruptions. This article briefly reviews common social drugs and prescription medications that can negatively impact sleep.

The Additive Impact of Periodic Limb Movements during Sleep on Inflammation in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Both periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are major causes of sleep disorders and have been associated with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular events. However, it is uncertain whether in combination they promote a higher inflammatory response and greater risk of cardiovascular events than each condition alone. To investigate whether the presence of PLMS is associated with increased inflammation in patients suspected of having OSA. In 342 patients who underwent polysomnography to diagnose OSA, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen levels were measured. OSA was found in 254 patients, with 46 also having PLMS. Among the 88 patients who did not have OSA, 8 had PLMS. Plasma CRP and fibrinogen levels in the group with both PLMS and OSA were higher than in patients with neither OSA nor PLMS and in patients with OSA only (CRP: 0.20 ± 0.48 vs. 0.09 ± 0.15 vs. 0.13 ± 0.18 mg/dl, P = 0.03; fibrinogen: 298.2 ± 76.1 vs. 269.0 ± 57.1 vs. 270.0 ± 52.6 mg/dl, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of PLMS was associated with higher plasma CRP levels (β = 0.1401, P < 0.01) and fibrinogen levels (β = 0.1359, P = 0.01) independently from other clinical variables such as body mass index and the severity of OSA. PLMS were positively associated with plasma CRP and fibrinogen levels in patients suspected of having OSA. Because plasma levels of these proteins have been established as predictive factors of future cardiovascular events, the presence of PLMS may be a useful clinical sign to identify patients with OSA at high risk of cardiovascular events.

Sleep disorder experience in older patients with depression

The purpose of this study was to identify sleep disorder experience in older patients living in the community and acknowledging being depressed. For this study, 11 older patients with depression were purposively chosen. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews from July 2013 to January 2014 and analyzed in terms of by Giorgi's phenomenological methodology. The study results showed that sleep disorder experience in older patients with depression consisted of sixteen themes and five themes-clusters: 1) exposure of the causes of sleep disorders; 2) life is painful; 3) harassing themselves and their family; 4) difficulty in controlling themselves; 5) trying to deal with the sleep disorder to overcome the situation. It is necessary to develop educational guidelines for patients with sleep disorders or nursing interventions that anyone can easily provide for elders in the communities. The first priority should be given to efforts to apply diverse methods to improve sleep hygiene and minimize the period of exposure to medication before starting medication for patients with sleep disorders.

한방병원에 내원한 소아청소년기 수면 장애 환자에 대한 임상적 연구

The subjects were composed of 308 children who visited the department of pediatrics, <TEX>${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$</TEX> korean medicine hospital from January 2010 to May 2013. Results 1. Among 308 patients, there were 188 boys and 120 girls; their ratio was 1.57:1. The age distribution showed that 38.3% were in the age less than 1 years, 38.0% in 1 years, 7.8% in 2 years, 5.2% in 3 years, 3.3% in 4~5 years, 4.5% in 6~10 years, 2.9% in 19~21 years. 2. It was found that 36.7% of the sleep disorder was caused without motivation, 17.2% caused by negligent accidents, 13.9% by traffic accidents, 10.4% by the unfamiliar environment, 8.1% by separation from parents, 7.5% after suffering disease, and 6.2% by irritating sound. 3. The sleep onset insomnia accounts for 17.2% of sleep disorder, sleep maintenance insomnia for 67.5%, poor sleep quality 24.4%, and daytime sleep disorder takes 19.8%. The ratio of sleep onset insomnia in adolescence comprises larger proportion (44.4%) than it of any other age groups. 4. The symptoms complicated with sleep disorder are the respiratory infection which takes 25.3%, being easily startled 18.2%, anorexia 14.6%, soft stools frequency 13.0%, greenish stools 10.7%, and skin rash 10.7%. Conclusions The causes of sleep disorders, changes of sleeping patterns, and complicated diseases show diversity in children and adolescence. Further study of sleep disorders in children and adolescence should be progressed as well.

1821 Sleep Reported Complaints with Parents among the Pediatric Between 3 Months and 14 Years Old Presented in Iranian Pediatrics

BackgroundEvery disruption in the start, continue or decrease of quantity or quality of the sleep are considered as sleep disorders. The major cause of sleep disorders in children are temporary...

Development, validation (diagnostic accuracy) and audit of the Auckland Sleep Questionnaire: a new tool for diagnosing causes of sleep disorders in primary care

Sleep disorders are common in the community and in primary care populations. Epidemiological surveys generally report insomnia rather than specific diagnoses. Our aim was to develop a questionnaire that could diagnose common sleep disorders in primary care in order to be able to make a diagnosis of primary insomnia by excluding other causes. Having created such a questionnaire, we then validated it (assessed the diagnostic accuracy). The questionnaire was developed from the International Classification of Sleep Disorders using the criteria to create operational criteria. This was used in a primary care survey. A sub-sample of 36 primary care patients (aged over 15 years) was chosen to give a spectrum of disorders. A second sample of 85 patients was taken from a sleep disorder private practice to act as an extra test of validity. The response rate was 73% (36/49) for the primary care validation. The sensitivity and specificity of primary insomnia was 0.78 and 0.77, mood disorders 0.67 and 0.97, obstructive sleep apnoea 0.8 and 0.94, delayed sleep phase disorder was 0.8 and 0.97 and for health problems affecting sleep 0.92 and 0.76. There were a wider range of findings in the private practice audit. The validity of the Auckland Sleep Questionnaire is promising. The second version of the questionnaire will use this study to improve its functionality.

