Causes Of Shortages Research Articles

The Continuing Decline in Asian American Teachers

The disparity between proportions of Asian American teachers and Asian American students in U.S. elementary and secondary schools has increased, Asian student enrollment having doubled every decade since 1970. As a case example in the composition of the U.S. teaching force, this study focuses on the differing patterns and causes of shortages of minority teachers across varying groups; understanding these differences may contribute to more effective but varied educational policies for recruiting and retaining Asian American and other minority teachers. Using social-demographic data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census and information from the U.S. Department of Education and existing research literature, this study compared the decennial census data of 1990 with 1970 and 1980 data to analyze shortages by U.S. geographic location, Asian nationality, gender, grade level, and immigration status. Causes of shortages are linked to traditional patterns of recruitment in proposing policy recommendations for increasing the number of Asian Americans in teaching.

Financing pharmaceuticals in Africa.

The causes of shortage are potentially numerous. Provi sion arrangements that appear adequate in the aggregate may 'leak' at various stages of production, purchase, distribution, prescription and use. In Zimbabwe, pharmaceutical production was reported to be only 15% of capacity due to shortages of foreign exchange for raw material inputs.f31 Many countries have not yet adopted a purchasing policy of an essential drugs limited list (17 African countries had not done so in 1989»)41 In some other countries, such a list is not mandatoryf4j or may be poorly used. f51 During distribution, drugs can be lost due to corruption ranging from petty pilfering (i.e. insider activity) to large scale fraud,[3,6] wastage through expiry and inappropriate storage.l''l and theft (by insiders or outsidersj.Fl At the prescription stage, polypharmacy, including the use of combination drugs, multiple prescriptions and frequent injections, and incorrect prescription are common)S,9] Awarene ss of wastage at the stage of the patient's use of prescribed medicines has grown. Instructions to patients may not be given clearly or at all, and the patient's heeding of advice given depends on a number of sociocultural factors and the relationship between the patient and the prescriber.f 10-121 Adequate financing of pharmaceutical provision is therefore only one of many issues with which policy must deal and it is possible that shortages could be resolved by other strategies. However, financial pressures on public health services have intensified during the last decade. In sub-Saharan Africa, health spending declined during the 1980s to an average of less than 4% of public expenditure and less than 2% of gross national product. f13] The effect on the availability of money for pharmaceuticals has been disproportionate. As recurrent funds become more scarce, political pressures are often strongest to maintain the salary component.f3 l The residual, within which the main item is pharmaceuticals, has reached extremely low levels in some countries. For example, in 1986 salarie s accounted for 80% of recurrent expenditures in Benin) 11

Studies on the fertilization of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) by bees. : 1. On the bees visiting the red clover.

According to the auther's observation, the bees that visit the red clover in Sapporo, Hokkaido were as follows : Bombus wustneii chinganensis Reinig, B. speciosus Smith, Eucera sociabilis Smith, Andrena spp. and Apis spp. Besides the bees mentioned above, B. jonellus Kirby and B. muscorum L. also visited the red clover in Hokkaido, especially the latter was seen in considerable numbers. Male of Eucera sociabilis Smith were most numerous and a large number of bees of Apis spp. were also working on the red clover. B, wustneii chinganensis Reinig most active but was not plentiful. In Fukuoka, Eucera sociabilis Smith, Andrena spp., Anthophora villosula Smith and Apis spp. were seen on Trifolium pratense L. The cause of shortage in number of bees visiting the red clover in Fukuoka was seemingly attributable to minority of that plant ; if red clovers were abundant those bees might be also more numerous.

CAUSES OF SHORTAGE OF LABOUR

(1924). CAUSES OF SHORTAGE OF LABOUR. Journal of the Textile Institute Proceedings: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. P126-P129.