Quality of sleep in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Sleeping problems are common in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to determine sleep quality (SQ) in HD patients and to evaluate its relationship with patient's quality of life (QoL), sociodemographic and laboratory data. Two hundred HD patients from the Hemodialysis Clinic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, were enrolled in the study. There were 122 men and 78 women with a mean age of 56.8 ± 14.3 (range 20-85) years and a mean HD duration of 62.6 ± 57.0 months. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Health Survey for Dialysis Patients (SF-36). Seventy-three percent of patients showed a poor SQ response. The average sleep latency of patients was 48.2 min, and the average sleep duration was 4.9 h. Ninety-eight percent of patients experienced some sort of sleep disturbances on weekly basis. The most common sleep disturbances were insomnia (84.5%), day and night sleep reversal (39.0%), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (34.0%), nightmares (25%) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) (20.5%). The most frequent causes of sleep disorders were snoring (47%), pain (35%), daytime napping (34%), breathing problems (30%) and pruritus (28%). Ninety-three percent of patients experienced daytime dysfunction and 46.5% of them were taking sleep medications. Younger patients, employed patients and patients in 3rd HD shift showed significantly better SQ compared to the others. Compared with good sleepers, poor sleepers were more frequently on conventional HD and had higher serum phosphate and PTH and significantly lower Hb. The poor SQ in our HD population significantly correlated with their QoL.

Sleep as a Mechanism through which Social Relationships Affect Health

Sleep as a Mechanism through which Social Relationships Affect Health

Analysis of causes and the nursing interfere with chest lumbar vertebra fracture patient sleep-disorder

Objective To understand spinal surgery patients the causes of sleep disorders to explore the nursing interventions. Methods Retrospective analysis of the existence of sleep disorders 80 cases of thoracolumbar fracture patients,environmental, psychological, social, lifestyle and so on. Results The patients after the intervention by the care quality of sleep improved to some extent. Conclusion To strengthen the sleep behavior can be an effective nursing intervention to improve hospital thoracolumbar fracture patients with sleep disorders sleep quality. Key words: Thoracolumbar fractures; Sleep disorders; Reasons; Nursing intervention

A Continued Commitment to Excellence

A Continued Commitment to Excellence

Achieving Our Mission: Breadth in the Best Basic and Clinical Sleep Research

Achieving Our Mission: Breadth in the Best Basic and Clinical Sleep Research

Approach to the patient with a sleep complaint.

There have always been sleep disorders, many of which have been recognized for centuries, and some of our treatments have even been dated from the past. However, there has been a dramatic increase in knowledge about sleep disorders and their treatments in the past 20 years. It is now possible to objectively diagnose most sleep disorders and new, specific treatments can be instituted. The recent recognition of chronobiology has resulted in an understanding of the alterations in the sleep-wake pattern of humans. Genetic causes of sleep disorders, such as advanced sleep phase syndrome, have shed new light on disorders that were previously believed to be largely behaviorally produced. Neurochemical changes have led to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of some disorders such as narcolepsy. However, despite advances in our understanding of sleep disorders, accurate diagnosis and treatment always requires a detailed understanding of the patient's sleep-wake cycle and medical history. The art of good sleep medicine still lies in the ability of the clinician to take a thorough history, develop a differential diagnosis, and formulate a treatment plan. This article details the important elements of the clinical evaluation.

Are sleep disorders hereditary? A questionnaire survey of elderly persons about themselves and their parents.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of sleep complaints in an elderly population in relation to the sleep pattern in their parents. The study is based on a postal questionnaire, which was sent to 10,216 elderly persons in northern Sweden. The mean (s.d.) ages of the participating men and women were 73.0 (6.0) and 72.6 (6.7) years, respectively. Among the men whose parents had no sleep problems, a good night's sleep was reported by 11.1%, and among those whose parents both had such problems, this proportion was 18.9%. The corresponding figures for women were 20.6% and 60.0%, respectively. Restless sleep, frequent awakening, difficulty in getting to sleep again after waking up in the night as well as tiredness at night but with inability to get to sleep was more common in both sexes if either of the parents had difficulty in sleeping, and even more common if such problems had occurred in both parents. Also visits to doctors because of sleep problems and treatment with sleeping pills were more common in both men and women whose parents had had sleep problems, compared with those whose parents had been good sleepers. Thus, a poor sleep was more common in elderly persons if their parents had sleep problems, compared with those whose parents had been good sleepers. The results suggest that hereditary factors could be an underestimated cause of sleep disorders in the elderly.

The Treatment of Sleep Disorders in the Elderly: A Review

Changes in the structure and quality of sleep are common in the elderly. Evaluation of sleep disorders in the aged requires a thorough examination of the patient's health status and environmental factors. In this paper we review the commonest causes of sleep disorders and present guidelines for their pharmacologic treatment.

Watchers in the Night: An Anthropological Look at Sleep Disorders

An anthropological point of view is introduced to explain the origin of sleep disorders. Four groups of sufferers are discussed: (1) Those that fail to maintain primary relationships; (2) those that feel increased vulnerability during the night; (3) those who have failed to separate or individuate; and (4) those who show a higher arousability than sound sleepers. A case example is offered for each group. A description of sleeping arrangements of the Kung San people of the Kalahari desert; speculations of the need for arousability in primitive society to prevent predators from attacking serve to bolster the view point. A theory that suggests that sleep disorders in children are caused by Western sleeping arrangements, encouraging mother and child to sleep apart, is challenged.